Beniamino Gigli |

Benjamin maluwa

Puccini. "Kukonda". "E lucevan le stelle" (Beniamino Gigli)

Mawu osaiwalika

Tikukuitanani ku "mabuku athu". Lero tikambirana za Beniamino Gigli (1890-1957) ndi buku lake "Memoirs" (1957). Linasindikizidwa m’Chirasha mu 1964 ndi bungwe losindikizira mabuku la Muzyka ndipo lakhala likusoŵeka kwanthaŵi yaitali. Pakalipano, nyumba yosindikizira nyimbo "Classics-XXI" ikukonzekera kutulutsa kope latsopano (lowonjezera ndi lowonjezera) la ma memoirs awa ndi ndemanga za E. Tsodokov. Bukuli lidzakhala ndi mutu watsopano, "Sindinkafuna kukhala mumthunzi wa Caruso." Tikupereka kwa owerenga nkhani yoyambira kukopeli.

Kwa zaka pafupifupi theka la zaka, Beniamino Gigli, wodabwitsa kwambiri, yemwe anachititsa mitima ya anthu masauzande ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, m’maholo a makonsati, m’mabwalo a zisudzo, ndi olandira wailesi, anamwalira. Monga Caruso, mutha kunena za iye - woyimba wodziwika bwino. Kodi nthano imatanthauza chiyani? Apa ndi pamene, pakungomveka kwa dzina la woimbayo, ngakhale anthu omwe ali kutali kwambiri ndi luso amagwedeza mitu yawo kumvetsetsa ndi kusonyeza kuyamikira (ngakhale, mwinamwake, sanamumvere konse). Koma panali oimba ena abwino kwambiri munthawi ya Gigli - Martinelli, Pertile, Skipa, Lazaro, Til, Lauri-Volpi, Fleta ... Aliyense wa iwo ndi wabwino mwa njira yake, ndipo m'masewera ena adapeza bwino, mwina kuposa Gigli. Koma mu mndandanda wa "nthano", kumene mayina monga Chaliapin, Ruffo, Callas, Del Monaco (Caruso takambirana kale), iwo sali! Kodi nchiyani chinapatsa Gigli mwayi wolowa mu "kalabu ya osankhika", iyi yoimba Areopagi?

Funso silophweka monga momwe likuwonekera. Tiyeni tiyese kuliyankha. Kwenikweni, pali, titero, zigawo ziwiri za kupambana kulikonse, ulemerero. Chimodzi ndi zinthu zamkati za munthu, luso lake, makhalidwe; zina - zochitika zakunja zomwe zinathandizira kukwaniritsa cholingacho. Cholinga cha wojambula ndi chimodzimodzi - kukwaniritsa kuzindikira. Ndipo mlengi aliyense amaziyika (ngati sizingasokoneze), ngakhale mopanda kuzindikira, chifukwa kulenga ndi chidziwitso chodziwonetsera nokha, pamene kudziwonetsera nokha kumafuna kupambana, kumvetsetsa kwa anthu, kapena mbali yake yowunikira.

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi zochitika zakunja. Iwo ankakonda woyimbayo pokwera ku Olympus. Mmodzi wa iwo, oddly mokwanira, wagona ena "kusowa" wa mphatso mawu (malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, ndipo pakati pawo wotchuka tenola Lauri-Volpi, amene tidzatchula pambuyo pake) - mawu oimba, njira yotulutsa phokoso. amafanana kwambiri ndi Karuzov. Izi zinapangitsa kuti Lauri-Volpi, m'buku lake lodziwika bwino "Vocal Parallels", alembetse Gigli pamndandanda wa "epigons" wa Italy wamkulu. Tisaweruze mosamalitsa mnzathu-mnzake, tsankho lake ndilomveka. Koma pambuyo pake, woimbayo adamva kugwirizana kwake ndi m'mbuyo mwake, makamaka pambuyo pa kujambula koyamba kwa moyo wake: "Zinali zachilendo kukhala chete pampando ndikumvetsera mawu anu. Koma chinanso chinandichititsa chidwi kwambiri - nthawi yomweyo ndinazindikira kufanana kodabwitsa kwa mawu anga ndi omwe ndinamva dzulo lake, pamene ankaimba nyimbo ndi Caruso. Makhalidwe awa a mawu a tenor achichepere adakopa ndikukulitsa chidwi mwa iye, ndipo panalinso zochitika zomvetsa chisoni: m'moyo, asanakwanitse makumi asanu, Caruso amamwalira. Onse okonda mawu atayika. Ndani adzalowe m'malo mwake - "niche" yotsalira iyenera kukhala ndi wina! Gigli panthawiyi akukwera, wangoyamba kumene ntchito yake mumasewero omwewo "Metropolitan". Mwachibadwa, maso anatembenukira kwa iye. Izi ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa apa kuti malingaliro a anthu aku America, ndi chikhumbo chake cha "sporty" choyika zonse m'malo mwake ndikudziwira zabwino, adatenganso mbali yofunika kwambiri pankhaniyi (chabwino, chakuti zabwino kwambiri padziko lapansi ndizo. ndithudi pakati pa oimba "awo" zisudzo , zimapita popanda kunena).

Chinanso chachikulu chakunja kwachipambano chodabwitsa chinali chitukuko chofulumira cha mafilimu amawu ndi wailesi. filimu yochititsa chidwi ya Gigli mu filimu ya 1935 Mundiiwale (ndi nyimbo ya dzina lomwelo ya Ernesto de Curtis) imasonyeza chiyambi cha mafilimu angapo ndi kutenga nawo mbali, zomwe mosakayikira zinathandiza kwambiri pakupanga kutchuka kwa dziko. Woimbayo analinso patsogolo pawailesi yakanema ya opera (1931) - mwina imodzi mwazinthu zopambana kwambiri pamakampani azikhalidwe zaku America, zomwe nthawi yomweyo zidasamutsa opera kuchokera kugulu la ziwonetsero zaufumu kupita ku demokalase yambiri komanso yayikulu.

Ndi zonse zomwe tafotokozazi, sindikufuna kupeputsa zabwino ndi luso la Gigli, zomwe zidzakambidwe tsopano. Chilungamo chokha chimafuna kunena mfundo yosatsutsika kuti ziribe kanthu kuti ndi luso lotani, makamaka m'munda wa zisudzo ndi ephemerality yake kwakanthawi kukhala "pano ndi pano", ndizosatheka kukhala "nthano" popanda njira zowonjezera kulowa mu chikumbumtima.

Tiyeni tipereke msonkho, potsiriza, kwa Gigli mwiniwake, ku mphatso yake yodabwitsa yoimba. Ndizovuta kunena china chatsopano pankhaniyi. Mawu ambiri, ntchito zambiri. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti mwinamwake chinthu chabwino kwambiri cha iye chinali Lauri-Volpi yemweyo, yemwe anali wokhwima kwambiri ndi iye (mwa njira, m'buku lake la oimba, lomwe linatchulidwa kale kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi, Gigli amadzipereka kwambiri. kuposa Caruso). Kupatula apo, ukatswiri weniweni (umene Lauri-Volpi anali nawo kwambiri) nthawi zonse umagonjetsa tsankho. Ndipo apa, pambuyo pokambirana za falsetto ndi "sobs mawu" a wojambula, kuvomereza kwakukulu kumatsatira: "Kukongola modabwitsa kwa zolemba zapakati, sayansi yamamvekedwe achilengedwe, nyimbo zobisika ...", "Mu "March" ndi "La" Gioconda ” …

Gigli adatha kupeza kuphatikiza kwanzeru pakati pa nyimbo zotsimikizika komanso zopanda cholakwika mwazolemba za wolemba komanso muyeso wakuchita ufulu ndi kumasuka komwe kumakhudza kwambiri omvera, ndikupanga zotsatira za "pakali pano ndi pano" pakuchitapo kanthu kwa co- kupanga pakati pa woyimba ndi woyimba. Popita "kwa omvera", sanadutsepo mzere wowopsa womwe umalekanitsa zaluso zenizeni, "zosavuta kwambiri" ndi chinyengo komanso zobadwa zakale. Mwinamwake chinthu china cha narcissism chinalipo mu kuyimba kwake, koma mkati mwa malire oyenera, ili si tchimo lotero. Chikondi cha wojambula pa zomwe amachita komanso momwe amachitira chimafalikira kwa anthu ndipo zimathandiza kuti pakhale chikhalidwe cha catharsis.

Maonekedwe a nyimbo a Gigli akuyimba amafotokozedwanso ndi ambiri. Legato yodabwitsa, phokoso lakusisita mu mezza voce - zonsezi zimadziwika. Ndiwonjezeranso khalidwe limodzi: mphamvu yolowera ya phokoso, yomwe woimbayo, titero, "amayatsa" pamene kuli kofunikira kupititsa patsogolo ntchitoyo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, sayenera kutembenukira ku kukakamiza, kufuula, izi zimachitika mwachinsinsi, popanda khama lowoneka, koma zimapanga kumverera kwachisokonezo ndi phokoso.

Mawu ochepa ayenera kuperekedwa ku khama la Gigli. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha zisudzo (ngakhale patchuthi, pamene woimba anapereka zoimbaimba zachifundo) ndi zodabwitsa. Chinakhalanso chimodzi mwa zigawo za kupambana. Kumeneku tiyenera kuwonjezera kudziletsa pomvetsetsa maluso a munthu, zomwe sizili zachilendo kwa oimba. Pamasamba a bukhuli mukhoza kuwerenga za khalidwe la woimba pa repertoire yake. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, mu 1937 kokha wojambulayo adasankha kuchita ngati Radamès (Aida), mu 1939 monga Manrico (Il Trovatore). Nthawi zambiri, kusintha kwake kuchokera ku nyimbo zamanyimbo kupita ku zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, kapena malingaliro ake pakuchita (kapena osachita) zolemba za Rossini zitha kuwonedwa ngati zitsanzo za kudziyesa koyenera. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti repertoire yake inali yochepa. Ndi angati omwe angadzitamande ndi magawo makumi asanu ndi limodzi (Pavarotti, mwachitsanzo, ali ndi zosakwana makumi atatu)? Pakati pa zabwino: Faust (Mephistopheles ndi Boito), Enzo (La Gioconda ndi Ponchielli), Lionel (Marta ndi Flotova), Andre Chenier mu opera ya Giordano ya dzina lomwelo, Des Grieux mu Puccini Manon Lescaut, Cavaradossi ku Tosca ndi ena ambiri. zina.

Zingakhale zolakwika kuti musakhudze mutuwo - Gigli ndi wosewera. Anthu ambiri a m'nthawi yake amaona kuti luso la sewero linali lofooka pa luso la woimbayo. Mwina izi zili choncho. Koma mwamwayi, luso loimba, ngakhale loimba, kwenikweni ndi luso loimba. Ndipo zowonera zomwe zingatheke komanso zosapeŵeka kwa anthu amasiku ano zokhudzana ndi machitidwe a Gigli, khalidwe lake la siteji limatikhudza ife, omvera a zojambula zake, pang'ono.

Palibe chifukwa chofotokozera mbiri ya woyimbayo m'nkhani yoyambira iyi. Gigli mwiniwake amachita izi mwatsatanetsatane m'mabuku ake. Palibe zomveka kuyankhapo ndemanga zake zingapo zokhuza luso la mawu, popeza nkhaniyi ndi yobisika, ndipo chilichonse chomwe chingatsutsidwe ndi ichi chidzakhalanso chokhazikika.

Ndikukhulupirira kuti kuŵerenga zokumbukira zimenezi kudzadzetsa chisangalalo chenicheni kwa oŵerenga. Adzapereka moyo wa mbuye wamkulu muzosiyanasiyana zake zonse: kuchokera ku ubwana wochepa wachigawo ku Recanati kupita ku masewero abwino kwambiri ku Metropolitan, kuchokera kumisonkhano ndi asodzi osavuta a ku Italy kupita ku madyerero okhala ndi mitu yovekedwa korona. Chidwi chosakayikitsa chidzayambitsidwa ndi zigawo zomwe sizinaphatikizidwe m'mabuku akale chifukwa cha zifukwa zamaganizo - moyo wanyimbo wa Italy pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ndi tsatanetsatane wa misonkhano ndi Hitler, Mussolini ndi apamwamba kwambiri a Third Reich. Bukuli limamalizidwa ndi zidutswa za zikumbutso za mwana wamkazi wa woimbayo, Rina Gigli, lofalitsidwa kwa nthawi yoyamba mu Russian.

E. Tsodokov

Anaphunzira ku Academy of Santa Cecilia ku Rome (1911-1914) pansi pa Antonio Cotogni ndi Enrico Rosati. Wopambana pa Mpikisano Woyimba Padziko Lonse ku Parma (1914). M'chaka chomwecho adapanga kuwonekera kwake ku Rovigo monga Enzo (La Gioconda ndi Ponchielli). Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yake, iye anachita mu Genoa, Bologna, Palermo, Naples, Rome ("Manon Lescaut", "Tosca", "Favorite"). Mu 1918, ataitanidwa ndi Arturo Toscanini, adayamba ku La Scala monga Faust (Mephistopheles ndi Boito). Mu 1919 anaimba ndi kupambana kwakukulu pa Colon Theatre gawo la Gennaro mu Lucrezia Borgia ya Donizetti. Kuyambira 1920 mpaka 1932 iye anachita pa Metropolitan Opera (anapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu ake monga Faust mu Mephistopheles). Kuyambira 1930 wakhala akuchita mobwerezabwereza ku Covent Garden. Adachita gawo la Radamès mu nyengo yoyamba ya chikondwerero cha Baths of Caracalla (1937). Mu 1940 adachita mu Polieuctus (La Scala) ya Donizetti yomwe sankachita kawirikawiri.

Ulemerero wa Gigli unabweretsa kuyimba kwa nyimbo zoimbidwa. Zina mwa zabwino kwambiri ndi Nemorino ku L'elisir d'amore, Cavaradossi ku Tosca, Andre Chenier mu opera ya Giordano ya dzina lomwelo. Zinali mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 1930 pamene Gigli anayamba kuchita zinthu zina zazikulu: Radamès (1937), Manrico (1939). M'buku lake la Memoirs, Gigli adanena kuti kusankha kolimba kwa nyimbo, komwe kumafanana ndi luso lake la mawu, kunayambitsa ntchito yayitali komanso yopambana, yomwe inatha mu 1955. Woimbayo adachita mafilimu ("Giuseppe Verdi" , 1938; "Pagliacci", 1943; "Inu, chimwemwe changa", "Mawu mu mtima mwanu" ndi ena). Wolemba zikumbutso (1943). Zojambulidwa zikuphatikiza Radamès (yochitidwa ndi Serafin, EMI), Rudolf (yochitidwa ndi U. Berrettoni, Nimbus), Turridou (yochitidwa ndi wolemba, Nimbus).

E. Allenova