Chomaliza |

italo. finale, lat. mapeto - mapeto, mapeto

1) Mu instr. nyimbo - gawo lomaliza la cyclic. prod. - sonata-symphony, suite, nthawi zina komanso gawo lomaliza la kusintha kosinthika. Ndi mitundu yonse yazinthu zenizeni ndi nyimbo. mawonekedwe a zigawo zomaliza, ambiri amakhalanso ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimafanana, mwachitsanzo, kuthamanga (nthawi zambiri kumakhala kothamanga kwambiri), kuthamanga kwachangu, mtundu wamtundu wa anthu, kuphweka komanso kusinthasintha kwa nyimbo ndi nyimbo (poyerekeza ndi zam'mbuyo). magawo), kusinthasintha kwapangidwe (osachepera mu mawonekedwe a dongosolo lachiwiri kapena ngati "kutengera" ku rondo, m'mawu a VV Protopopov), ndiko kuti, zomwe zili m'mabuku opangidwa kale. njira zomwe zimayambitsa kumverera kwa kutha kwa cyclic yayikulu. ntchito.

Mu sonata-symphony. kuzungulira, mbali zake zomwe zili magawo a luso limodzi lamalingaliro. Lingaliro, F., pokhala siteji yotsatila, imapatsidwa mwayi wapadera, womwe ukugwira ntchito mkati mwa dongosolo lonse, ntchito ya semantic yomaliza, yomwe imatsimikizira kuthetsa masewero monga ntchito yaikulu yofunikira ya F.. . mfundo za nyimbo zake. mabungwe omwe cholinga chake ndi kukulitsa nyimbo. maphunziro ndi nyimbo. chitukuko cha kuzungulira konse. Ntchito yolemba seweroyi imapanga sonata-symphony. F. ulalo wofunikira kwambiri pakuzungulira. prod. - ulalo womwe umawonetsa kuya ndi chilengedwe cha sonata-symphony yonse. malingaliro.

Vuto la sonata-symphony. F. nthawi zonse amakopa chidwi cha oimba. Kufunika kwa organic F. kwa kuzungulira konseko kunagogomezedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi AN Serov, yemwe ankayamikira kwambiri mapeto a Beethoven. BV Asafiev ananena kuti vuto la F. linali lofunika kwambiri mu symphony. art-ve, makamaka kuwunikira mbali zochititsa chidwi komanso zolimbikitsa zomwe zilimo ("choyamba ... kuthamanga kwa malingaliro ndikuyimitsa mayendedwe pa liwiro lake lomwe likukulirakulira ”).

Sonata-symphony. F. mu sewero lake lalikulu. ntchito zinapangidwa mu ntchito za Viennese classics. Komabe, zina mwazinthu zake zidawoneka bwino mu nyimbo zakale. Chifukwa chake, kale mumayendedwe a sonata a JS Bach, mtundu wofananira, wophiphiritsa. ndi mgwirizano wa tonal wa F. ndi zigawo zam'mbuyo, makamaka ndi gawo loyamba la kuzungulira: kutsatira mawu ochedwa. gawo, F. imabwezeretsanso mphamvu ya gawo loyamba ("pakati pa mphamvu yokoka" ya kuzungulira). Poyerekeza ndi gawo loyamba, injini ya Bach F. imasiyanitsidwa ndi mitu yosavuta; mu F. tonality ya gawo la 1 imabwezeretsedwa (pambuyo popatuka pakati pa kuzungulira); F. atha kukhalanso ndi kulumikizana kwapadziko lonse ndi gawo loyamba. Mu nthawi ya Bach (ndipo kenako, mpaka ku Viennese classicism), sonata-cyclic. F. nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi chikoka cha F. suite cycle - gigi.

Mu ma symphonies a oimba a sukulu ya Mannheim, yomwe mbiri yakale imagwirizanitsidwa ndi ma symphonies opangira ntchito zomwe zinkagwira ntchito zowonongeka, F. kwa nthawi yoyamba adapeza tanthauzo lapadera la gawo lapadera la kuzungulira, lomwe lili ndi mawonekedwe ake enieni. zomwe zili (zithunzi za zikondwerero, ndi zina zotero) ndi nyimbo zodziwika bwino. thematicism pafupi ndi thematicism ya wok. F. opera buffa ndi gigi. Mannheim F., monga ma symphonies a nthawiyo, nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi mitundu ya tsiku ndi tsiku, yomwe imakhudza kuphweka kwa zomwe zili ndi nyimbo zawo. mawonekedwe. Lingaliro la symphony ya Mannheim. cycle, chomwe kwenikweni chinali kulinganiza zinthu zonse zakale. mayiko-zithunzi zopezeka mu luso la nthawi imeneyo, zinatsimikiza zonse kuyimira kwa F. ndi chikhalidwe cha kugwirizana kwake kwa semantic ndi zigawo zam'mbuyo, pafupi ndi suite.

F. Zakale za Viennese zikuwonetseratu zosintha zomwe zachitika m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale. art-ve, - chikhumbo cha munthu payekha wa sonata-symphony. malingaliro, kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko ndi masewero. mgwirizano wa kuzungulira, ku chitukuko chakuya ndi kukula kwa arsenal of muses. ndalama. M'mafayilo a J. Haydn akuchulukirachulukira m'makhalidwe, okhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a gulu la anthu ambiri (pamlingo wina wodziwika kale wa Mannheim F.), gwero lake lomwe lili muzithunzi zomaliza za opera ya buffa. Pofuna kulimbitsa nyimbo. zithunzi, Haydn anatembenukira ku mapulogalamu (mwachitsanzo, "The Tempest" mu F. Symphony No 8), adagwiritsa ntchito zisudzo. nyimbo (F. symphony No 77, yomwe kale inali chithunzi cha kusaka mu 3rd act. sewero lake lakuti “Rewarded Fidelity”), linapanga Nar. mitu - Croatian, Serbian (F. ma symphonies NoNo 103, 104, 97), nthawi zina kupangitsa omvera kuti amve motsimikiza. mayanjano azithunzi (mwachitsanzo, mu F. symphony No. 82 - "chimbalangondo, chomwe chimatsogoleredwa ndikuwonetsedwa kuzungulira midzi", chifukwa chake symphony yonse inalandira dzina lakuti "Bear"). Zomaliza za Haydn zimakonda kulanda dziko lofuna kutsata potengera mfundo zamtundu wa anthu. Mtundu wodziwika bwino wa Haydnian F. amakhala rondo (komanso rondo-sonata), kukwera ku Nar. kuvina kozungulira ndikuwonetsa lingaliro lakuyenda kozungulira. Zindikirani. Mbali ya rondo sonata yomwe idawoneka bwino kwambiri kumapeto kwa Haydn ndiyo kumveka. kufanana kwa zigawo zake (nthawi zina zotchedwa. Bambo. monothematic kapena single-demon rondo sonata; onani, mwachitsanzo, ma symphonies No99, 103). Rondo-mawonekedwe amakhalanso obadwa nawo mumitundu iwiri yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Haydn mu F. (fp. sonata ku E Minor, Hob. XVI, No 34). Kukopa kwa mawonekedwe osinthika ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuwona mbiri ya sonata-symphony. F., t. chifukwa mawonekedwe awa, molingana ndi Asafiev, osapambana bwino kuposa rondo, amawulula zomaliza ngati kusintha kwa "malingaliro" a lingaliro limodzi kapena malingaliro (mumitundu yosinthira nyimbo ya preclassical mu F. ma cycles anali mawonekedwe a G. F. Handel; cm. Concerto grosso op. 6 n5). Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Haydn mu F. fugue (quartet kapena. 20 No 2, 5, 6, op. 50 No 4), yomwe ili ndi zinthu zotsatizana (chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi ndi fugue kuchokera ku quartet op. 20 No 5) ndi kusinthika, kutsitsimutsa mwambo wa F. old sonatas da chiesa. Zina Zomwe zimayambira mafomu omaliza a Haydn zimaperekedwa ndi njira yachitukuko yovumbulutsira muses. zakuthupi, zolemba zoyambirira. anapeza (mwachitsanzo 3 kubwereza mu fugue ya quartet op. 20 No 5, "kutsanzikana" Adagio mu Symphony No 45, pomwe zida za okhestra zimangokhala chete motsatizana), zidzafotokozera. kugwiritsa ntchito polyphony, ch. arr., ngati njira yopangira "zachabechabe" zomaliza, chitsitsimutso chansangala (Symphony No. 103), nthawi zina zimabweretsa chithunzithunzi cha zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku (chinachake ngati "mkangano wamsewu" kapena "mkangano woopsa" pakukula kwa F. Symphony No99). T. o., mu ntchito ya Haydn F. ndi njira zake zenizeni zachitukuko. zakuthupi zimakwera mpaka pamlingo wa sonata allegro wa gulu loyamba, ndikupanga sonata-symphony. kapangidwe bwino. Vuto lazithunzi. Umodzi wa kuzungulira anasankha Haydn makamaka mwambo wa akale ake. Mawu atsopano m'derali ndi a V. A. Mozart. Mozart F. pezani mgwirizano wamatchulidwe a sonatas ndi ma symphonies, osowa nthawi yawo. malingaliro, zophiphiritsa zomwe zimazungulira - mawu okondwa, mwachitsanzo. mu g-moll symphony (No 41), molira mu d-moll quartet (K.-V. 421), ngwazi mu symphony "Jupiter". Mitu yomaliza ya Mozart imaphatikiza ndi kuphatikizira mawu amayendedwe am'mbuyomu. Kudziwika kwa njira ya Mozart ya kutengera mawu. generalization ndi kuti mu F. zidutswa zanyimbo zosiyana zomwazika pazigawo zam'mbuyo zimasonkhanitsidwa. kuyimba, kuyimba, kukulitsa masitepe ena amachitidwe, rhythmic. ndi harmonic. matembenuzidwe, omwe sali m'magawo oyamba, ozindikirika mosavuta amitu, komanso kupitiliza kwawo, osati m'mayimbidwe akulu okha. mawu, komanso otsagana nawo - m'mawu amodzi, zovutazo ndizolemba. zinthu, to-ry, kudutsa kuchokera ku gawo kupita ku gawo, kumatsimikizira katchulidwe kake. maonekedwe a ntchitoyi, mgwirizano wa "m'mlengalenga" (monga momwe V.

Kumapeto kwa sonata-symphony. Zozungulira za Mozart F. ndizopadera monga kutanthauzira kwa malingaliro onse a kuzungulira, komwe ndi kwawo (mogwirizana ndi ma symphonies mu g-moll ndi C-dur, mwachitsanzo, TN Livanova amazindikira kuti ali payekhapayekha mapulani kuposa ma symphonies ena onse azaka za zana la 18). Lingaliro la chitukuko chophiphiritsira, chomwe chinatsimikizira zachilendo za lingaliro la Mozartian la kuzungulira, likuwonekera momveka bwino mu kapangidwe ka F. Iwo adzadziwika. Mbali ndi kukopa kwa sonata, zomwe zimawonekera ponse pakugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe enieni a sonata (symphony mu g-moll), rondo-sonata (fp. concerto A-dur, K.-V. 488), ndi mu chachilendo "sonata mood" mu mawonekedwe a mtundu wosakhala wa sonata, mwachitsanzo. mu rondo (quartet ya chitoliro, K.-V. 285). Mu kupanga F., zokhudzana ndi nthawi yotsiriza ya kulenga, malo aakulu amakhala ndi zigawo zachitukuko, ndi njira zofunika kwambiri za nyimbo-thematic. chitukuko chimakhala polyphony, chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Mozart ndi ukoma wodabwitsa (chingwe quintet mu g-moll, K.-V. 516, symphony mu g-moll, quartet No. 21). Ngakhale fugue ndi yodziimira. mawonekedwe sali ofanana ndi omaliza a Mozart (quartet F-dur, K.-V. 168), awo enieni. mbali ndi kuphatikizika kwa fugue (monga lamulo, mu mawonekedwe obalalika) mu mawonekedwe a homophonic mawonekedwe - sonata, rondo sonata (chingwe quintets D-dur, K.-V. 593, Es-dur, K.- V. 164) mpaka mapangidwe nyimbo mawonekedwe synthesizing mbali za fugue ndi sonata (chingwe quartet G-dur No1, K.-V. 387), mawonekedwe kuti mbiri anakhala wodalirika kwambiri (F. fp . Schumann quartet Es-dur op. 47, Reger's string quartet G-dur op.54 No1). Chofunika kwambiri cha mawonekedwe opangira oterowo mu Op. Mozart - mgwirizano wa obalalika polyphonic. magawo ndi mzere umodzi wa chitukuko, kuyesetsa kukwaniritsa ("akulu polyphonic mawonekedwe", mawu akuti VV Protopopov). Chitsanzo chapamwamba chamtunduwu ndi F. symphony "Jupiter", momwe mawonekedwe a sonata (amapanga ndondomeko yake ya kugwirizana pakati pa magawo) akuphatikizapo dongosolo lovuta la kugwirizana kwapakati pakati pa obalalika polyphonic. zochitika zomwe zimabwera ngati chitukuko cha DOS. sonata kupanga mitu. Mzere uliwonse wamutu (mitu ya 1 ndi 2 ya gawo lalikulu, kulumikiza ndi yachiwiri) imapeza ma polyphonic. chitukuko-chochitika mwa kutsanzira-zovomerezeka. polyphony. The kaphatikizidwe mwadongosolo thematism mwa kusiyanitsa polyphony chimafika pachimake pa coda, pamene lonse waukulu thematic amaphatikizidwa mu fugato mdima asanu. zakuthupi ndi njira zophatikizika zama polyphonic. chitukuko (kuphatikiza kutsanzira ndi kusiyanitsa-thematic polyphony).

Mu ntchito ya Beethoven, wolemba sewero. udindo wa F. kuchuluka kwambiri; Ndi nyimbo zake zomwe mu musicology kuzindikira kufunika kwa F. kwa sonata-symphony. kuzungulira ngati "korona", cholinga, zotsatira (A. N. Serov), udindo wa F. munjira yopanga zozungulira (N. L. Fishman, chifukwa chophunzira zojambula za symphony yachitatu, adapeza kuti "zambiri m'madera oyambirira a Eroica zinachokera ku mapeto ake"), komanso kufunika kwa chiphunzitso. kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo za symphony yonse. nyimbo. Mu okhwima Op. Beethoven F. pang'onopang'ono amakhala "katikati mwa mphamvu yokoka" ya kuzungulira, nsonga yake, kumene chitukuko chonse chapitachi chimayendetsedwa, nthawi zina chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi gawo lapitalo (malinga ndi mfundo ya attacca), kupanga pamodzi ndi theka lachiwiri. ya kuzungulira mawonekedwe ophatikizika. Chizoloŵezi chokulitsa kusiyanaku kumabweretsa kukonzanso kwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu F. mawonekedwe, to-rye amakhala motengera komanso mwadongosolo kwambiri. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a sonata a mapeto a Beethoven adadziwika ndi fluidity, kufufutidwa kwa malire a cadence pakati pa zigawo zazikulu ndi mbali ndi mawu awo. pafupi (feat. sonata no. 23 "Appassionata"), mu rondo yomaliza mfundo zamapangidwe akale akuda okhala ndi ma interludes omwe akutukuka adatsitsimutsidwa (fp. Sonata No. 22), m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana panali kuchulukira kwa mtundu wopitilira, kusinthika kwaufulu kunawonekera, mfundo zosasinthika zachitukuko zidalowa mwa iwo - chitukuko, fugue (3rd symphony), mu rondo sonatas kukula kwa mawonekedwe ndi chitukuko kunayamba kuonekera. , chizolowezi cha kuphatikizika kwa zigawo ( 6th symphony). Kumapeto kwa ntchito za Beethoven, imodzi mwamawonekedwe a F. amakhala fugue (cello sonata op. 102 n2). Intonac. kupanga F. kupanga Beethoven ikuchitika zonse mothandizidwa ndi melodic-harmonic. kulumikizana, ndi makumbukidwe ammutu (fp. sonata No 13), monothematism (5th symphony). Chofunika kwambiri ndi kulumikizana kwa tonal-phonic (mfundo ya "tonal resonance", mawu a V. AT. Protopopov). organic F. mu kuzungulira, mawonekedwe ake mu njira. pang'ono chifukwa cha kudzikundikira m'magawo am'mbuyomu a zinthu zosiyanasiyana, mawonekedwe a rondo, kugwiritsa ntchito mwadala polyphonic. njira zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti ndizopadera za kapangidwe kake ka filosofi, ndiko kuti, e. kukhalapo kwa mitundu ina ya dongosolo la 2, kaphatikizidwe kamodzi kapena kaphatikizidwe ka mfundo zosiyanasiyana zomanga mawonekedwe, ndipo nthawi zina - ndi kusankha kwakukulu. mitundu (zosiyana mu 3rd ndi 9th symphonies). N'zochititsa chidwi kuti symphony wa kukula kukula zikusonyezedwa Beethoven osati F. symphonies, komanso mu F. "Chamber" kuzungulira - quartets, sonatas (mwachitsanzo, F. fp. sonatas No 21 - rondo wamkulu wokhala ndi chitukuko ndi coda, F. fp. sonata No. 29 - nsonga iwiri yokhala ndi nkhani zolimba kwambiri. chitukuko - "mfumukazi ya fugues", m'mawu a F. Buzoni). Chimodzi mwazopambana kwambiri za Beethoven - F. 9 symphony. Mafomu ndi njira zosungiramo zakale zomwe zaperekedwa pano mokhazikika. mawonekedwe azithunzi zazikulu. chisangalalo - kutulutsa mphamvu za mapangidwe, kupanga kuwonjezeka kwa kumverera kumodzi, kukwera kwake ku apotheosis - fugato iwiri, kufotokoza ch. kuganiza molumikizana (ndi kusintha kwa mtundu) mitu yayikulu ya 2 - "mitu yachisangalalo" ndi "Hug, mamiliyoni"; kusintha, kukwera ku couplet ndi kugwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyimbo ya nyimbo, kuwululidwa momasuka kwambiri, kulemetsedwa ndi mfundo za fugue, rondo-like, zovuta magawo atatu mawonekedwe; kuyambika kwa kwaya, komwe kunalemeretsa symphony. mawonekedwe ndi malamulo a oratorio composition; dramaturgy yapadera. lingaliro la F., lomwe silinangokhala ndi mawu opambana a ngwazi. malingaliro (monga mwachizolowezi), komanso siteji ya kufufuza kochititsa chidwi komwe kumatsogolera ndi kupeza "poponda" - zojambulajambula zazikulu. Mitu; ungwiro wa dongosolo la nyimbo. generalizations a F., amene mwamphamvu analumikiza intonational, harmonic, kusiyanasiyana, polyphonic, kutambasula kwa iye kupyolera mu symphony lonse. ulusi - zonsezi zidatsimikizira kufunikira kwa mphamvu ya F. 9th symphony ku nyimbo zamtsogolo ndipo idapangidwa ndi olemba mibadwo yotsatira. Zolunjika kwambiri. mphamvu ya P. 9 symphony - mu masimphoni a G. Berlioz, F. List, A. Bruckner, G.

Muzojambula za pambuyo pa Beethoven, pali chizoloŵezi cha kuphatikizika kwa nyimbo ndi mabuku, zisudzo, filosofi, ku chikhalidwe cha muses. zithunzi, kuti individualization wa mfundo anatsimikiza kwambiri zosiyanasiyana okhutira enieni ndi dongosolo F. Pophatikiza F. ndi zigawo yapita, pamodzi ndi thematic. kukumbukira, mfundo za Liszt's monothematism ndi operatic leitmotivity zinayamba kutsogolera. Mu pulogalamu ya nyimbo za oimba Achikondi, zida zoimbira za chikhalidwe cha zisudzo zidawoneka, zofanana ndi siteji ya opera, zomwe zidapangitsanso zisudzo. thupi ("Romeo ndi Julia" lolembedwa ndi Berlioz), mtundu wa "ziwanda" F.-grotesque wopangidwa ("Faust" ndi symphony ya Liszt). Kukula kwa maganizo chiyambi chinabweretsa moyo wapadera F. - "pambuyo pake" mu FP. sonata b-moll Chopin, zomvetsa chisoni. F. Adagio lamentoso mu symphony ya 6 ya Tchaikovsky. Mawonekedwe a ziganizo zapayekha, monga lamulo, ndizosazolowereka (mu symphony ya 6 ya Tchaikovsky, mwachitsanzo, kusuntha katatu kokhala ndi code komwe kumayambitsa chinthu cha sonata); kamangidwe ka mapulogalamu F. nthawi zina kwathunthu kugonjera kuyatsa. chiwembu, kupanga mawonekedwe aulere pamlingo waukulu (Manfred ndi Tchaikovsky). Kutanthauzira kwa F. monga semantic ndi mchitidwe wadziko lonse. pakati pa kuzungulirako, kumene zonse ziŵiri pachimake ndi kuthetsa masewero zimakokedwa. mikangano, khalidwe la ma symphonies a G. Mahler, otchedwa "symphonies of the finals" (P. Becker). Mapangidwe a Mahler's F., omwe akuwonetsa "kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe" (m'mawu a Mahler mwiniwake) wa kuzungulira konseko, amatsimikiziridwa ndi "chiwembu" cha nyimbo zomwe zimapangidwira mkati mwake zomwe zimakhala ndi symphony. lingaliro la Mahler, ndipo nthawi zambiri limakhala losiyana kwambiri-strophic. mawonekedwe.

Tanthauzo la gawo lofunikira la kuzungulira ndi F. mu op. DD Shostakovich. Zosiyanasiyana kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, kutsimikiziridwa kwa chifuniro chomenyera nkhondo mu F. 1 symphony, ulendo wamaliro mu F. 4th, kutsimikiziridwa kwa chiyembekezo cha dziko lapansi mu F. 5th), mogwirizana ndi zigawo zam'mbuyo (nthawi zina F., kulowa popanda kusokoneza, monga mu symphony ya 11, zikuwoneka kuti zikutsatira zochitika zonse zam'mbuyomo, mwa zina zimawonekera mosiyana, monga mu symphony ya 6), kuwulula kufalikira kosowa kwa bwalo la ntchito muses. kutanthauza (monothematism - onse a Beethoven's (5th symphony) ndi mtundu wa Liszt (1st symphony), njira ya kukumbukira mitu - kuphatikiza mu "Russian zosiyanasiyana", monga idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu PI Tchaikovsky, SI Taneyev, AN Scriabin (coda-apotheosis). pa mutu waukulu wosinthidwa wa 1st movement mu F. 7th symphony), khalidwe la mawu omveka likumera, kupanga mfundo za JS Bach ndi Mahler, mu mawonekedwe, njira zamagulu onse amtundu wa classical (F. wa symphony ya 6) ndi chiwembu cha pulogalamu ( F., mwachitsanzo, pa symphony ya 4, "yopanda pulogalamu"), zomaliza za Shostakovich ndizowonetsera malingaliro a Ch.

2) Mu nyimbo za opera, gawo lalikulu lophatikizana lomwe limaphatikizapo opera yonse ndi machitidwe ake. Opera F. monga nyimbo yomwe ikukula mofulumira. gulu lomwe likuwonetsa kusinthasintha konse kwa masewero. ntchito, zomwe zinayambika m'zaka za zana la 18. mu ital. masewera a opera; ake F. adatchedwa "mipira", chifukwa amangoganizira kwambiri zamatsenga. Mu F. wotero, mikangano inakula mosalekeza chifukwa cha kuwonekera kwapang'onopang'ono pa siteji ya otchulidwa atsopano, kusokoneza chiwembucho, ndipo kunabwera mwina kudzudzula ndi kukwiyitsidwa (mu F. 1st act - chimaliziro cha sewero lonse, mwamwambo. ziwiri), kapena kuti denouement (mu F. yomaliza). Chifukwa chake, dram. gawo lililonse latsopano la dongosolo la F. lidakwaniritsidwa ndi tempos yatsopano, kamvekedwe, komanso gawo lina. zakuthupi; Zina mwa njira zogwirizanitsa F. ndi kutsekedwa kwa tonal ndi mawonekedwe a rondo. Chitsanzo choyambirira cha gulu lamphamvu F. - mu opera "The Governor" ndi N. Logroshino (1747); kuwonjezereka kwa mawu opangira opaleshoni kumachitika ndi N. Piccinni (Mwana Wabwino, 1760), Paisiello (Mkazi wa Miller, 1788), ndi D. Cimarosa (Ukwati Wachinsinsi, 1792). Ungwiro wa Classic F. umapezeka m'masewera a Mozart, muses. chitukuko to-rykh, mosinthasintha kutsatira seweroli. kanthu, nthawi yomweyo amatenga mawonekedwe athunthu muses moyenera. zomangamanga. Zovuta kwambiri komanso "symphonic" muzolemba zawo. chitukuko chimatha. F. masewero a Mozart - 2nd d. "Ukwati wa Figaro" ndi 1st d. "Don Giovanni".

Mtundu watsopano wamawu opangira opaleshoni adapangidwa ndi MI Glinka mu epilogue ya Ivan Susanin; ndi zochitika zazikulu kwambiri za anthu, momwe mfundo zosinthira ndizofala kwambiri; Njira za chitukuko cha symphonic zimaphatikizidwa momwemo ndi njira zowonetsera komanso mawonekedwe amtundu wa Chirasha. nar. nyimbo.

Zothandizira: Serov AN, Ndemanga pa nkhani yakuti "Zolemba za woganiza wamakono wotchuka (ochokera kwa osakhala oimba) pa symphony yachisanu ndi chinayi ya Beethoven", "Era", 1864, No 7, yosindikizidwanso. mu appendix ku Art. TN Livanova "Beethoven ndi Russian nyimbo kutsutsa m'zaka XIX", m'buku: Beethoven, Sat. st., vuto. 2, M., 1972; ake, Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, kapangidwe kake ndi tanthauzo, "Modern Chronicle", 1868, May 12, No16, chimodzimodzi, m'buku: AN Serov, Zosankha Zosankhidwa, vol. 1, M.-L. , 1950; Asafiev BV, Mtundu wanyimbo ngati njira, buku. 1, M., 1930, (mabuku 1-2), L., 1971; ake, Symphony, m'buku: Essays on Soviet musical creativity, vol. 1, M.-L., 1947; Livanova T., History of Western Europe nyimbo mpaka 1789, M.-L., 1940; wake, nyimbo za ku Western Europe za m'zaka za m'ma XVII-XVIII muzojambula zingapo, M., 1977; Buku la Beethoven la zojambula za 1802-1803, kafukufuku ndi kutanthauzira kwa NL Fishman, M., 1962; Protopopov Vl., Chipangano cha Beethoven, "SM", 1963, No 7; ake, Mbiri ya polyphony muzochitika zake zofunika kwambiri, (nkhani 2), M., 1965; ake, Beethoven's Principles of Musical Form, M., 1970; ake, Pa mawonekedwe a sonata-cyclic m'mabuku a Chopin, mu Sat: Mafunso amtundu wanyimbo, vol. 2, M., 1972; wake, Rondo Fomu mu Mozart's Instrumental Works, M., 1978; ake, Zojambula kuchokera ku mbiri ya zida za 1979 - kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 1975, M., 130; Barsova I., Symphonies of Gustav Mahler, M., 3; Tsakher I., Vuto lomaliza mu B-dur quartet op. 1975 Beethoven, mu Sat: Problems of Musical Science, vol. 1976, M., XNUMX; Sabinina M., Shostakovich-symphonist, M., XNUMX.

TN Dubrovskaya