Dramaturgy, nyimbo |

Dongosololi lidzafotokoza njira ndi njira zoyendetsera sewero. zochita pakupanga mtundu wanyimbo (opera, ballet, operetta). Pamtima pa nyimbo D. bodza malamulo ambiri a sewero monga imodzi mwa mitundu ya art-va: kukhalapo kwa malo omveka bwino. mkangano umene umadziwonetsera polimbana pakati pa mphamvu za zochita ndi zochita, ndondomeko inayake ya magawo powululira masewero. lingaliro (mafotokozedwe, chiwembu, chitukuko, pachimake, denouement), etc. Makhalidwe awa ndi achindunji. refraction mu mtundu uliwonse wa sewero lanyimbo. milandu idzawafotokozera malinga ndi chilengedwe. ndalama. Opera, malinga ndi A. N. Serov, "sewero lomwe zochitika pa siteji zimawonetsedwa ndi nyimbo, ndiko kuti, poyimba otchulidwa (aliyense payekhapayekha, kapena palimodzi, kapena mukwaya) ndi mphamvu za oimba mu gulu la oimba. kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu izi mosiyanasiyana, kuyambira ndi mawu osavuta komanso kutha ndi kuphatikiza kovutirapo kwa ma symphonic. Mu ballet, mwa zinthu zitatu zomwe zasonyezedwa ndi Serov - sewero, kuimba ndi orchestra - pali ziwiri, pamene udindo, wofanana ndi kuyimba mu opera, ndi wa kuvina ndi pantomime. Nthawi yomweyo, muzochitika zonsezi, nyimbo ndi Ch. generalizing amatanthawuza, chonyamulira chodutsana, sichimangopereka ndemanga pa otd. zochitika, komanso kulumikiza mbali zonse za sewero pamodzi, zimawulula akasupe obisika a khalidwe la zochitikazo. anthu, ubale wawo wovuta wamkati, nthawi zambiri umafotokoza mwachindunji ch. lingaliro la kupanga Udindo wotsogola wa nyimbo mu opera ndi mitundu ina ya sewero lanyimbo. art-va imatanthawuza zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapangidwira, mosiyana ndi kapangidwe kawo. sewero. Nyimbo zenizeni. D. imaganiziridwa kale pakumanga script komanso kupititsa patsogolo libretto. Pazochitika zomwe maziko opangira libretto ndi sewero lomaliza. kupangidwa, monga lamulo, kusintha kosiyanasiyana kumapangidwira, osakhudza malemba okha, komanso dongosolo lonse la masewero. chitukuko (zitsanzo zolembera ma opera pazambiri, zosasinthidwa za sewero lolemba ndi zochepa). Chimodzi mwazosiyana kwambiri pakati pa opera libretto ndi lit. sewero limapangidwa mwachidule, mwachidule. Chikhalidwe chowonjezereka komanso chodziwika bwino ndi chikhalidwe cha zochitika za ballet, popeza chinenero cha manja ndi mapulasitiki sichikhala ndi kusiyanitsa ndi kutsimikizika kwa semantic zomwe zimachokera m'mawu apakamwa. Pankhani imeneyi, monga G. A. Laroche akuti, “sewero la opera libretto limakhala pakati pa sewero lapakamwa ndi pulogalamu ya ballet.” Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyimbo. D., kuphatikiza zinthu za opera ndi sewero lapakamwa. Izi zikuphatikizapo operetta, sewero. zisudzo ndi nyimbo, zofala pakati pa anthu a kadzidzi. ndi kum'mawa kwakunja, singspiel ndi zowoneka bwino. mitundu, yomwe nyimbo. magawo ophatikizidwa ndi zochitika zokambitsirana. Iwo akhoza kutchulidwa kumunda wa muses. D. pakachitika kuti nthawi zofunika kwambiri pazochitikazo zikuwonetsedwa mu nyimbo. Uku ndiye kusiyana pakati pa mitundu iyi ndi sewero lanthawi zonse la sewero, momwe nyimbo zimakhalira ngati imodzi mwa zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa apo ndi apo, pazolinga zowonetsera kapena kupereka mawonekedwe a siteji.

Panthawi ya chitukuko cha mbiri yakale, mitundu ina ya nyimbo yapangidwa. D .: mu opera - recitative, aria, arioso, decomp. mitundu ya ensembles, kwaya; mu ballet - zovina ndi zachikale komanso mawonekedwe, magawo ogwira mtima (pas d'axion), choreographic. ensembles (pas de deux, pas de trois, etc.). Iwo samakhala chimodzimodzi. Choncho, ngati mu Italy. opera mndandanda wa 18th century dramaturgy. ntchito ndi kapangidwe decomp. wok. mafomu adakonzedweratu ndikuwongolera, ndiye m'tsogolomu pali chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito mosinthika. Mzere wakuthwa pakati pa mawok obwereza ndi ozungulira wawonongeka. magawo; omaliza amakhala osiyana kwambiri mu kapangidwe kawo ndi kufotokoza. khalidwe, mitundu yonse yamitundu yosiyanasiyana imawuka. Zigawo zazikulu za zochitika (kuyambira pa siteji mpaka mchitidwe wonse) zimaphimbidwa ndi nyimbo mosalekeza. chitukuko. Opera D. imalimbikitsidwa ndi njira zina za symphony. chitukuko chokhazikitsidwa mu gawo la instr. nyimbo. Imodzi mwa njira za symphonization ya mtundu wa opera ndi kuphatikiza kwa dipatimenti. ochita kufotokozedwa. mitu kapena mawu. zovuta zomwe zikukula mosalekeza panthawi yonseyi (onani Leitmotif). Kusintha kwa opera kukhala sewero lathunthu lanyimbo. zonse zimathandizidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo yobwereza (onani Reprise), mgwirizano wa ndondomeko ya tonal, kusamutsidwa kwa mitundu yonse ya "arches" pakati pa nthawi zambiri kapena zochepa za siteji. zochita. Mn. mwa njirazi amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu ballet, kumene kuchokera 2 pansi. Nyimbo zazaka za m'ma 19 zimatenga gawo lotsogola kwambiri, lodzaza ndi zida za symphony. M'mawonetseredwe ake owopsa, chikhumbo cha symphonize opera ndi ballet nthawi zina chimatsogolera kukana kwathunthu magawo ozungulira. Udindo uwu walandira zotsatirazi kwambiri. kufotokoza mwachidziwitso ndi zongopeka. maganizo a R. Wagner, amene anakana kotheratu mwambo. mtundu wa opera, kutsutsana ndi muses. sewero lochokera pa "nyimbo yosatha". AS Dargomyzhsky adafuna kusintha opera, kutengera kutsatira mosalekeza kwa wok. zowerengera zamitundu yonse. mithunzi yamawu amawu. Olemba Dr. ophatikizana kudzera mu nyimbo. chitukuko chokhala ndi kuyimitsidwa kwakanthawi, kukulolani kuti muwunikire zomwe zikuchitika, zokumana nazo m'malingaliro kapena mawonekedwe a zomwe zikuchitika pafupi. nkhope.

M'magulu anyimbo zopanga nyimbo pali zizindikiro za muses chabe. mfundo za bungwe lolimbikitsa la zinthu, monga kusinthasintha, kufanana kwa rondo, sonatism. Ho nthawi zambiri amawonekera pano momasuka komanso momasuka kuposa momwe amachitira instr. nyimbo, kumvera zofuna za masewero. logic. M'lingaliro limeneli, PI Tchaikovsky analankhula za kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa opera ndi symphony. masitayelo. "Popanga sewero," adatero, "wolembayo ayenera kukumbukira nthawi zonse zomwe zikuchitika, mwachitsanzo, kumbukirani kuti m'bwalo la zisudzo sizomwe zimafunikira nyimbo ndi nyimbo zokha, komanso kuchitapo kanthu ... ". Lamulo lalikulu ili la nyimbo. D. amalola mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kulenga yeniyeni. zisudzo zokhudzana ndi decomp. wok ratio. ndi orc. anayamba, kutha-kumapeto chitukuko ndi otd. magawo omalizidwa, obwerezabwereza komanso oyimba kwambiri. nyimbo, kuyimba payekha, magulu oimba ndi makwaya, ndi zina zotero. D. sizidalira zaluso wamba. mayendedwe a nthawiyo, komanso pa chikhalidwe cha chiwembucho, mtundu wa kupanga. (zazikulu mbiri, ngwazi, epic, nthano, lyric-sewero, nthabwala opera kapena ballet), kuchokera nyumba yosungiramo katundu wa kulenga winawake.

Lingaliro la nyimbo. D. imagwiranso ntchito pazinthu. instr. nyimbo, osati zokhudzana ndi co stage. zochita kapena kuyatsa kwina. pulogalamu. Ndi chizolowezi kulankhula za symphony. D., D. sonata mawonekedwe, etc. Luso chibadidwe nyimbo kusonyeza zithunzi zenizeni mu kayendedwe, chitukuko, interweaving ndi kulimbana mfundo zotsutsana amalola fanizo ndi masewero. zochita. Inde, pogwiritsa ntchito fanizo lotere, munthu ayenera kukumbukira kuyanjana kwake. Mapangidwe apadera, ku-Crym amadalira kukula kwa muses. zithunzi mu instr. nyimbo, zimangogwirizana pang'ono ndi malamulo a siteji. sewero.

Zothandizira: Druskin M., Mafunso a sewero lanyimbo la opera, L., 1952; Yarustovsky B., Dramaturgy of Russian opera classics, M., 1952; ake, Essays on the dramaturgy of the opera ya zaka za zana la 1971, M., 1961; Ferman B., Zoyambira za operatic dramaturgy, m'buku: Opera House. Moscow, XNUMX.

Yu. B. Dziko lapansi