Luigi Dallapiccola |
Luigi Dallapiccola
L. Dallapiccola ndi mmodzi mwa omwe anayambitsa zisudzo zamakono za ku Italy. Kuchokera ku classics ya nthawi ya bel canto, V. Bellini, G. Verdi, G. Pucci, adatengera kutengeka kwa mawu a nyimbo ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo adagwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zofotokozera zovuta. Dallapiccola anali wolemba nyimbo wa ku Italy woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya dodecaphony. Wolemba ma opera atatu, Dallapiccola analemba m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana: nyimbo zakwaya, orchestra, mawu ndi orchestra, kapena piyano.
Dallapikkola anabadwira ku Istria (chigawochi panthaŵiyo chinali cha Austria-Hungary, yomwe tsopano ndi mbali ya Yugoslavia). Panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, pamene boma la Austria linatseka sukulu ya bambo ake (mphunzitsi wa Chigiriki), banjali linasamukira ku Graz. Kumeneko Dallapiccola anachezera nyumba ya zisudzo kwa nthawi yoyamba, zisudzo za R. Wagner zinamukhudza kwambiri. Nthaŵi ina mayiyo anaona kuti pamene mnyamatayo anamvetsera Wagner, njala inamthera mwa iye. Luigi wazaka khumi ndi zitatu atamvetsera nyimbo ya opera yotchedwa The Flying Dutchman, anaganiza zokhala wolemba nyimbo. Kumapeto kwa nkhondo (pamene Istria anaperekedwa ku Italy), banja anabwerera kwawo. Dallapiccola anamaliza maphunziro awo ku Florence Conservatory mu piyano (1924) ndi zolemba (1931). Kupeza kalembedwe kanu, njira yanu mu nyimbo sizinatheke nthawi yomweyo. Zaka zingapo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20. Dallapiccola, yemwe adadzipezera yekha mawonedwe atsopano (C. Debussy's impressionism ndi nyimbo zamakedzana za ku Italy), anali wotanganidwa kuzimvetsa ndipo sanazipenye nkomwe. Mu ntchito zomwe zidapangidwa kumapeto kwa 20's. (pa pempho la wolemba, iwo sanachite), mtundu wa neoclassicism ndipo ngakhale chikoka cha wopeka wa 1942 atumwi. C. Monteverdi (kenako, mu XNUMX, Dallapiccola anapanga makonzedwe a opera ya Monteverdi The Return of Ulysses).
M'ma 30s. (mwinamwake popanda chikoka cha msonkhano ndi A. Berg, woimba wamkulu wofotokozera) Dallapikkola adatembenukira ku njira ya dodecaphone. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, wolemba nyimbo wa ku Italy sasiya njira zodziwika bwino monga kayimbidwe kake ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu. Mawerengedwe okhwima amaphatikizidwa ndi kudzoza. Dallapiaccola adakumbukira momwe tsiku lina, akuyenda m'misewu ya Florence, adajambula nyimbo yake yoyamba ya dodecaphone, yomwe idakhala maziko a "Makorasi a Michelangelo". Potsatira Berg ndi A. Schoenberg, Dallapikkola amagwiritsa ntchito dodecaphony kuwonetsa kupsinjika kwamalingaliro komanso ngati chida chotsutsa. Pambuyo pake, woimbayo adzanena kuti: "Njira yanga monga woimba, kuyambira 1935-36, pamene ndinazindikira kuti ndizovuta zakale za fascism, zomwe zinkafuna kusokoneza kusintha kwa Spain, zimatsutsana nazo. Mayesero anga a dodecaphonic nawonso ndi a nthawi ino. Ndi iko komwe, panthaŵiyo, nyimbo “zaudindo” ndi akatswiri amalingaliro ake ankayimba chiyembekezo chabodza. Sindinaleke kuyankhula motsutsa bodza limeneli.
Pa nthawi yomweyo anayamba ntchito pedagogical Dallapikkola. Kwa zaka zoposa 30 (1934-67) anaphunzitsa makalasi a piyano ndi nyimbo pa Florence Conservatory. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi (kuphatikizapo duet ndi violinist S. Materaassi), Dallapiccola adalimbikitsa nyimbo zamakono - anali woyamba kuwonetsa anthu a ku Italy ku ntchito ya O. Messiaen, wolemba nyimbo wamkulu wa ku France wamakono.
Kutchuka kunabwera ku Dallapikkola ndi kupanga opera yake yoyamba "Night Flight" mu 1940, yolembedwa ndi buku la A. Saint-Exupery. Kaŵirikaŵiri wolemba nyimboyo anatembenukira ku mutu wotsutsa chiwawa kwa munthu. Cantata "Nyimbo za Akaidi" (1941) imagwiritsa ntchito malemba a pemphero la Mary Stuart asanaphedwe, ulaliki womaliza wa J. Savonarola ndi zidutswa za zolemba za wanthanthi wakale Boethius, yemwe adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe. Chikhumbo chaufulu chinaphatikizidwanso mu opera The Prisoner (1948), kumene ziwembu za nkhani yaifupi ya V. Lil-Adan ndi buku lakuti The Legend of Ulenspiegel lolemba C. de Coster zinagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kugwa kwa fascism kunalola Dallapiccola kukhala ndi chikoka chochuluka pa moyo wanyimbo: m'zaka zoyambirira za nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo, adagwira ntchito ngati wotsutsa nyimbo nyuzipepala ya Il Mondo ndi mlembi wa Society of Italy Contemporary Music. Dzina la wolembayo lakhala lovomerezeka komanso kunja. Anaitanidwa kukaphunzitsa ku USA: ku Berkshire Music Center (Tanglewood, Massachusetts, 1951-52), ku Queens College (New York, 1956-57), komanso ku Austria - pamaphunziro achilimwe a Mozarteum (Salzburg). ).
Kuyambira m'ma 50s. Dallapiccola amasokoneza kalembedwe kake, komwe kanawonetsedwanso mu ntchito yofunika kwambiri yazaka izi - opera Ulysses (Odysseus), yomwe idachitika mu 1968 ku Berlin. Pokumbukira ubwana wake, wolemba nyimboyo analemba kuti anthu onse a mu ndakatulo ya Homer (chifukwa cha ntchito ya atate wake) “anali ngati achibale apamtima a banja lathu. Tinkawadziwa ndipo tinkawanena kuti ndi anzathu.” Dallapikkola ngakhale kale (m'zaka za m'ma 40) adalemba ntchito zambiri za mawu ndi zida zothandizira mawu a ndakatulo akale achi Greek: Sappho, Alkey, Anacreon. Koma chinthu chachikulu kwa iye chinali opera. Mu 60s. Kafukufuku wake "Mawu ndi nyimbo mu opera. Zolemba pa Contemporary Opera” ndi ena. "Opera ikuwoneka kwa ine ngati njira yoyenera kwambiri yofotokozera malingaliro anga ... zimandisangalatsa," wolembayo mwiniwakeyo adafotokoza momwe amaonera nyimbo yomwe amakonda.
K. Zenkin
