Zeze: kufotokoza za chida, zikuchokera, phokoso, mbiri ya chilengedwe

Zeze amaonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha mgwirizano, chisomo, bata, ndakatulo. Chimodzi mwa zida zokongola kwambiri komanso zosamvetsetseka, zomwe zimafanana ndi mapiko akuluakulu agulugufe, zapereka ndakatulo ndi nyimbo zolimbikitsa kwa zaka mazana ambiri ndi mawu ake ofewa achikondi.

Kodi zeze ndi chiyani

Chida choimbira chomwe chimawoneka ngati chimango chachikulu cha katatu pomwe zingwe zimakhazikika ndi cha gulu la zingwe zodulidwa. Chida chamtunduwu ndichofunika kukhala nacho pamasewera aliwonse a symphonic, ndipo zeze amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nyimbo za solo ndi orchestra mumitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Oimba nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi azeze mmodzi kapena awiri, koma zosemphana ndi zoimbira zimachitikanso. Choncho, mu zisudzo Russian wopeka Rimsky-Korsakov "Mlada" 3 zida, ndi mu ntchito ya Richard Wagner "Gold wa Rhine" - 6.

Nthawi zambiri, oyimba zeze amatsagana ndi oimba ena, koma pali zida zapaokha. Oimba azeze okha, mwachitsanzo, mu The Nutcracker, Sleeping Beauty ndi Swan Lake lolemba Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.

Kodi zeze amamveka bwanji?

Kulira kwa zeze n'kwapamwamba, kolemekezeka, kozama. Pali china chakunja, chakumwamba momwemo, womvera amakhala ndi mayanjano ndi milungu yakale ya Greece ndi Egypt.

Kulira kwa zeze n’kofewa osati mokweza. Zolembera sizinafotokozedwe, kugawanika kwa timbre sikumveka:

• kaundula wapansi watsekedwa;
• wapakati - wandiweyani komanso wakuda;
• mkulu - woonda ndi wopepuka;
• wapamwamba kwambiri ndi wamfupi, wofooka.

M'mawu a azeze, pamakhala phokoso laling'ono la gulu lovumbulutsidwa. Phokoso limatulutsidwa ndi kusuntha kwa zala za manja onse popanda kugwiritsa ntchito misomali.

Poyimba zeze, mphamvu ya glissando imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri - kusuntha kwachangu kwa zala pazingwe, chifukwa chomwe phokoso lodabwitsa limatulutsidwa.

Kuthekera kwa timbre za zeze ndi zodabwitsa. Timbre ake amakulolani kutsanzira gitala, lute, harpsichord. Chifukwa chake, mu Glinka's Spanish overture "Jota wa Aragon", woyimba zeze amachita gawo la gitala.

Chiwerengero cha ma octave ndi 5. Mapangidwe a pedal amakulolani kusewera mawu kuchokera ku contra-octave "re" mpaka 4 octave "fa".

Chida chipangizo

Chida cha katatu chili ndi:

• bokosi la resonant pafupifupi 1 m kutalika, kukulitsa kumunsi;
• malo osalala, omwe nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi mapulo;
• njanji yopapatiza yamatabwa olimba, yomangika pakati pa bolodi la mawu kwa utali wonse, yokhala ndi mabowo opangira zingwe;
• khosi lalikulu lopindika kumtunda kwa thupi;
• mapanelo okhala ndi zikhomo pakhosi kukonza ndi kukonza zingwe;
• choyikapo chakutsogolo chopangidwa kuti chitha kugwedezeka kwa zingwe zotambasulidwa pakati pa chala chala ndi chowunikira.

Chiwerengero cha zingwe za zida zosiyanasiyana sizofanana. Mtundu wa pedal ndi zingwe 46, zokhala ndi zingwe 11 zopangidwa ndichitsulo, 35 zazinthu zopangidwa. Ndipo zeze wamng'ono kumanzere anakhala 20-38.

Zingwe za azeze ndi diatonic, ndiye kuti, zowomba komanso zomveka sizimawonekera. Ndipo kutsitsa kapena kukweza mawu, ma pedal 7 amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuti woyimba zeze ayende mwachangu posankha cholemba choyenera, zingwe zamitundu yambiri zimapangidwa. Mitsempha yomwe imapereka cholembera "do" ndi yofiira, "fa" - yabuluu.

Mbiri ya azeze

Pamene zeze anaonekera sizikudziwika, koma mbiri ya chiyambi chake amabwerera ku nthawi zakale. Amakhulupirira kuti kholo la chidacho ndi uta wamba wosaka. Mwina alenje akalewo anaona kuti chingwe cha uta wotambasulidwa ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana sichimveka mofanana. Kenako mmodzi wa alenjewo anaganiza zolowetsa mitsempha yambiri mu uta kuti afanizire phokoso lawo m'mapangidwe achilendo.

Munthu aliyense wakale anali ndi chida cha mawonekedwe oyambirira. Zeze ankakonda chikondi chapadera pakati pa Aigupto, omwe adachitcha "chokongola", adachikongoletsa mowolowa manja ndi golide ndi siliva, mchere wamtengo wapatali.

Ku Europe, kholo lophatikizana la azeze wamakono adawonekera m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ojambula oyendayenda. M'zaka za zana la XNUMX, zeze waku Europe adayamba kuwoneka ngati nyumba yolemera pansi. Amonke a m’zaka za m’ma XNUMX mpaka m’ma XNUMX mpaka m’ma XNUMX mpaka m’ma XNUMX C.E., ansembe a pakachisi ankagwiritsa ntchito zipangizozi poimba nyimbo polambira.

M'tsogolomu, mapangidwe a chidacho adayesedwa mobwerezabwereza, kuyesera kukulitsa mtunduwo. Anapangidwa mu 1660, njira yomwe imakulolani kuti musinthe mamvekedwe mothandizidwa ndi kukanikiza ndi kutulutsa zingwe ndi makiyi zinali zovuta. Kenako mu 1720, katswiri waku Germany Jacob Hochbrucker adapanga chipangizo chopondapo chomwe ma pedals amakanikizira mbedza zomwe zimakoka zingwezo.

Mu 1810, ku France, katswiri waluso Sebastian Erard anapatsa mtundu wa azeze apawiri omwe amatulutsanso ma toni onse. Malingana ndi zosiyanazi, kulengedwa kwa zida zamakono kunayamba.

Zeze adabwera ku Russia m'zaka za zana la XNUMX ndipo pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo adadziwika. Chida choyamba chinabweretsedwa ku Smolny Institute, kumene gulu la oimba zeze linapangidwa. Ndipo woyimba zeze woyamba mu dziko anali Glafira Alymova, amene chithunzi anajambula Levitsky wojambula.

mitundu

Pali mitundu iyi ya zida:

1. Andean (kapena Peruvian) - chojambula chachikulu chokhala ndi bolodi lomveka bwino lomwe limapangitsa kuti kaundula wa bass akhale mokweza. Folk chida cha mafuko Indian a Andes.
2. Celtic (aka Irish) - kamangidwe kakang'ono. Iyenera kuseweredwa naye pa mawondo ake.
3. Welsh - mizere itatu.
4. Leversnaya - zosiyanasiyana popanda pedals. Kusintha kumachitika ndi levers pa msomali.
5. Pedal - mtundu wakale. Kuthamanga kwa chingwe kumasinthidwa ndi pedal pressure.
6. Saung ndi chida chopangidwa ndi ambuye aku Burma ndi Myanmar.
7. Electroharp - umu ndi momwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachikale zokhala ndi zithunzi zomangidwira zidayamba kutchedwa.

Mfundo Zokondweretsa

Zeze ali ndi chiyambi chakale; pazaka mazana ambiri za kukhalapo kwake, nthano zambiri ndi mfundo zosangalatsa zaunjikana:

1. Aselote ankakhulupirira kuti mulungu wa moto ndi kutukuka, dzina lake Dagda, amasintha nyengo ya chaka n’kukhala ina mwa kuimba zeze.
2. Kuyambira zaka za zana la XNUMX, zeze wakhala mbali yazizindikiro za boma la Ireland. Chidacho chili pa malaya, mbendera, chisindikizo cha boma ndi ndalama.
3. Pali chida chopangidwa m’njira yoti oyimba zeze aŵiri azitha kuimba nyimbo nthawi imodzi ndi manja anayi.
4. Sewero lalitali kwambiri loyimba zeze lidatenga maola opitilira 25. Wolemba mbiri ndi American Carla Sita, yemwe pa nthawi ya mbiriyo (2010) anali ndi zaka 17.
5. M’zamankhwala osavomerezeka, pali njira yochizira zeze, imene omutsatira amaona kuti kulira kwa choimbira cha zingwe kumachiritsa.
6. Woyimba zeze wotchuka anali serf Praskovya Kovaleva, amene Count Nikolai Sheremetyev adakondana ndi kumutenga kukhala mkazi wake.
7. Fakitale ya Leningrad yotchedwa Lunacharsky inali yoyamba kupanga azeze ambiri ku USSR mu 1948.

Kuyambira kalekale mpaka masiku athu ano, zeze wakhala chida chamatsenga, mawu ake ozama ndi opatsa chidwi amakhala olodza, olodza, ndi kuchiritsa. Phokoso lake m'gulu la oimba silingatchulidwe kuti ndi lamalingaliro, lamphamvu komanso lofunika kwambiri, koma payekha komanso pamasewera ambiri, amapanga malingaliro a nyimbo.