Luigi Rodolfo Boccherini |

Luigi boccherini

Mogwirizana ndi mdani waulemu Sacchini, Woyimba wakumva, waumulungu Boccherini! Fayol

Cholowa cha nyimbo cha woimba nyimbo wa ku Italy ndi wolemba nyimbo L. Boccherini pafupifupi chimakhala ndi zida zoimbira. Mu "m'badwo wa opera", monga m'zaka za m'ma 30 amatchedwa, iye analenga ochepa siteji nyimbo. Wosewera wa virtuoso amakopeka ndi zida zoimbira ndi zida zoimbira. Wolemba ku Peru ali ndi ma symphonies pafupifupi 400; ntchito zosiyanasiyana za orchestra; zambiri za violin ndi cello sonatas; violin, chitoliro ndi cello concerto; pafupifupi nyimbo XNUMX zophatikiza (zingwe quartets, quintets, sextets, octets).

Boccherini adalandira maphunziro ake oimba nyimbo motsogoleredwa ndi abambo ake, Leopold Boccherini woimba nyimbo ziwiri, ndi D. Vannuccini. Kale pa zaka 12, woimba wamng'ono anayamba njira ya ntchito akatswiri: kuyambira zaka ziwiri utumiki mu matchalitchi a Lucca, anapitiriza ntchito zake monga cello soloist ku Rome, ndiyeno kachiwiri mu Chapel ya. mzinda kwawo (kuyambira 1761). Apa Boccherini posakhalitsa akukonzekera chingwe cha quartet, chomwe chimaphatikizapo virtuosos odziwika kwambiri ndi olemba nthawi imeneyo (P. Nardini, F. Manfredi, G. Cambini) ndi zomwe akhala akupanga ntchito zambiri mumtundu wa quartet kwa zaka zisanu (1762) -67). 1768 Boccherini amakumana ku Paris, komwe zisudzo zake zimachitikira mwachipambano ndipo talente ya woyimba ngati woyimba idalandiridwa ku Europe. Koma posakhalitsa (kuchokera 1769) anasamukira ku Madrid, kumene mpaka mapeto a masiku ake anatumikira monga wopeka bwalo la milandu, komanso analandira udindo wolipidwa kwambiri mu nyimbo chapel ya Mfumu Wilhelm Frederick II, connoisseur wamkulu wa nyimbo. Kugwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono kumabwerera kumbuyo, kumasula nthawi ya ntchito yolemba kwambiri.

Nyimbo za Boccherini ndizosangalatsa kwambiri, monganso wolemba yekha. Woimba vayoni Wachifalansa P. Rode anakumbukira kuti: “Pamene nyimbo za wina za Boccherini sizinagwirizane ndi cholinga kapena kukoma kwa Boccherini, woipeka sakanatha kudziletsa; iye amasangalala, kuponda mapazi ake, ndipo mwanjira ina, atalephera kuleza mtima, anathaŵa mofulumira momwe akanathera, akumafuula kuti ana ake akuzunzidwa.

M'zaka zapitazi za 2, zolengedwa za mbuye waku Italiya sizinataye kutsitsimuka komanso kukopa mwachangu. Zidutswa za solo ndi kuphatikiza za Boccherini zimabweretsa zovuta zaukadaulo kwa wosewerayo, zimapereka mwayi wowulula kuthekera kochulukira komanso luso la chidacho. Ndicho chifukwa chake oimba amakono amatembenukira ku ntchito ya woimba wa ku Italy.

Maonekedwe a Boccherini samangokhalira kupsa mtima, nyimbo, chisomo, momwe timazindikira zizindikiro za chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku Italy. Anatenga mbali za chinenero chokhudza mtima, chokhudzidwa cha sewero lanthabwala la ku France (P. Monsigny, A. Gretry), ndi luso lomveka bwino la oimba achijeremani apakati pazaka za m'ma 2: olemba ku Mannheim (Ja Stamitz, F. Richter ), komanso I. Schobert ndi mwana wotchuka Johann Sebastian Bach - Philipp Emanuel Bach. Wopekayo adakhudzidwanso ndi woyimba wamkulu wa opera wazaka za m'ma 1805. - wokonzanso opera K. Gluck: sizodabwitsa kuti imodzi mwa ma symphonies a Boccherini imaphatikizapo mutu wodziwika bwino wa kuvina kwa mkwiyo kuchokera ku Act XNUMX ya Gluck's opera Orpheus ndi Eurydice. Boccherini anali m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa mtundu wa zingwe za quintet komanso woyamba yemwe ma quintets adadziwika ku Europe. Iwo adayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi WA Mozart ndi L. Beethoven, omwe amapanga ntchito zabwino kwambiri mumtundu wa quintet. Onse pa nthawi ya moyo wake komanso pambuyo pa imfa yake, Boccherini anakhalabe pakati pa oimba olemekezeka kwambiri. Ndipo luso lake lochita bwino kwambiri linasiya chizindikiro chosaiwalika m’chikumbukiro cha anthu a m’nthaŵi yake ndi mbadwa zake. Nkhani yofotokoza zakufa kwa nyuzipepala ya Leipzig (XNUMX) inanena kuti anali woyimba bwino kwambiri yemwe amasangalala ndi kuyimba kwake chida ichi chifukwa cha kumveka bwino komanso kukhudza mtima pakusewera.

S. Rytsarev

Luigi Boccherini ndi m'modzi mwa olemba komanso ochita bwino kwambiri munthawi ya Classical. Monga wolemba nyimbo, adapikisana ndi Haydn ndi Mozart, ndikupanga ma symphonies ambiri ndi ma ensembles am'chipinda, osiyanitsidwa ndi kumveka bwino, kuwonekera kwa kalembedwe, kukwanira kwa mapangidwe, kukongola ndi kukoma mtima kwachisomo. Ambiri a m'nthawi yake ankamuona kuti ndi wolowa m'malo mwa kalembedwe ka Rococo, "Haydn wamkazi", yemwe ntchito yake imayendetsedwa ndi zinthu zosangalatsa, zolimba. E. Buchan, mosanyinyirika, anam’lozera kwa okhulupirira akale kwambiri kuti: “Boccherini wamoto ndi wolota, ndi ntchito zake za m’ma 70, akukhala m’gulu loyamba la akatswiri oyambitsa mafunde a m’nthaŵi imeneyo, kugwirizana kwake kolimba mtima kumayembekezera mawu amtsogolo. .”

Buchan ndiwolondola kwambiri pakuwunikaku kuposa ena. "Wamoto ndi wolota" - kodi munthu angakhoze bwanji kufotokozera bwino mitengo ya nyimbo za Boccherini? Mmenemo, chisomo ndi ubusa wa Rococo zidaphatikizidwa ndi sewero la Gluck ndi mawu ake, zomwe zimakumbutsa momveka bwino za Mozart. Kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, Boccherini anali wojambula yemwe adatsegula njira yamtsogolo; ntchito yake inadabwitsa anthu a m'nthawi yake ndi kulimba mtima kwa zida zoimbira, zachilendo za chinenero cha harmonic, kusintha kwa classicist ndi kumveka kwa maonekedwe.

Chofunika kwambiri ndi Boccherini m'mbiri ya zojambula za cello. Wochita bwino kwambiri, mlengi wa luso lakale la cello, adapanga ndikupereka dongosolo logwirizana la kusewera pamtengo, potero akukulitsa malire a khosi la cello; adapanga mawonekedwe opepuka, okoma, a "ngale" amayendedwe ophiphiritsa, kupangitsa kuti zala zake zizitha kumveka bwino m'dzanja lamanzere, komanso, mochepera, luso la uta.

Moyo wa Boccherini sunali wopambana. Tsoka linamukonzera tsogolo la ukapolo, kukhala wodzaza ndi manyazi, umphawi, kulimbana kosalekeza kwa chidutswa cha mkate. Anakumana ndi zowawa za "chikhulupiriro" chaulemu chomwe chinavulaza kwambiri moyo wake wonyada ndi womvera nthawi iliyonse, ndipo adakhala zaka zambiri mukusowa chiyembekezo. Munthu angadabwe kuti, ndi zonse zomwe zidagwera pagawo lake, adakwanitsa bwanji kukhalabe ndi chisangalalo chosatha komanso chiyembekezo chomwe chimamveka bwino mu nyimbo zake.

Malo obadwira a Luigi Boccherini ndi mzinda wakale wa Tuscan wa Lucca. Mzindawu unali waung’ono, sunali ngati chigawo chakutali. Lucca adakhala moyo wokonda nyimbo komanso wokonda kucheza. Pafupipo panali madzi ochiritsa otchuka ku Italy konse, ndipo maholide otchuka a pakachisi m'matchalitchi a Santa Croce ndi San Martino amakopa chaka chilichonse oyendayenda ambiri omwe amakhamukira m'dziko lonselo. Oyimba odziwika bwino a ku Italy komanso oyimba zida adayimba m'matchalitchi panthawi yatchuthi. Lucca anali ndi okhestra yabwino kwambiri ya mumzinda; panali bwalo la zisudzo ndi tchalitchi chabwino kwambiri, chomwe bishopu wamkulu adasunga, panali maseminale atatu okhala ndi luso loimba mu chilichonse. Mmodzi wa iwo anaphunzira Boccherini.

Iye anabadwa pa February 19, 1743 m'banja loimba. Bambo ake Leopold Boccherini, wosewera wa bass awiri, adasewera kwa zaka zambiri mumzinda wa orchestra; mchimwene wake wamkulu Giovanni-Anton-Gaston ankaimba, ankaimba violin, anali wovina, ndipo kenako womasulira. Pa libretto yake, Haydn analemba oratorio "Kubwerera kwa Tobias".

Luigi anali ndi luso loimba nyimbo mwamsanga. Mnyamatayo ankayimba mu kwaya ya tchalitchi ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo bambo ake anamuphunzitsa luso loyamba la cello. Maphunziro adapitilira mu imodzi mwamaseminale ndi mphunzitsi wabwino kwambiri, woyimba nyimbo komanso wotsogolera gulu Abbot Vanucci. Chifukwa cha makalasi ndi abbot, Boccherini anayamba kulankhula pagulu kuyambira zaka khumi ndi ziwiri. Masewerowa adabweretsa kutchuka kwa Boccherini pakati pa okonda nyimbo zakutawuni. Atamaliza maphunziro awo ku seminale ya nyimbo mu 1757, Boccherini anapita ku Rome kukakonza masewera ake. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma XVIII, Roma ankasangalala ndi ulemerero wa likulu la nyimbo za dziko lapansi. Anawala ndi magulu oimba amphamvu (kapena, monga momwe ankatchulidwira panthaŵiyo, matchalitchi a zida zoimbira); munali malo owonetsera zisudzo komanso malo ambiri opangira nyimbo akupikisana wina ndi mnzake. Ku Roma, munthu amatha kumva kusewera kwa Tartini, Punyani, Somis, yemwe adapanga mbiri yapadziko lonse ya luso la violin ku Italy. Woimba wachinyamatayo amalowa m'moyo wanyimbo wa likulu.

Amene adadzipanga wangwiro naye ku Roma, sizikudziwika. Mwachidziwikire, "kuchokera kwa iwe", kutengera nyimbo, kusankha mwachibadwa zatsopano ndikutaya zakale, zokonda. Chikhalidwe cha violin ku Italy chikanamukhudzanso, zomwe mosakayikira adasamutsira ku gawo la cello. Posakhalitsa, Boccherini anayamba kuonekera, ndipo adakopa chidwi chake osati kusewera kokha, komanso nyimbo zomwe zinayambitsa chidwi cha chilengedwe chonse. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80, adasindikiza ntchito zake zoyamba ndikupanga maulendo ake oyambirira a konsati, akuchezera Vienna kawiri.

Mu 1761 anabwerera kumudzi kwawo. Lucca anamupatsa moni mosangalala kuti: “Sitinadziŵe chimene tingadabwe nacho—kuchititsa kodabwitsa kwa virtuoso kapena kapangidwe kake katsopano ndi kokongola ka ntchito zake.”

Ku Lucca, Boccherini adalandiridwa koyamba m'gulu la oimba, koma mu 1767 adasamukira ku tchalitchi cha Lucca Republic. Ku Lucca, anakumana ndi woyimba zeze Filippo Manfredi, yemwe posakhalitsa anakhala bwenzi lake lapamtima. Boccherini adagwirizana kwambiri ndi Manfredi.

Komabe, pang'onopang'ono Lucca akuyamba kulemera Boccherini. Choyamba, mosasamala kanthu za zochitika zake, moyo wanyimbo mmenemo, makamaka pambuyo pa Roma, umawoneka kwa iye wachigawo. Kuphatikiza apo, atathedwa nzeru ndi ludzu lofuna kutchuka, amalota zochitika zambiri zamakonsati. Pomalizira pake, utumiki wa m’tchalitchicho unam’patsa mphotho yakuthupi yochepa kwambiri. Zonsezi zinachititsa kuti pa chiyambi cha 1767 Boccherini, pamodzi ndi Manfredi, anachoka Lucca. Masewera awo adachitikira m'mizinda ya kumpoto kwa Italy - ku Turin, Piedmont, Lombardy, ndiye kumwera kwa France. Wolemba mbiri ya mbiri ya anthu Boccherini Pico akulemba kuti kulikonse adakumana ndi chidwi komanso chidwi.

Malinga ndi Pico, atakhala ku Lucca (mu 1762-1767), Boccherini nthawi zambiri anali wokangalika kwambiri, anali wotanganidwa kwambiri ndikuchita kotero kuti adangopanga atatu atatu okha. Zikuoneka kuti panthawiyi Boccherini ndi Manfredi anakumana ndi woyimba zeze wotchuka Pietro Nardini ndi violist Cambini. Kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi adagwira ntchito limodzi ngati quartet. Kenako, mu 6, Cambini analemba kuti: “Pa ubwana wanga ndinakhala miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yosangalala m’ntchito zoterozo ndi m’zosangalatsa zoterozo. Ambuye atatu akuluakulu - Manfredi, woyimba violini wopambana kwambiri ku Italy konse ponena za kuyimba kwa orchestra ndi quartet, Nardini, wotchuka kwambiri chifukwa chosewera bwino ngati virtuoso, ndi Boccherini, yemwe amadziwika bwino kwambiri, adandichitira ulemu wovomera. ine ngati woyimba violist.

Pakatikati mwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, machitidwe a quartet anali atangoyamba kumene - inali mtundu watsopano womwe unkatuluka panthawiyo, ndipo quartet ya Nardini, Manfredi, Cambini, Boccherini anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri akale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi odziwika. kwa ife.

Kumapeto kwa 1767 kapena kumayambiriro kwa 1768 abwenzi anafika ku Paris. Kuchita koyamba kwa ojambula onse ku Paris kunachitika mu salon ya Baron Ernest von Bagge. Inali imodzi mwama salons ochititsa chidwi kwambiri ku Paris. Nthawi zambiri idayambitsidwa ndi ojambula ochezera asanalowe ku Concert Spiritucl. Mtundu wonse wa nyimbo za Paris unasonkhana pano, Gossec, Gavignier, Capron, wojambula nyimbo wa Duport (wamkulu) ndi ena ambiri. Luso la oimba achichepere linayamikiridwa. Paris analankhula za Manfredi ndi Boccherini. Konsati mu salon ya Bagge idawatsegulira njira yopita ku Concert Spirituel. Chiwonetsero mu holo yotchuka chinachitika pa March 20, 1768, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ofalitsa nyimbo za ku Paris Lachevardier ndi Besnier anapereka Boccherini kuti asindikize ntchito zake.

Komabe, machitidwe a Boccherini ndi Manfredi adatsutsidwa. Bukhu la Michel Brenet la Concerts in France under the Ancien Régime limagwira mawu mawu otsatirawa: “Manfredi, woimba violin woyamba, sanachite bwino chimene ankayembekezera. Nyimbo zake zinapezeka kuti zinali zosalala, kusewera kwake motambasuka komanso kosangalatsa, koma kusewera kwake kodetsa komanso kosalongosoka. Sewero la cello la Bambo Boccarini (sic!) lidadzetsa m'manja mwapang'onopang'ono, mawu ake amawoneka ankhanza kwambiri m'makutu, ndipo zoyimbidwazo zinali zosagwirizana pang'ono.

Ndemanga ndi zowonetsera. Omvera a Concert Spirituel, makamaka, adakali olamulidwa ndi mfundo zakale za luso la "gallant", ndipo kusewera kwa Boccherini kunkawoneka (ndikuwoneka!) Ndizovuta kukhulupirira tsopano kuti "Gentle Gavinier" adawoneka wakuthwa komanso wankhanza panthawiyo, koma ndi zoona. Boccherini, mwachiwonekere, adapeza okonda mu bwalo la omvera omwe, m'zaka zingapo, adzachitapo kanthu ndi chidwi ndi kumvetsetsa kwa kusintha kwa machitidwe a Gluck, koma anthu adaleredwa pa Rococo aesthetics, mwachiwonekere, adakhalabe opanda chidwi naye; kwa iwo zinakhala zochititsa chidwi kwambiri komanso "zaukali". Ndani akudziwa ngati ichi chinali chifukwa chomwe Boccherini ndi Manfredi sanakhale ku Paris? Kumapeto kwa 1768, kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wa kazembe Spanish kulowa utumiki wa Infante wa Spain, tsogolo Mfumu Charles IV, iwo anapita ku Madrid.

Spain mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la XNUMX linali dziko lachikatolika komanso kuchita mwankhanza. Iyi inali nthawi ya Goya, yofotokozedwa bwino kwambiri ndi L. Feuchtwanger m'buku lake lonena za wojambula waku Spain. Boccherini ndi Manfredi anafika kuno, ku bwalo lamilandu la Charles III, amene mwaudani anazunza chirichonse chimene kumlingo wakutiwakuti chinatsutsana ndi Chikatolika ndi chipembedzo.

Ku Spain, anakumana ndi anthu opanda ubwenzi. Charles III ndi Infante Prince of Asturias adawachitira mozizira. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, oimba a m’derali sanasangalale n’komwe kufika kwawo. Woyimba violini woyamba wamilandu Gaetano Brunetti, akuwopa mpikisano, adayamba kupanga chiwembu kuzungulira Boccherini. Pokayikira komanso zochepa, Charles III adakhulupirira Brunetti, ndipo Boccherini analephera kudzipezera yekha malo kukhoti. Anapulumutsidwa ndi chithandizo cha Manfredi, yemwe adalandira malo a woyimba zeze woyamba mu chapel ya mchimwene wa Charles III Don Louis. Don Louis anali munthu wowolowa manja. "Anathandizira ojambula ambiri ndi ojambula omwe sanavomerezedwe ku bwalo lachifumu. Mwachitsanzo, wamasiku a Boccherini, Goya wotchuka, yemwe adalandira udindo wa wojambula m'khoti mu 1799, adapeza chithandizo kuchokera kwa khanda kwa nthawi yaitali. Don Lui anali wochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndipo, mwachiwonekere, adagwiritsa ntchito chitsogozo cha Boccherini.

Manfredi anaonetsetsa kuti Boccherini aitanidwanso ku tchalitchi cha Don Louis. Pano, monga woimba nyimbo wa chipinda ndi virtuoso, wolembayo anagwira ntchito kuyambira 1769 mpaka 1785. Kuyankhulana ndi wolemekezeka uyu ndi chisangalalo chokhacho cha moyo wa Boccherini. Kawiri pa sabata anali ndi mwayi womvetsera ntchito zake mu nyumba ya "Arena", yomwe inali ya Don Louis. Apa Boccherini anakumana ndi mkazi wake wam'tsogolo, mwana wamkazi wa captain Aragon. Ukwati unachitika pa June 25, 1776.

Pambuyo pa ukwatiwo, chuma cha Boccherini chinakhala chovuta kwambiri. Ana anabadwa. Pofuna kuthandiza wolemba nyimboyo, Don Louis anayesa kupempha khoti la ku Spain kuti amuthandize. Komabe, zoyesayesa zake sizinaphule kanthu. Kufotokozera momveka bwino za chochitika choyipa chokhudzana ndi Boccherini chidasiyidwa ndi woyimba zeze wa ku France Alexander Boucher, yemwe adasewera. Tsiku lina, akutero Boucher, amalume ake a Charles IV, a Don Louis, adabweretsa Boccherini kwa mphwake, yemwe panthawiyo anali Kalonga wa Asturias, kuti adziwitse nyimbo zatsopano za wolemba nyimboyo. Zolembazo zinali zitatsegulidwa kale pamalo oimbira nyimbo. Karl anatenga uta, nthawi zonse ankaimba gawo la violin yoyamba. M'malo amodzi a quintet, zolemba ziwiri zidabwerezedwa kwa nthawi yayitali komanso monyanyira: ku, si, ku. Chifukwa chokhazikika m'mbali yake, mfumuyo inkasewera popanda kumvetsera mawu ena onse. Potsirizira pake, anatopa kuzibwereza, ndipo, mokwiya, analeka.

- Ndizochititsa nyansi! Loafer, mwana wasukulu aliyense angachite bwino: chitani, si, chitani, si!

"Bwana," anayankha Boccherini modekha, "ngati mfumu yanu ingafune kutchera khutu ku zomwe violin yachiwiri ndi viola ikusewera, ku pizzicato yomwe cello imayimba panthawi yomwe violin yoyamba ikubwereza mokweza mawu ake, ndiye izi. zolemba nthawi yomweyo kutaya monotony awo mwamsanga zida zina, atalowa, kutenga nawo mbali mu kuyankhulana.

- Bye, bye, bye, bye - ndipo izi zili mkati mwa theka la ola! Bye, bye, bye, bye, kukambirana kosangalatsa! Nyimbo za mwana wasukulu, mwana wasukulu woyipa!

"Bwana," adatero Boccherini mokwiya, "Musanaweruze choncho, muyenera kumvetsetsa nyimbo, mbuli!"

Atalumpha mokwiya, Karl adagwira Boccherini ndikumukokera pawindo.

“Aa, bwana, opani Mulungu!” anafuula Mfumukazi ya Asturia. Pamawu awa, kalongayo adatembenukira theka, pomwe Boccherini wamantha adapeza mwayi wobisala m'chipinda chotsatira.

"Zochitikazi," akuwonjezera Pico, "mosakayika, zidawoneka zowoneka bwino, koma zowona, zidamulepheretsa Boccherini kukondedwa ndi mfumu. Mfumu yatsopano ya Spain, wolowa m'malo wa Charles III, sakanayiwala chipongwe chomwe Kalonga wa Asturias adachita ... Ngakhale dzina la Boccherini silinayenera kunenedwa m'nyumba yachifumu. Aliyense akayerekeza kukumbutsa mfumu za woimbayo, nthawi zonse ankasokoneza wofunsayo:

- Ndani winanso amatchula Boccherini? Boccherini wamwalira, aliyense akumbukire izi bwino osalankhulanso za iye!

Atalemedwa ndi banja (mkazi ndi ana asanu), Boccherini anakhala moyo womvetsa chisoni. Anadwala makamaka pambuyo pa imfa ya Don Louis mu 1785. Anathandizidwa ndi okonda nyimbo okha, omwe m'nyumba zawo ankachitira nyimbo za m'chipinda. Ngakhale kuti zolemba zake zinali zotchuka komanso zofalitsidwa ndi makampani akuluakulu osindikizira padziko lapansi, izi sizinapangitse moyo wa Boccherini kukhala wosavuta. Ofalitsa anamubera mopanda chifundo. Mu imodzi mwamakalatawo, wolembayo akudandaula kuti amalandira ndalama zocheperako komanso kuti zokopera zake zikunyalanyazidwa. M’kalata ina, iye anafuula mokwiya kuti: “Mwina ndafa kale?”

Osazindikirika ku Spain, amalankhula kudzera mwa nthumwi ya ku Prussia kwa Mfumu Frederick William II ndikupereka imodzi mwa ntchito zake kwa iye. Poyamikira kwambiri nyimbo za Boccherini, Friedrich Wilhelm anamusankha kukhala woimba nyimbo. Ntchito zonse zotsatila, kuyambira 1786 mpaka 1797, Boccherini amalembera khoti la Prussia. Komabe, muutumiki wa Mfumu ya Prussia, Boccherini akukhalabe ku Spain. Zoona, malingaliro a olemba mbiri ya anthu amasiyana pa nkhaniyi, Pico ndi Schletterer amanena kuti, atafika ku Spain mu 1769, Boccherini sanasiye malire ake, kupatulapo ulendo wopita ku Avignon, kumene mu 1779 anapita ku ukwati wa mphwake yemwe. anakwatira woyimba zeze Fisher. L. Ginzburg ali ndi maganizo osiyana. Ponena za kalata ya Boccherini yopita kwa kazembe wa ku Prussia Marquis Lucchesini (June 30, 1787), yotumizidwa kuchokera ku Breslau, Ginzburg akufika potsimikiza kuti mu 1787 wolemba nyimboyo anali ku Germany. Kukhala kwa Boccherini kuno kutha kukhala nthawi yayitali kuyambira 1786 mpaka 1788, komanso, mwina adapitanso ku Vienna, komwe mu July 1787 ukwati wa mlongo wake Maria Esther, yemwe anakwatira choreographer Honorato Vigano, unachitika. Chowonadi cha kuchoka kwa Boccherini ku Germany, ponena za kalata yomweyi yochokera ku Breslau, ikutsimikiziridwanso ndi Julius Behi m'buku lakuti From Boccherini to Casals.

Mu 80s, Boccherini anali kale munthu wodwala kwambiri. M’kalata yotchulidwayo yochokera ku Breslau, iye analemba kuti: “... Ndinadzipeza ndili m’ndende m’chipinda changa chifukwa cha hemoptysis mobwerezabwereza, ndipo makamaka chifukwa cha kutupa koopsa kwa miyendo, limodzi ndi kutha mphamvu kwanga kotheratu.”

Matendawa, kufooketsa mphamvu, analanda Boccherini mwayi wopitiriza kuchita ntchito. Mu 80s amasiya cello. Kuyambira pano, kupanga nyimbo kumakhala gwero lokhalo lamoyo, ndipo pambuyo pake, ndalama zimalipidwa pofalitsa ntchito.

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80, Boccherini anabwerera ku Spain. Mkhalidwe womwe akukumana nawo ndi wosapiririka. Kusintha komwe kudachitika ku France kumayambitsa chidwi ku Spain komanso maphwando apolisi. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, Bwalo la Inquisition lili ponseponse. Ndondomeko yotsutsa ku France pamapeto pake imatsogolera mu 1793-1796 ku nkhondo ya Franco-Spanish, yomwe inatha ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Spain. Nyimbo m’mikhalidwe imeneyi siilemekezedwa kwambiri. Boccherini amakhala wovuta kwambiri pamene mfumu ya Prussia Frederick II imwalira - chithandizo chake chokha. Malipiro a udindo wa woimba wa chipinda cha bwalo la Prussia anali, kwenikweni, ndalama zazikulu za banja.

Atangomwalira Frederick II, tsoka linagwera Boccherini miliri ina yankhanza: patangopita nthawi yochepa, mkazi wake ndi ana aakazi awiri achikulire anamwalira. Boccherini anakwatiranso, koma mkazi wachiwiri anamwalira mwadzidzidzi chifukwa cha sitiroko. Zochitika zovuta za m'ma 90 zimakhudza mkhalidwe wonse wa mzimu wake - amachoka mwa iye yekha, amapita kuchipembedzo. Mumkhalidwe uwu, wodzala ndi kupsinjika kwauzimu, amayamikira chizindikiro chilichonse cha chidwi. Kuonjezera apo, umphawi umamupangitsa kumamatira mpata uliwonse wopeza ndalama. Pamene Marquis wa Benaventa, wokonda nyimbo yemwe ankaimba gitala bwino ndikuyamikira kwambiri Boccherini, adamupempha kuti akonze nyimbo zingapo kwa iye, kuwonjezera gawo la gitala, woimbayo amakwaniritsa dongosolo ili. Mu 1800, kazembe wa ku France Lucien Bonaparte adapereka chithandizo kwa wolemba nyimboyo. Boccherini woyamikira adapereka ntchito zingapo kwa iye. Mu 1802, kazembe anachoka ku Spain, ndipo Boccherini kachiwiri anasowa.

Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90, akuyesera kuthawa zowawa, Boccherini wakhala akuyesera kubwezeretsa ubale ndi abwenzi aku France. Mu 1791, anatumiza mipukutu ingapo ku Paris, koma inasowa. “Mwina ntchito zanga zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kukweza mizinga,” analemba motero Boccherini. Mu 1799, adapereka ma quintets ake ku "French Republic and the great nation", ndipo m'kalata "kwa Citizen Chenier" akupereka kuthokoza kwake kwa "dziko lalikulu la France, lomwe, kuposa lina lililonse, linamva, limayamikiridwa ndi kuyamikira. anayamikira kwambiri zolemba zanga.” Zowonadi, ntchito ya Boccherini idayamikiridwa kwambiri ku France. Gluck, Gossec, Mugel, Viotti, Baio, Rode, Kreutzer, ndi a Duport cellists adagwada pamaso pake.

Mu 1799, Pierre Rode, woyimba violini wotchuka, wophunzira wa Viotti, anafika ku Madrid, ndipo Boccherini wakale adakumana kwambiri ndi Mfalansa wachinyamata wanzeru. Kuyiwalika ndi aliyense, wosungulumwa, odwala, Boccherini amasangalala kwambiri kuyankhulana ndi Rode. Iye mofunitsitsa anaimba nyimbo zake zoimbaimba. Ubwenzi ndi Rode umawunikira moyo wa Boccherini, ndipo amamva chisoni kwambiri pamene maestro osakhazikika amachoka ku Madrid ku 1800. Msonkhano ndi Rode umalimbitsanso kulakalaka kwa Boccherini. Anaganiza zochoka ku Spain ndikupita ku France. Koma chokhumba chakechi sichinachitike. Wosilira wamkulu wa Boccherini, woyimba piyano, woyimba ndi wolemba nyimbo Sophie Gail adamuyendera ku Madrid mu 1803. Anapeza maestro akudwala kwathunthu komanso akusowa kwambiri. Anakhala zaka zambiri m'chipinda chimodzi, chogawidwa ndi mezzanines m'zipinda ziwiri. Pansi pamwamba pake, chipinda chapamwamba, chinali ofesi ya wolemba nyimbo. Malo onse anali tebulo, chopondapo ndi cello yakale. Podabwa ndi zomwe adawona, Sophie Gail adalipira ngongole zonse za Boccherini ndikusonkhanitsa pakati pa mabwenzi ake ndalama zofunika kuti asamukire ku Paris. Komabe, mkhalidwe wovuta wa ndale ndi mkhalidwe wa woimba wodwala sanamulolenso kugwedezeka.

May 28, 1805 Boccherini anamwalira. Ndi anthu ochepa okha amene anatsatira bokosi lake. Mu 1927, zaka zoposa 120 pambuyo pake, phulusa lake linasamutsidwa ku Lucca.

Pa nthawi yomwe adapanga maluwa, Boccherini anali m'modzi mwa ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. M'masewera ake, kukongola kosayerekezeka kwa kamvekedwe komanso kodzaza ndi nyimbo za cello zomveka bwino zidadziwika. Lavasserre ndi Bodiot, mu The Method of the Paris Conservatory, lolembedwa pamaziko a sukulu ya violin ya Bayot, Kreutzer ndi Rode, amadziwika ndi Boccherini motere: "Ngati iye (Boccherini. - LR) akupanga cello kuyimba payekha, ndiye ndi izi. kumverera kozama, ndi kuphweka kolemekezeka kotero kuti zojambulajambula ndi zotsanzira zimayiwalika; mawu ena odabwitsa amamveka, osakwiyitsa, koma otonthoza.

Boccherini nayenso adathandizira kwambiri pakupanga luso lanyimbo monga wolemba nyimbo. Cholowa chake cholenga ndi chachikulu - ntchito zoposa 400; Pakati pawo pali 20 symphonies, violin ndi cello concertos, 95 quartets, 125 quintets (113 mwa iwo ndi ma cello awiri) ndi ena ambiri chipinda ensembles. Anthu a m’nthaŵiyo anayerekezera Boccherini ndi Haydn ndi Mozart. Mbiri ya imfa ya Universal Musical Gazette imati: "Iye anali, ndithudi, mmodzi mwa akatswiri oimba zida za dziko la kwawo ku Italy ... Anapita patsogolo, akuyenda ndi nthawi, ndipo adatenga nawo mbali pa chitukuko cha luso, chomwe chinayambitsidwa ndi bwenzi lake lakale Haydn ... Italy amamuyika pamlingo wofanana ndi Haydn, ndipo Spain amamukonda kuposa katswiri wamaphunziro aku Germany, yemwe amapezeka kumenekonso adaphunzira. France imamulemekeza kwambiri, ndipo Germany ... imamudziwa pang'ono. Koma komwe amamudziwa, amadziwa kusangalala ndi kuyamikira, makamaka nyimbo za nyimbo zake, amamukonda ndi kumulemekeza kwambiri ... choyamba kulemba iwo omwe adapezeka kumeneko kugawidwa kwapadera kwa ma quartets, omwe mawu awo onse ali ofunikira. Osachepera iye anali woyamba kulandira kuzindikira konsekonse. Iye, ndipo posakhalitsa pambuyo pake, Pleyel, ndi ntchito zawo zoyambirira mu mtundu wanyimbo wotchedwa nyimbo, zinamveka kumeneko ngakhale kale kuposa Haydn, yemwe anali adakali kutali panthawiyo.

Ma mbiri ambiri amajambula kufanana pakati pa nyimbo za Boccherini ndi Haydn. Boccherini ankamudziwa bwino Haydn. Anakumana naye ku Vienna ndipo adalemberana makalata kwa zaka zambiri. Boccherini, mwachiwonekere, adalemekeza kwambiri m'nthawi yake wamkulu waku Germany. Malinga ndi Cambini, mu gulu la Nardini-Boccherini quartet, momwe adatenga nawo mbali, zida za Haydn zidaseweredwa. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndithudi, umunthu kulenga Boccherini ndi Haydn ndi osiyana kwambiri. Ku Boccherini sitidzapezanso zithunzi zomwe zili ndi nyimbo za Haydn. Boccherini ali ndi mfundo zambiri zolumikizana ndi Mozart. Kukongola, kupepuka, kwachisomo "chivalry" kumawalumikiza ndi mawonekedwe amunthu payekha ndi Rococo. Amakhalanso ndi zofanana kwambiri pakuwonekera kwachidziwitso kwa zithunzizo, mu kapangidwe kake, mwadongosolo mokhazikika komanso nthawi yomweyo momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino.

Amadziwika kuti Mozart anayamikira nyimbo za Boccherini. Stendhal analemba za izi. "Sindikudziwa ngati chinali chifukwa cha kupambana komwe Miserere adamubweretsera (Stendhal kutanthauza kumvetsera kwa Mozart kwa Miserere Allegri mu Sistine Chapel. - LR), koma, mwachiwonekere, nyimbo yachisoni ya salmoli idapangidwa. kukhudzidwa kwakukulu pa moyo wa Mozart, yemwe kuyambira pamenepo wakhala akukonda kwambiri Handel ndi Boccherini wodekha.

Momwe Mozart adaphunzirira mosamalitsa ntchito ya Boccherini zitha kuweruzidwa kuti chitsanzo chake popanga Concerto Yachinayi ya Violin momveka bwino chinali concerto yolembedwa mu 1768 ndi Lucca maestro kwa Manfredi. Poyerekeza ma concertos, ndizosavuta kuwona momwe aliri pafupi ndi dongosolo lonse, mitu, mawonekedwe. Koma ndizofunika nthawi yomweyo kuti mutu womwewo umasintha bwanji pansi pa cholembera chowala cha Mozart. Chokumana nacho chodzichepetsa cha Boccherini chasintha kukhala imodzi mwamakonsati abwino kwambiri a Mozart; dayamondi, yokhala ndi m'mphepete mwam'mphepete mwake, imakhala daimondi wonyezimira.

Kubweretsa Boccherini pafupi ndi Mozart, anthu a m'nthawi yake adamvanso kusiyana kwawo. "Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa Mozart ndi Boccherini?" JB Shaul analemba kuti: “Yoyamba imatitsogolera pakati pa matanthwe otsetsereka kulowa m’nkhalango yowirira, yonga singano, yongovumbidwa ndi maluŵa mwa apo ndi apo, ndipo yachiŵiri imatsikira m’malo osekerera okhala ndi zigwa zamaluwa, okhala ndi mitsinje yong’ung’udza yoonekera, yokutidwa ndi nkhalango zowirira.”

Boccherini anali wokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi machitidwe a nyimbo zake. Pico akufotokoza momwe kamodzi ku Madrid, mu 1795, woyimba violini waku France Boucher adapempha Boccherini kuti azisewera imodzi mwa ma quartets ake.

“Ndiwe wamng’ono kwambiri, ndipo kuimba kwa nyimbo zanga kumafuna luso linalake ndi kukhwima maganizo, ndi kaseweredwe kosiyana ndi kako.

Monga Boucher anaumirira, Boccherini adasiya, ndipo osewera a quartet adayamba kusewera. Koma, atangoimba pang’ono, woipekayo anawaimitsa ndi kutenga mbali ya Boucher.

“Ndinakuuzani kuti ndinu wamng’ono kwambiri moti simungaimbe nyimbo zanga.

Kenako woyimba violini wamanyaziyo adatembenukira kwa maestro:

“Ambuye, ndingokupemphani kuti munditsogolere kuchita ntchito zanu; ndiphunzitseni kuzisewera bwino.

"Mofunitsitsa, ndidzakhala wokondwa kuwongolera talente ngati yanu!"

Monga wolemba nyimbo, Boccherini adalandira kuzindikira koyambirira modabwitsa. Nyimbo zake zinayamba kuchitidwa ku Italy ndi ku France kale mu 60s, ndiye kuti, pamene anali atangolowa kumene m'munda wa wolemba. Kutchuka kwake kunafika ku Paris ngakhale asanawonekere kumeneko mu 1767. Ntchito za Boccherini sizinaseweredwe kokha pa cello, komanso pa "mdani" wake wakale - gamba. "Anzeru omwe ali pachida ichi, ochuluka kwambiri m'zaka za zana la XNUMX kuposa oimba nyimbo, adayesa mphamvu zawo pochita ntchito zatsopano za mbuye wa Lucca pa gamba."

Ntchito ya Boccherini inali yotchuka kwambiri koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Woipeka waimbidwa mu ndime. Fayol amapereka ndakatulo kwa iye, akumufanizira ndi Sacchini wodekha ndikumutcha kuti waumulungu.

M'zaka za m'ma 20 ndi 30, Pierre Baio nthawi zambiri ankaimba nyimbo za Boccherini madzulo a chipinda chotseguka ku Paris. Ankaonedwa kuti ndi m'modzi mwa ochita bwino kwambiri nyimbo za mbuye waku Italy. Fetis analemba kuti tsiku lina, pambuyo pa nyimbo ya Beethoven quintet, Fetis anamva nyimbo ya Boccherini yoimbidwa ndi Bayo, anasangalala ndi “nyimbo zosavuta ndiponso zosalongosoka” zimene zinkatsatira nyimbo zamphamvu, zomveka za mbuye wa ku Germany. Zotsatira zake zinali zodabwitsa. Omverawo anakhudzidwa mtima, anasangalala ndi kulodzedwa. Mphamvu ya zolimbikitsa zochokera ku moyo ndi zazikulu, zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira zosatsutsika zikatuluka mwachindunji kuchokera mu mtima.

Nyimbo za Boccherini zinali zokondedwa kwambiri kuno ku Russia. Idachitika koyamba m'ma 70s azaka za XVIII. M'zaka za m'ma 80, ma quartets a Boccherini adagulitsidwa ku Moscow mu "Dutch shop" ya Ivan Schoch pamodzi ndi ntchito za Haydn, Mozart, Pleyel, ndi ena. Anakhala otchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu osaphunzira; ankaseweredwa nthawi zonse pamisonkhano yapanyumba ya quartet. AO Smirnova-Rosset akugwira mawu otsatirawa a IV Vasilchikov, opita kwa wolemba mbiri wotchuka IA Krylov, yemwe kale anali wokonda kwambiri nyimbo: E. Boccherini.— LR). Kodi mukukumbukira, Ivan Andreevich, momwe inu ndi ine timasewera mpaka usiku?

Ma Quintets okhala ndi ma cello awiri adachita mofunitsitsa m'ma 50s mu bwalo la II Gavrushkevich, yemwe adachezeredwa ndi Borodin wachichepere: "AP Borodin adamvera ma quintets a Boccherini ndi chidwi komanso chidwi chaunyamata, modzidzimutsa - Onslov, mwachikondi - Goebel" . Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mu 1860, m'kalata yopita kwa E. Lagroix, VF Odoevsky anatchula Boccherini, pamodzi ndi Pleyel ndi Paesiello, omwe anali kale ngati wolemba nyimbo woiwalika: "Ndimakumbukira bwino nthawi yomwe sanafune kumvetsera china chilichonse. kuposa Pleyel, Boccherini, Paesiello ndi ena omwe mayina awo adamwalira ndipo aiwalika.

Pakadali pano, B-flat major cello concerto yokha ndiyomwe idasungabe luso kuchokera ku cholowa cha Boccherini. Mwina palibe ndi cell m'modzi yemwe sangagwire ntchitoyi.

Nthawi zambiri timachitira umboni kubwezeretsedwa kwa ntchito zambiri za nyimbo zoyambirira, zobadwanso kwa moyo wa konsati. Angadziwe ndani? Mwina nthawi idzafika yoti Boccherini ndi ma ensembles ake azimvekanso m'maholo achipinda, kukopa omvera ndi chithumwa chawo chosadziwa.

L. Raaben