Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin (Alexander Scriabin).

Alexander Scriabin

Nyimbo za Scriabin ndizosaletseka, chikhumbo chakuya chaumunthu cha ufulu, chisangalalo, kusangalala ndi moyo. … Iye akupitiriza kukhalapo monga mboni yamoyo ku zokhumba zabwino za nthawi yake, momwe iye anali "wophulika", wosangalatsa komanso wosakhazikika wa chikhalidwe. B. Asafiev

A. Scriabin adalowa mu nyimbo za ku Russia kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1890. ndipo nthawi yomweyo adadziwonetsa yekha ngati munthu wapadera, wamphatso zowala. Wochita zinthu molimba mtima, “wofunafuna njira zatsopano,” malinga ndi kunena kwa N. Myaskovsky, “mothandizidwa ndi chinenero chatsopano, chimene sichinachitikepo n’kale lonse, amatsegula chiyembekezo chodabwitsa chotere . . . maso athu ku chinthu chofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.” Scriabin wa luso anadziwonetsera yekha m'munda wa nyimbo, mgwirizano, kapangidwe, kayimbidwe ndi kumasulira yeniyeni mkombero, ndi chiyambi cha mapangidwe ndi malingaliro, amene mokulira kugwirizana ndi aesthetics chikondi ndi ndakatulo za zizindikiro Russian. Ngakhale njira yochepa kulenga, wopeka analenga ntchito zambiri mu Mitundu ya nyimbo symphonic ndi piyano. Iye analemba 3 symphonies, "The Poem of Ecstasy", ndakatulo "Prometheus" kwa oimba, Concerto kwa Piano ndi Orchestra; 10 sonatas, ndakatulo, ma preludes, etudes ndi nyimbo zina za pianoforte. Creativity Scriabin inakhala yogwirizana ndi nthawi yovuta komanso yachisokonezo cha kuyambika kwa zaka mazana awiri ndi chiyambi cha zaka za XX. Kusamvana ndi mawu amoto, zikhumbo za titanic za ufulu wa mzimu, zolinga za ubwino ndi kuwala, ubale wapadziko lonse wa anthu umalowa mu luso la woimba-filosofi, kumubweretsa pafupi ndi oimira abwino a chikhalidwe cha Russia.

Scriabin anabadwira m'banja lanzeru la makolo akale. Mayi amene anamwalira oyambirira (mwa njira, woimba limba waluso) m'malo ndi azakhali ake, Lyubov Alexandrovna Skryabina, amenenso anakhala mphunzitsi wake woyamba nyimbo. Bambo anga ankagwira ntchito yaukazembe. Chikondi cha nyimbo chinadziwonetsera mwa wamng'ono. Sasha kuyambira ali wamng'ono. Komabe, malinga ndi mwambo wa banja, ali ndi zaka 10 anatumizidwa ku gulu la cadet. Chifukwa cha thanzi, Scriabin anamasulidwa ku ntchito ya usilikali yowawa, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti athe kuthera nthawi yambiri pa nyimbo. Kuyambira m'chilimwe cha 1882, maphunziro a piyano nthawi zonse anayamba (ndi G. Konyus, katswiri wodziwika bwino, wolemba nyimbo, woimba piyano; kenako - ndi pulofesa ku Conservatory N. Zverev) ndi zolemba (ndi S. Taneyev). Mu January 1888, Scriabin wamng'ono adalowa mu Moscow Conservatory m'kalasi ya V. Safonov (piyano) ndi S. Taneyev (potsutsana). Atamaliza maphunziro otsutsana ndi Taneyev, Scriabin anasamukira ku kalasi ya A. Arensky ya zolemba zaulere, koma ubale wawo sunayende bwino. Scriabin adamaliza maphunziro awo ku Conservatory ngati woyimba piyano.

Kwa zaka khumi (1882-92) wopeka nyimboyo anapeka nyimbo zambiri, koposa zonse za piyano. Pakati pawo pali ma waltzes ndi mazurkas, preludes ndi etudes, nocturnes ndi sonatas, momwe "Scriabin note" yawo imamveka kale (ngakhale nthawi zina munthu amatha kumva chikoka cha F. Chopin, yemwe Scriabin wamng'ono ankamukonda kwambiri ndipo, malinga ndi zokumbukira a m'nthawi yake, anachita bwino). Zochita zonse za Scriabin monga woyimba piyano, kaya pa wophunzira madzulo kapena pabwalo laubwenzi, ndipo kenako pazigawo zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zinkachitika ndi kupambana kosalekeza, adatha kukopa chidwi cha omvera kuchokera ku phokoso loyamba la nyimbo. piyano. Nditamaliza maphunziro a Conservatory, moyo ndi ntchito ya Scriabin inayamba nthawi yatsopano (1892-1902). Amayamba njira yodziyimira ngati woyimba piyano. Nthawi yake yodzaza ndi maulendo a konsati kunyumba ndi kunja, kupanga nyimbo; ntchito zake zinayamba kufalitsidwa ndi nyumba yosindikizira ya M. Belyaev (wamalonda wolemera wamatabwa ndi wothandiza anthu), yemwe anayamikira luso la wolemba nyimbo wachinyamatayo; maubwenzi ndi oimba ena akukula, mwachitsanzo, ndi Belyaevsky Circle ku St. Petersburg, yomwe inaphatikizapo N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov, ndi ena; kuzindikira kukukula mu Russia ndi kunja. Mayesero okhudzana ndi matenda a dzanja lamanja la "overplayed" amasiyidwa. Scriabin ali ndi ufulu wonena kuti: "Wamphamvu ndi wamphamvu ndi amene adataya mtima ndikugonjetsa." M’manyuzipepala a m’maiko akunja, iye anatchedwa “munthu wapadera, wopeka ndi kuimba piyano wabwino koposa, umunthu wopambana ndi wanthanthi; iye ndi chisonkhezero chonse ndi moto wopatulika.” M'zaka izi, maphunziro 12 ndi zoyambira 47 zidapangidwa; 2 zidutswa za dzanja lamanzere, 3 sonatas; Concerto for piyano ndi orchestra (1897), ndakatulo ya orchestral "Maloto", 2 ma symphonies akuluakulu okhala ndi lingaliro lomveka bwino la filosofi ndi chikhalidwe, etc.

Zaka zakukula bwino (1903-08) zidagwirizana ndi kukwera kwakukulu kwa anthu ku Russia madzulo ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kusintha koyamba kwa Russia. Zambiri mwa zaka izi, Scriabin ankakhala ku Switzerland, koma anali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi zochitika za kusintha kwa dziko lakwawo ndipo ankamvera chisoni anthu opandukawo. Anasonyeza chidwi chowonjezereka mu filosofi - adatembenukiranso ku malingaliro a filosofi wotchuka S. Trubetskoy, anakumana ndi G. Plekhanov ku Switzerland (1906), adaphunzira ntchito za K. Marx, F. Engels, VI Lenin, Plekhanov. Ngakhale kuti maganizo a dziko la Scriabin ndi Plekhanov anaima pamitengo yosiyanasiyana, omalizawo adayamikira kwambiri umunthu wa wolemba nyimboyo. Kuchoka ku Russia kwa zaka zingapo, Scriabin anafuna kumasula nthawi yochulukirapo kuti azitha kuthawa ku Moscow (mu 1898-1903, mwa zina, adaphunzitsa ku Moscow Conservatory). Zochitika zamaganizo za zaka izi zimagwirizananso ndi kusintha kwa moyo wake (kusiya mkazi wake V. Isakovich, woyimba piyano wabwino kwambiri komanso wolimbikitsa nyimbo zake, komanso kuyanjana ndi T. Schlozer, yemwe adasewera kwambiri ndi moyo wa Scriabin) . Pokhala makamaka ku Switzerland, Scriabin ankayenda mobwerezabwereza ndi makonsati ku Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels, Liege, ndi America. Masewerowa anali opambana kwambiri.

Kukhazikika kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Russia sikungathe koma kukhudza wojambulayo. The Third Symphony ("The Divine Poem", 1904), "The Poem of Ecstasy" (1907), The Fourth and Fifth Sonatas inakhala malo enieni olenga; adalembanso ma etudes, ndakatulo 5 za pianoforte (pakati pawo "Zomvetsa chisoni" ndi "Satana"), ndi zina zotero. Zambiri mwa nyimbozi zili pafupi ndi "Ndakatulo Yaumulungu" motsatira ndondomeko yophiphiritsira. Magawo atatu a symphony ("Kulimbana", "Zosangalatsa", "Masewera a Mulungu") amagulitsidwa pamodzi chifukwa cha mutu wotsogola wodzitsimikizira kuchokera koyambirira. Malingana ndi pulogalamuyo, symphony imatiuza za "chitukuko cha mzimu waumunthu", womwe, kupyolera mu kukayika ndi kulimbana, kugonjetsa "chisangalalo cha dziko lapansi" ndi "pantheism", kumabwera ku "mtundu wina wa ntchito zaulere - a. masewera aumulungu". Kutsatira mosalekeza kwa zigawozo, kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za leitmotivity ndi monothematism, kuwonetseratu kwamadzimadzi, titero, kumachotsa malire a symphonic cycle, ndikuyibweretsa pafupi ndi ndakatulo yayikulu ya gawo limodzi. Chilankhulo cha harmonic chimakhala chovuta kwambiri poyambitsa mawu omveka bwino komanso akuthwa. Kupanga kwa oimba kumawonjezeka kwambiri chifukwa cha kulimbikitsidwa kwa magulu a zida zamphepo ndi zoyimbira. Pamodzi ndi izi, zida zapayekha zolumikizidwa ndi chithunzi china chanyimbo zimawonekera. Kudalira makamaka miyambo ya mochedwa Chikondi symphonism (F. Liszt, R. Wagner), komanso P. Tchaikovsky, Scriabin analenga pa nthawi yomweyo ntchito kuti anamukhazikitsa mu Russian ndi dziko symphonic chikhalidwe monga wopeka nzeru.

“Ndakatulo ya Chisangalalo” ndi ntchito yolimba mtima kwambiri popanga. Ili ndi pulogalamu yolemba, yofotokozedwa m'ndime komanso yofanana ndi lingaliro la Third Symphony. Monga nyimbo yachifuniro chogonjetsa zonse cha munthu, mawu omaliza a lembalo amamveka:

Ndipo chilengedwe chinamveka Kufuula kwachimwemwe ndine!

Kuchuluka mkati mwa ndakatulo yosuntha ya mitu-zizindikiro - zolemba za laconic zofotokozera, kukula kwawo kosiyanasiyana (malo ofunikira pano ndi zida za polyphonic), ndipo pomaliza, kuyimba kokongola kokhala ndi zikondwerero zowoneka bwino komanso zachikondwerero kumapereka malingaliro amenewo, omwe Scriabin amatcha chisangalalo. Udindo wofunikira wofotokozera umaseweredwa ndi chilankhulo cholemera komanso chowoneka bwino, pomwe chilankhulo chovuta komanso chosakhazikika chimakhala chofala kale.

Ndi kubwerera kwa Scriabin kudziko lakwawo mu January 1909, nthawi yomaliza ya moyo wake ndi ntchito akuyamba. Wolembayo anaika chidwi chake chachikulu pa cholinga chimodzi - kulenga ntchito yaikulu yokonzedwa kuti isinthe dziko lapansi, kusintha umunthu. Umu ndi momwe ntchito yopangira imawonekera - ndakatulo ya "Prometheus" ndi gulu lalikulu la oimba, kwaya, gawo limodzi la limba, chiwalo, komanso zotsatira zowunikira (gawo la kuwala lalembedwa muzolemba). ). Petersburg, "Prometheus" inayamba kuchitika pa March 9, 1911 motsogoleredwa ndi S. Koussevitzky ndi Scriabin mwiniwake ngati woimba piyano. Prometheus (kapena Ndakatulo ya Moto, monga momwe mlembi wake anaitcha) inachokera ku nthano yakale yachigiriki ya titan Prometheus. Mutu wa kulimbana ndi kupambana kwa munthu pa mphamvu zoipa ndi mdima, kubwerera pamaso pa kuwala kwa moto, anauzira Scriabin. Apa amasinthanso chilankhulo chake cha harmonic, chopatuka ku dongosolo la tonal. Mitu yambiri ikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chitukuko cha symphonic. "Prometheus ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya chilengedwe chonse, mfundo yolenga, ndi moto, kuwala, moyo, kulimbana, khama, kuganiza," adatero Scriabin ponena za ndakatulo yake ya Moto. Panthawi imodzimodziyo poganizira ndi kupanga Prometheus, Sonatas yachisanu ndi chimodzi-khumi, ndakatulo "Kumoto", ndi zina zotero, zinalengedwa kuti zikhale limba. Ntchito ya Wopekayo, kwambiri zaka zonse, zisudzo nthawi zonse ndi maulendo ogwirizana nawo (nthawi zambiri pofuna kupezera banja) pang'onopang'ono kufooketsa thanzi lake lomwe linali lofooka kale.

Scriabin anamwalira mwadzidzidzi chifukwa cha poizoni wamagazi. Nkhani za imfa yake adakali wamng'ono zinadabwitsa aliyense. Onse aluso Moscow adamuwona paulendo wake womaliza, ophunzira achichepere ambiri analipo. "Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin," analemba Plekhanov, "anali mwana wa nthawi yake. … Ntchito ya Scriabin inali nthawi yake, yofotokozedwa m'mawu. Koma akanthawi kochepa, wodutsayo apeza mawonekedwe ake mu ntchito ya wojambula wamkulu, amapeza Osatha kutanthauza ndipo zachitika zopanda malire".

T. Ershova

• Scriabin - chojambula chambiri →
• Zolemba za Scriabin pa piyano →

Ntchito zazikulu za Scriabin

Zachisoni

Piano Concerto mu F sharp wamng'ono, Op. 20 (1896-1897). "Maloto", mu E Minor, Op. 24 (1898). Choyamba Symphony, mu E yaikulu, Op. 26 (1899-1900). Symphony Yachiwiri, mu C yaying'ono, Op. 29 (1901). Symphony Yachitatu (Ndakatulo Yaumulungu), mu C wamng'ono, Op. 43 (1902-1904). Ndakatulo ya Ecstasy, C yaikulu, Op. 54 (1904-1907). Prometheus (ndakatulo ya Moto), Op. 60 (1909-1910).

chikonzero

10 sonatas: No. 1 mu F yaying'ono, Op. 6 (1893); No. 2 (sonata-fantasy), mu G-sharp wamng'ono, Op. 19 (1892-1897); No. 3 mu F lakuthwa zazing'ono, Op. 23 (1897-1898); No. 4, F lakuthwa lalikulu, Op. 30 (1903); No. 5, Op. 53 (1907); No. 6, Op. 62 (1911-1912); No. 7, Op. 64 (1911-1912); No. 8, Op. 66 (1912-1913); No. 9, Op. 68 (1911-1913): No. 10, Op. 70 (1913).

91 chiyambi: uwu. 2 No. 2 (1889), Op. 9 No. 1 (ya kumanzere, 1894), 24 Preludes, Op. 11 (1888-1896), 6 koyambirira, Op. 13 (1895), 5 zoyambira, Op. 15 (1895-1896), 5 zoyambira, Op. 16 (1894-1895), 7 koyambirira, Op. 17 (1895-1896), Prelude in F-sharp Major (1896), 4 Preludes, Op. 22 (1897-1898), 2 zoyambira, Op. 27 (1900), 4 zoyambira, Op. 31 (1903), 4 zoyambira, Op. 33 (1903), 3 zoyambira, Op. 35 (1903), 4 zoyambira, Op. 37 (1903), 4 zoyambira, Op. 39 (1903), koyambirira, Op. 45 No. 3 (1905), 4 kuyambika, Op. 48 (1905), koyambirira, Op. 49 No. 2 (1905), chiyambi, Op. 51 No. 2 (1906), chiyambi, Op. 56 No. 1 (1908), chiyambi, Op. 59' No. 2 (1910), 2 kuyambika, Op. 67 (1912-1913), 5 kuyambika, Op. 74 (1914).

Zotsatira za 26:kuphunzira, op. 2 No. 1 (1887), 12 maphunziro, Op. 8 (1894-1895), maphunziro 8, Op. 42 (1903), phunziro, Op. 49 No. 1 (1905), kuphunzira, Op. 56 No. 4 (1908), 3 maphunziro, Op. 65 (1912).

21 madzi: 10 Mazurkas, Op. 3 (1888-1890), 9 mazurkas, Op. 25 (1899), 2 mazurkas, Op. 40 (1903).

Nthano 20: 2 ndakatulo, Op. 32 (1903), Ndakatulo Yachisoni, Op. 34 (1903), Ndakatulo Ya Satana, Op. 36 (1903), Ndakatulo, Op. 41 (1903), 2 ndakatulo, Op. 44 (1904-1905), Ndakatulo Yosangalatsa, Op. 45 No. 2 (1905), "ndakatulo Youziridwa", Op. 51 No. 3 (1906), Ndakatulo, Op. 52 No. 1 (1907), "Ndakatulo Yotalika", Op. 52 No. 3 (1905), Ndakatulo, Op. 59 No. 1 (1910), Ndakatulo ya Nocturne, Op. 61 (1911-1912), 2 ndakatulo: "Mask", "chodabwitsa", Op. 63 (1912); 2 ndakatulo, op. 69 (1913), 2 ndakatulo, Op. 71 (1914); ndakatulo "Ku Flame", op. 72 (1914).

11 zosayembekezereka: impromptu mu mawonekedwe a mazurki, soch. 2 No. 3 (1889), 2 impromptu mu mawonekedwe a mazurki, op. 7 (1891), 2 mosaganizira, op. 10 (1894), 2 mosaganizira, op. 12 (1895), 2 mosaganizira, op. 14 (1895).

3 usiku: 2 masana, Op. 5 (1890), nocturn, Op. 9 No. 2 ya kumanzere (1894).

3 zovina: "Gulu la Kulakalaka", op. 51 No. 4 (1906), 2 kuvina: "Garlands", "Gloomy Flames", Op. 73 (1914).

2 zikomo: uwu. 1 (1885-1886), op. 38 (1903). "Monga Waltz" ("Quasi vase"), Op. 47 (1905).

2 Masamba a Album: uwu. 45 No. 1 (1905), Op. 58 (1910)

"Allegro Appassionato", Op. 4 (1887-1894). Concert Allegro, Op. 18 (1895-1896). Zongopeka, op. 28 (1900-1901). Polonaise, Op. 21 (1897-1898). Scherzo, pa. 46 (1905). "Maloto", op. 49 No. 3 (1905). "Fragility", op. 51 No. 1 (1906). "Mystery", op. 52 No. 2 (1907). "Irony", "Nuances", Op. 56 No. 2 ndi 3 (1908). "Desire", "Weasel in the dance" - 2 zidutswa, Op. 57 (1908).