Evstigney Ipatovich Fomin |
Evstigney Fomin
E. Fomin ndi m'modzi mwa oimba aluso aku Russia azaka za zana la XNUMX, omwe khama lawo lidapanga sukulu yophunzitsa nyimbo ku Russia. Pamodzi ndi anthu a m'nthawi yake - M. Berezovsky, D. Bortnyansky, V. Pashkevich - adayika maziko a luso la nyimbo za ku Russia. Mu zisudzo zake ndi melodrama Orpheus, m'lifupi mwa zofuna za wolemba pa kusankha ziwembu ndi Mitundu, luso la masitaelo osiyanasiyana a zisudzo nthawi imeneyo. Mbiri inali yopanda chilungamo kwa Fomin, monganso, kwa olemba ena ambiri aku Russia azaka za zana la XNUMX. Tsogolo la woimba waluso linali lovuta. Moyo wake unatha mwadzidzidzi, ndipo atangomwalira dzina lake linaiwalika kwa nthawi yaitali. Zambiri mwazolemba za Fomin sizinapulumuke. Pokhapokha mu nthawi za Soviet chidwi ndi ntchito ya woimba wodabwitsa uyu, mmodzi wa oyambitsa zisudzo zaku Russia, adakula. Kupyolera mu khama la asayansi Soviet, ntchito zake anaukitsidwira ku moyo, anapezeka deta yochepa mbiri yake.
Fomin anabadwira m'banja la wowombera mfuti (msilikali wankhondo) wa Tobolsk Infantry Regiment. Atate wake anamwalira msanga, ndipo ali ndi zaka 6, bambo ake opeza I. Fedotov, msilikali wa Life Guards wa gulu la Izmailovsky, anabweretsa mnyamatayo ku Academy of Arts. April 21, 1767 Fomin adakhala wophunzira wa kalasi ya zomangamanga za Academy yotchuka, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. Ojambula onse otchuka azaka za zana la XNUMX adaphunzira ku Academy. - V. Borovikovsky, D. Levitsky, A. Losenko, F. Rokotov, F. Shchedrin ndi ena. Mkati mwa makoma a bungwe la maphunziro, chidwi chinaperekedwa ku chitukuko cha nyimbo cha ophunzira: ophunzira adaphunzira kuimba zida zosiyanasiyana, kuimba. Pasukulupo panakonzedwanso gulu la oimba, ndipo maseŵero a zisudzo, ma ballet, ndi zisudzo zochititsa chidwi anachitidwa.
Luso lodziwika bwino la nyimbo la Fomin lidawonekera ngakhale m'masukulu a pulayimale, ndipo mu 1776 Bungwe la Academy linatumiza wophunzira wa "zojambula zomangamanga" Ipatiev (monga momwe Fomin ankatchulidwira nthawiyo) kwa M. Buini wa ku Italy kuti akaphunzire nyimbo zoimbira - kuimba nyimbo. clavichord. Kuyambira 1777, maphunziro a Fomin adapitilira m'makalasi oimba omwe adatsegulidwa ku Academy of Arts, motsogozedwa ndi wolemba nyimbo wotchuka G. Paypakh, wolemba nyimbo yotchuka The Good Soldiers. Fomin adaphunziranso chiphunzitso cha nyimbo ndi zoyambira zake. Kuyambira 1779, woyimba harpsichord ndi bandmaster A. Sartori adakhala mphunzitsi wake wanyimbo. Mu 1782 Fomin anamaliza maphunziro awo ku Academy. Koma monga wophunzira wa kalasi yoimba, sakanapatsidwa mendulo ya golide kapena siliva. Khonsolo idangomupeza ndi mphotho ya ndalama ma ruble 50.
Nditamaliza maphunziro a Academy, monga penshoni, Fomin anatumizidwa kwa zaka 3 kuti apite patsogolo ku Italy, ku Bologna Philharmonic Academy, yomwe panthawiyo inkadziwika kuti ndilo likulu la nyimbo ku Ulaya. Kumeneko, motsogozedwa ndi Padre Martini (mphunzitsi wa Mozart wamkulu), ndiyeno S. Mattei (amene G. Rossini ndi G. Donizetti anaphunzira naye pambuyo pake), woimba wodzichepetsa wa ku Russia wakutali anapitiriza maphunziro ake oimba. Mu 1785, Fomin adaloledwa ku mayeso amutu wa academician ndipo adapambana mayesowa mwangwiro. Wodzaza ndi mphamvu zopanga, ndi mutu wapamwamba wa "master of composition," Fomin anabwerera ku Russia m'dzinja la 1786. Atafika, wolembayo analandira lamulo loti apange opera "Novgorod Bogatyr Boeslaevich" ku libretto ya Catherine II mwiniwake. . Kuyamba kwa opera ndi kuwonekera koyamba kugulu kwa Fomin monga wolemba kunachitika pa 27 Novembara 1786 ku Hermitage Theatre. Komabe, Mfumukazi sanakonde opera, ndipo izo zinali zokwanira kuti ntchito ya woimba wamng'ono kukhoti kuti asakwaniritsidwe. Mu ulamuliro wa Catherine II, Fomin sanalandire udindo uliwonse. Pokhapokha mu 1797, zaka zitatu asanamwalire, potsirizira pake anavomerezedwa kukhala mphunzitsi wa zisudzo za zisudzo m’bungwe la zisudzo.
Sizikudziwika momwe moyo wa Fomin unayendera zaka khumi zapitazo. Komabe, ntchito yolenga ya wolembayo inali yogwira mtima. Mu 1787, adapanga opera "Coachmen on a Frame" (kulemba la N. Lvov), ndipo chaka chotsatira 2 operas adawonekera - "Party, or Guess, Guess the Girl" (nyimbo ndi ufulu sizinasungidwe) ndi "Amerika". Adatsatiridwa ndi opera Wamatsenga, Wolosera ndi Wofananiza (1791). Mu 1791-92. Ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya Fomin ndi melodrama Orpheus (zolemba za Y. Knyaznin). M'zaka zomaliza za moyo wake, iye analemba choyimba kwa V. Ozerov tsoka "Yaropolk ndi Oleg" (1798), zisudzo "Clorida ndi Milan" ndi "The Golden Apple" (c. 1800).
Zolemba za opera za Fomin ndizosiyanasiyana. Pano pali zisudzo zachi Russia, opera mu kalembedwe ka buffa ku Italy, ndi melodrama yachiwonetsero chimodzi, pomwe woyimba waku Russia adayamba kutembenukira kumutu wapamwamba watsoka. Pamtundu uliwonse wosankhidwa, Fomin amapeza njira yatsopano, payekha. Choncho, m'masewero ake azithunzithunzi a ku Russia, kutanthauzira kwazinthu zamakhalidwe, njira yopangira mitu ya anthu, kumakopa makamaka. Mtundu wa opera "kwaya" Russian makamaka momveka bwino mu opera "Coachmen pa Kukhazikitsa". Apa woimbayo amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyimbo zachi Russia - kujambula, kuvina kozungulira, kuvina, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira mawu osamveka, kuphatikiza nyimbo za solo ndi kukana kwakwaya. The overture, chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha symphonism yoyambirira yaku Russia, idamangidwanso pakukulitsa mitu yovina yanyimbo. Mfundo za chitukuko cha symphonic, zozikidwa pa kusiyanasiyana kwa zolinga zaulere, zidzapeza kupitirizabe mu nyimbo zachikale za ku Russia, kuyambira ndi Kamarinskaya ya M. Glinka.
Mu opera yochokera palemba la fabulist wotchuka I. Krylov "Anthu aku America" Fomin adawonetsa bwino luso la kalembedwe ka opera-buffa. Chotsatira cha ntchito yake chinali melodrama "Orpheus", yomwe inachitikira ku St. Seweroli linazikidwa pa kuwerenga kochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi gulu la oimba. Fomin adapanga nyimbo zabwino kwambiri, zodzaza ndi mafunde amphepo ndikukulitsa lingaliro lalikulu lamasewerawo. Imawonedwa ngati gawo limodzi la symphonic, ndi chitukuko cha mkati mosalekeza, cholunjika pachimake chodziwika bwino kumapeto kwa melodrama - "Dance of the Furies". Manambala odziyimira pawokha a symphonic (kubwereza ndi Dance of the Furies) khazikitsani melodrama ngati mawu oyamba ndi epilogue. Mfundo yofananira nyimbo zachiwonetsero, nyimbo zomwe zili pakati pa zolembazo, ndi mapeto amphamvu zimatsimikizira kuzindikira kodabwitsa kwa Fomin, yemwe adatsegula njira ya chitukuko cha symphony ya ku Russia.
Nyimboyi “yakhala ikuwonetsedwa kangapo m’bwalo la zisudzo ndipo inayenera kutamandidwa kwambiri. Bambo Dmitrevsky, yemwe anali ngati Orpheus, anamuveka korona wa zochita zake zodabwitsa,” timaŵerengapo m’nkhani ina yonena za Knyaznin, imene inayambika ndi mabuku amene anasonkhanitsa. Pa February 5, 1795, kuyamba kwa Orpheus kunachitika ku Moscow.
Kubadwa kwachiwiri kwa melodrama "Orpheus" kunachitika kale pa siteji ya Soviet. Mu 1947, inachitika mu mndandanda wa zoimbaimba mbiri okonzedwa ndi Museum of Musical Culture. MI Glinka. M'zaka zomwezo, katswiri woimba nyimbo wa Soviet B. Dobrokhotov adabwezeretsanso chiwerengero cha Orpheus. Nyimboyi idapangidwanso m'makonsati okondwerera zaka 250 za Leningrad (1953) komanso chaka cha 200 cha kubadwa kwa Fomin (1961). Ndipo mu 1966 koyamba kunachitika kunja, ku Poland, pa msonkhano wa nyimbo oyambirira.
Kukula ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa kusaka kwa Fomin, mawonekedwe owala a talente yake amatilola kuti tizimuganizira moyenerera ngati woyimba nyimbo zapamwamba kwambiri ku Russia m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. Ndi njira yake yatsopano yokhudzana ndi nthano zaku Russia mu opera ya "Coachmen on a Set-up" komanso kukopa koyamba pamutu womvetsa chisoni wa "Orpheus", Fomin adatsegula njira yaukadaulo wazaka za zana la XNUMX.
A. Sokolova
