Bedrich Smetana |

Bedrich Smetana

Kirimu wowawasa. “The Bartered Bride” Polka (oimba oimba ndi T. Beecham)

Ntchito zambiri za B. Smetana zinali pansi pa cholinga chimodzi - kulengedwa kwa akatswiri a nyimbo za Czech. Wolemba nyimbo, wochititsa, mphunzitsi, woyimba piyano, wotsutsa, woyimba komanso wodziwika bwino, Smetana adachita panthawi yomwe anthu aku Czech adadzizindikira ngati mtundu wokhala ndi chikhalidwe chawo choyambirira, chotsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa Austria mu ndale ndi zauzimu.

Chikondi cha Czechs nyimbo chadziwika kuyambira kale. Hussite liberation movement yazaka za m'ma 5. nyimbo zankhondo - nyimbo zankhondo; m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi, olemba nyimbo achi Czech adathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa nyimbo zachikale ku Western Europe. Kupanga nyimbo zapakhomo - violin ya paokha ndi kusewera pamodzi - kwakhala chikhalidwe cha moyo wa anthu wamba. Ankakondanso nyimbo m'banja la abambo a Smetana, wophika moŵa mwa ntchito. Kuyambira ali ndi zaka 6, woyimba mtsogolo adayimba violin, ndipo pa XNUMX adayimba pagulu ngati woyimba piyano. M'zaka zake za sukulu, mnyamatayo amasewera mu oimba, akuyamba kulemba. Smetana amamaliza maphunziro ake oimba ndi ongolankhula ku Prague Conservatory motsogozedwa ndi I. Proksh, panthawi imodzimodziyo amawongolera kuimba kwake piyano.

Pa nthawi yomweyi (zaka za m'ma 40), Smetana anakumana ndi R. Schumann, G. Berlioz ndi F. Liszt, omwe anali paulendo ku Prague. Pambuyo pake, Liszt angayamikire kwambiri ntchito za wolemba nyimbo waku Czech ndikumuthandiza. Pokhala pachiyambi cha ntchito yake motsogoleredwa ndi okondana (Schumann ndi F. Chopin), Smetana analemba nyimbo zambiri za piyano, makamaka mumtundu waung'ono: polkas, bagatelles, impromptu.

Zochitika za chisinthiko cha 1848, zomwe Smetana adatenga nawo mbali, adapeza yankho lachidziwitso mu nyimbo zake zamatsenga ("Nyimbo ya Ufulu") ndi maulendo. Pa nthawi yomweyo anayamba ntchito pedagogical Smetana mu sukulu anatsegula. Komabe, kugonjetsedwa kwa chisinthikocho kunachititsa kuti ndondomeko ya Ufumu wa Austria ichuluke, yomwe inalepheretsa chilichonse cha Czech. Kuzunzidwa kwa otsogolera kudayambitsa zovuta zazikulu panjira yokonda dziko la Smetana ndikumukakamiza kuti asamukire ku Sweden. Anakhazikika ku Gothenburg (1856-61).

Monga Chopin, yemwe adatenga chithunzi cha dziko lakutali mu mazurkas ake, Smetana akulemba "Memories of the Czech Republic mu mawonekedwe a mitengo" ya piyano. Kenako amatembenukira ku mtundu wa ndakatulo ya symphonic. Potsatira Liszt, Smetana amagwiritsa ntchito ziwembu zochokera ku zolemba zakale za ku Ulaya - W. Shakespeare ("Richard III"), F. Schiller ("Msasa wa Wallenstein"), wolemba Chidanishi A. Helenschleger ("Hakon Jarl"). Ku Gothenburg, Smetana amachita ngati wotsogolera wa Society of Classical Music, woyimba piyano, ndipo amachita nawo ntchito zophunzitsa.

Zaka za m'ma 60 - nthawi ya kukwera kwatsopano kwa kayendetsedwe ka dziko ku Czech Republic, ndipo wolemba nyimbo yemwe anabwerera kwawo akugwira nawo ntchito pagulu. Smetana anakhala woyambitsa wa Czech classical opera. Ngakhale potsegulira bwalo la zisudzo kumene oimba ankaimba m’chinenero chawo, kulimbana kouma khosi kunafunikira kupirira. Mu 1862, pa ntchito ya Smetana, Provisional Theatre inatsegulidwa, kumene kwa zaka zambiri ankagwira ntchito monga wotsogolera (1866-74) ndipo adayimba zisudzo zake.

Ntchito za Smetana ndizosiyana mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi mitu ndi mitundu. Opera yoyamba, The Brandenburgers ku Czech Republic (1863), ikufotokoza za kulimbana ndi adani a Germany m'zaka za m'ma 1866, zochitika zakale zakutali pano zimagwirizana ndi masiku ano. Kutsatira opera ya mbiri yakale, Smetana akulemba nthabwala yosangalatsa The Bartered Bride (1868), ntchito yake yotchuka komanso yotchuka kwambiri. Kuseketsa kosatha, chikondi cha moyo, nyimbo ndi kuvina kwa nyimbo zimasiyanitsa ngakhale pakati pa zisudzo zazaka zazaka za zana la XNUMX. Opera yotsatira, Dalibor (XNUMX), ndi tsoka lachiwembu lolembedwa pamaziko a nthano yakale yokhudzana ndi msilikali yemwe adamangidwa munsanja chifukwa cha chifundo ndi chisamaliro cha anthu opanduka, ndi wokondedwa wake Milada, yemwe amamwalira akuyesera kupulumutsa Dalibor.

Pazoyeserera za Smetana, ndalama zopangira ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi zomanga National Theatre, zomwe zidatsegulidwa mu 1881 ndikuwonetsa koyamba kwa opera yake yatsopano Libuse (1872). Uwu ndi mbiri ya woyambitsa wodziwika bwino wa Prague, Libuse, wokhudza anthu aku Czech. Wopeka nyimboyo anachitcha “chithunzi chaulemu.” Ndipo tsopano ku Czechoslovakia kuli mwambo wochita masewerowa patchuthi cha dziko, makamaka zochitika zazikulu. Pambuyo pa "Libushe" Smetana amalemba makamaka zisudzo: "Amasiye Awiri", "Kiss", "Mystery". Monga wotsogolera opera, amalimbikitsa osati Czech komanso nyimbo zakunja, makamaka masukulu atsopano a Asilavo (M. Glinka, S. Moniuszko). M. Balakirev adaitanidwa kuchokera ku Russia kuti akachite masewera a Glinka ku Prague.

Smetana anakhala mlengi osati dziko classical opera, komanso symphony. Kuposa nyimbo zoimbaimba, amakopeka ndi ndakatulo ya pulogalamu ya symphonic. Kupambana kwakukulu kwa Smetana mu nyimbo za orchestra kumapangidwa mu 70s. Kuzungulira kwa ndakatulo za symphonic "My Motherland" - mbiri yakale ya dziko la Czech, anthu ake, mbiri yakale. Ndakatulo ya "Vysehrad" (Vysehrad ndi gawo lakale la Prague, "mzinda waukulu wa akalonga ndi mafumu a Czech Republic") ndi nthano ya mbiri yakale komanso mbiri yakale ya dziko la amayi.

Nyimbo zachikondi mu ndakatulo "Vltava, Kuchokera ku Czech minda ndi nkhalango" zimajambula zithunzi za chilengedwe, malo omasuka a dziko lakwawo, momwe nyimbo ndi kuvina zimamveka. Mu "Sharka" miyambo yakale ndi nthano zimakhala ndi moyo. “Tabori” ndi “Blanik” amalankhula za ngwazi za Hussite, akuimba “ulemerero wa dziko la Czechoslovakia.”

Mutu wa dziko lakwawo umaphatikizidwanso mu nyimbo za piyano za chipinda: "Czech Dances" ndi mndandanda wa zithunzi za moyo wa anthu omwe ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuvina ku Czech Republic (polka, skochna, furiant, coysedka, etc.).

Nyimbo zopanga za Smetana nthawi zonse zimaphatikizidwa ndi zochitika zambiri komanso zosunthika - makamaka pa moyo wake ku Prague (60s - theka loyamba la 70s). Motero, utsogoleri wa Verb of Prague Choral Society unathandizira kulenga ntchito zambiri zakwaya (kuphatikizapo ndakatulo yochititsa chidwi ya Jan Hus, Okwera Mahatchi Atatu). Smetana ndi membala wa Association of Prominent Figures of Czech Culture "Handy Beseda" ndipo amatsogolera gawo lake la nyimbo.

Wolembayo anali mmodzi mwa omwe anayambitsa Philharmonic Society, yomwe inathandizira maphunziro a nyimbo za anthu, kudziwana ndi zapamwamba komanso zachilendo za nyimbo zapakhomo, komanso sukulu ya Czech, yomwe adaphunzira ndi oimba. Pomaliza, Smetana amagwira ntchito ngati wotsutsa nyimbo ndipo akupitiliza kuchita ngati woyimba piyano wa virtuoso. Kungodwala kwamanjenje komanso kumva bwino (1874) zomwe zidapangitsa woimbayo kusiya ntchito panyumba ya zisudzo ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zochitika zake.

Smetana anachoka ku Prague n’kukakhala m’mudzi wa Jabkenice. Komabe, akupitiriza kulemba zambiri (kumaliza kuzungulira "My Motherland", akulemba masewero atsopano). Monga kale (kale m'zaka za kusamuka kwa Sweden, chisoni cha imfa ya mkazi wake ndi mwana wake wamkazi chinapangitsa kuti pakhale piyano atatu), Smetana akuphatikiza zomwe adakumana nazo m'magulu a zida za chipinda. Quartet "Kuchokera ku Moyo Wanga" (1876) idapangidwa - nkhani yokhudza tsogolo la munthu, losagwirizana ndi tsogolo la zaluso zaku Czech. Gawo lirilonse la quartet liri ndi ndondomeko yofotokozera ndi wolemba. Chiyembekezo chachinyamata, kukonzekera "kumenyana m'moyo", kukumbukira masiku osangalatsa, kuvina ndi kusintha kwa nyimbo mu salons, kumverera kwa ndakatulo kwa chikondi choyamba ndipo, potsiriza, "chisangalalo poyang'ana njira yomwe inayenda muzojambula za dziko". Koma zonse zimamizidwa ndi mawu okweza kwambiri - ngati chenjezo lowopsa.

Kuphatikiza pa ntchito zomwe zatchulidwa kale zazaka khumi zapitazi, Smetana akulemba opera ya The Mdyerekezi Wall, symphonic suite The Prague Carnival, ndipo akuyamba ntchito ya opera Viola (yochokera pa Shakespeare's comedy Twelfth Night), yomwe idaletsedwa kumaliza ndi kukula matenda. Mkhalidwe wovuta wa wolembayo m'zaka zaposachedwa udawunikiridwa ndi kuzindikira kwa ntchito yake ndi anthu aku Czech, omwe adapatulira ntchito yake.

K. Zenkin

Smetana adanenetsa ndikuteteza mwachidwi malingaliro apamwamba amtundu wamtundu m'mikhalidwe yovuta, m'moyo wodzaza ndi sewero. Monga woimba waluntha, woyimba piyano, kondakitala ndi woimba ndi wodziwika bwino pagulu, iye anapereka ntchito zake zonse zamphamvu kulemekeza anthu akwawo.

Moyo wa Smetana ndi ntchito yolenga. Iye anali ndi chikhumbo chosagonjetseka ndi kulimbikira kukwaniritsa cholinga chake, ndipo ngakhale zovuta zonse za moyo, iye anakwanitsa kukwaniritsa zolinga zake. Ndipo ndondomekozi zinayikidwa pansi pa lingaliro limodzi lalikulu - kuthandiza anthu a ku Czech ndi nyimbo mu nkhondo yawo yaukali ya ufulu ndi kudziyimira pawokha, kuyika mwa iwo mphamvu ndi chiyembekezo, chikhulupiriro mu chigonjetso chomaliza cha chifukwa cholungama.

Smetana analimbana ndi ntchito yovutayi, yodalirika, chifukwa anali m'moyo wochuluka, akuyankha mwakhama zofuna za chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha nthawi yathu. Ndi ntchito yake, komanso zochitika zamagulu, adathandizira kuti pakhale chitukuko chosaneneka osati nyimbo zokha, komanso mozama - za chikhalidwe chonse cha luso la dziko la amayi. Ndicho chifukwa chake dzina la Smetana ndi lopatulika kwa Czechs, ndipo nyimbo zake, monga mbendera ya nkhondo, zimadzutsa kunyada kwa dziko.

Luso la Smetana silinawululidwe nthawi yomweyo, koma pang'onopang'ono linakhwima. Kusintha kwa 1848 kunamuthandiza kuzindikira malingaliro ake a chikhalidwe ndi luso. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1860, pafupi ndi zaka makumi anayi za kubadwa kwa Smetana, ntchito zake zidakula modabwitsa: adatsogolera ma concert ku Prague ngati wotsogolera, adatsogolera nyumba ya opera, adayimba piyano, ndikulemba nkhani zovuta. Koma chofunika kwambiri, ndi luso lake, amatsegula njira zenizeni za chitukuko cha zaluso zapakhomo. Ntchito zake zinawonetsa kukulirakulira kwambiri, kosasunthika, mosasamala kanthu za zopinga zonse, kulakalaka ufulu waukapolo wa Czech.

Pakati pa nkhondo yoopsa ndi mphamvu za anthu, Smetana adakumana ndi tsoka, loipa kuposa lomwe palibe choipa kwa woimba: mwadzidzidzi anakhala wogontha. Panthawiyo anali ndi zaka makumi asanu. Anakumana ndi kuvutika kwambiri kwakuthupi, Smetana anakhala zaka zina khumi, zomwe anakhala mu ntchito yolenga kwambiri.

Kuchita ntchito kunasiya, koma ntchito yolenga inapitirira ndi mphamvu yomweyo. Osakumbukira bwanji Beethoven mu mgwirizano uwu - pambuyo pake, mbiri ya nyimbo sadziwa zitsanzo zina zochititsa chidwi kwambiri mu chiwonetsero cha ukulu wa mzimu wa wojambula, wolimba mtima patsoka! ..

Zopambana kwambiri za Smetana zimagwirizana ndi gawo la opera ndi pulogalamu ya symphony.

Monga tcheru wojambula-nzika, atayamba ntchito zake kusintha mu 1860, Smetana poyamba anatembenukira kwa opera, chifukwa anali m'derali kuti mwamsanga, nkhani mitu ya mapangidwe dziko luso luso zinathetsedwa. "Ntchito yaikulu komanso yabwino kwambiri ya nyumba yathu ya opera ndi kupanga zojambula zapakhomo," adatero. Mbali zambiri za moyo zikuwonetsedwa muzolengedwa zake zisanu ndi zitatu za opera, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya luso la opera imakhazikika. Aliyense wa iwo amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe apadera, koma onse ali ndi gawo limodzi lalikulu - mumasewera a Smetana, zithunzi za anthu wamba aku Czech Republic ndi ngwazi zake zaulemerero, zomwe malingaliro awo ndi malingaliro awo ali pafupi ndi omvera osiyanasiyana, anakhala ndi moyo.

Smetana adatembenukiranso ku gawo la pulogalamu ya symphonism. Zinali zowona za zithunzi za nyimbo zopanda malemba zomwe zinalola wolembayo kufotokoza malingaliro ake okonda dziko lawo kwa omvera ambiri. Chachikulu kwambiri mwa iwo ndi symphonic kuzungulira "My Motherland". Ntchitoyi idathandiza kwambiri pakupanga nyimbo za zida za Czech.

Smetana nayenso anasiya ntchito zina zambiri - kwa kwaya osatsagana, limba, chingwe quartet, etc. Kaya mtundu wanyimbo luso loimba anatembenukira kwa, chirichonse chimene dzanja lenileni la mbuye anakhudza bwino kwambiri monga dziko choyambirira chodabwitsa luso chodabwitsa, ataima pa mlingo wapamwamba. zipambano za dziko nyimbo chikhalidwe cha m'ma XIX.

Zimapempha kuti tiyerekezere za mbiri yakale ya Smetana pakupanga nyimbo zachi Czech zomwe Glinka adachita pa nyimbo za ku Russia. N'zosadabwitsa kuti Smetana amatchedwa "Czech Glinka".

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Bedrich Smetana anabadwa pa March 2, 1824 m'tawuni yakale ya Litomysl, yomwe ili kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Bohemia. Bambo ake adagwira ntchito yopangira moŵa pa malo owerengera. M’kupita kwa zaka, banjalo linakula, atatewo anafunikira kufunafuna mikhalidwe yabwino yogwirira ntchito, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri anasamuka kuchoka kwina kupita kwina. Onsewa analinso matauni ang’onoang’ono, ozunguliridwa ndi midzi ndi midzi, imene Bedrich wamng’ono ankayendera kaŵirikaŵiri; moyo wa anthu wamba, nyimbo zawo ndi magule ankadziwika bwino kwa iye kuyambira ubwana. Anasungabe chikondi chake kwa anthu wamba a ku Czech Republic kwa moyo wake wonse.

Bambo wa kupeka tsogolo anali munthu wapadera: anawerenga kwambiri, anali ndi chidwi ndale, ndipo ankakonda maganizo a odzutsa. Nthawi zambiri nyimbo zinkaseweredwa m'nyumba, iye mwini ankaimba violin. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mnyamatayo anasonyeza chidwi oyambirira nyimbo, ndi maganizo a bambo ake patsogolo anapereka zotsatira zabwino mu zaka okhwima ntchito Smetana.

Kuyambira ali ndi zaka zinayi, Bedřich wakhala akuphunzira kuimba violin, ndipo bwino kwambiri kuti patatha chaka chimodzi akutenga nawo mbali pamasewero a Haydn's quartets. Kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi amachita poyera ngati woimba piyano ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayesa kupeka nyimbo. Pamene amaphunzira ku malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, m'malo ochezeka, nthawi zambiri amavina bwino (Louisina Polka, 1840, wasungidwa bwino); amasewera piyano mwakhama. Mu 1843, Bedrich analemba mawu onyada m’buku lake la zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku kuti: “Ndi thandizo la Mulungu ndi chifundo chake, ndidzakhala Liszt m’luso lake, ndimomwe analemba Mozart.” Chisankho chacha: ayenera kudzipereka kwathunthu ku nyimbo.

Mnyamata wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri akusamukira ku Prague, amakhala pakamwa - bambo ake sakukhutira ndi mwana wawo wamwamuna, akukana kumuthandiza. Koma Bedrich adadzipeza yekha mtsogoleri woyenera - mphunzitsi wotchuka Josef Proksh, yemwe adamupatsa tsogolo lake. Zaka zinayi za maphunziro (1844-1847) zinali zobala zipatso. Mapangidwe a Smetana monga woimba komanso kuthandizidwa ndi mfundo yakuti Prague anatha kumvera Liszt (1840), Berlioz (1846), Clara Schumann (1847).

Pofika 1848, zaka za maphunziro zidatha. Kodi chotulukapo chawo nchiyani?

Ngakhale ali mwana, Smetana ankakonda nyimbo za ballroom ndi kuvina kwa anthu - analemba waltzes, quadrilles, gallops, polkas. Anali, zikuwoneka, mogwirizana ndi miyambo ya olemba ma salon apamwamba. Chikoka cha Chopin, ndi luso lake lanzeru lomasulira ndakatulo zithunzi zovina, zidakhudzidwanso. Komanso, achinyamata Czech woimba ankafuna.

Analembanso masewero achikondi - mtundu wa "malo a maganizo", akugwa pansi pa chikoka cha Schumann, mbali ina Mendelssohn. Komabe, Smetana ali ndi "mtanda wowawasa" wolimba kwambiri. Iye amasirira Mozart, ndipo mu nyimbo zake zazikulu zoyambirira ( piano sonatas, orchestral overtures) amadalira Beethoven. Komabe, Chopin ali pafupi kwambiri ndi iye. Ndipo monga woimba piyano, nthawi zambiri amasewera ntchito zake, pokhala, malinga ndi Hans Bülow, mmodzi wa "Chopinists" abwino kwambiri a nthawi yake. Ndipo pambuyo pake, mu 1879, Smetana ananena kuti: “Kwa Chopin, chifukwa cha ntchito zake, ndili ndi chipambano chimene makonsati anga anasangalala nacho, ndipo kuyambira pamene ndinaphunzira ndi kumvetsa nyimbo zake, ntchito zanga zopanga m’tsogolo zinali zomveka kwa ine.”

Kotero, pa zaka makumi awiri ndi zinayi, Smetana anali atadziwa kale luso lolemba komanso limba. Anangofunika kupeza pempho la mphamvu zake, ndipo chifukwa cha izi zinali bwino kuti adzidziwe yekha.

Panthawi imeneyo, Smetana adatsegula sukulu ya nyimbo, yomwe inamupatsa mwayi wokhalapo. Anali pafupi ndi ukwati (unachitika mu 1849) - muyenera kuganizira za momwe mungasamalire banja lanu lamtsogolo. Mu 1847, Smetana anatenga ulendo wopita ku konsati kuzungulira dziko, zomwe, komabe, sizinadzilungamitse. Zowona, ku Prague komweko amadziwika ndikuyamikiridwa ngati woimba piyano komanso mphunzitsi. Koma Smetana wopeka ndi pafupifupi kudziwika kwathunthu. Pothedwa nzeru, akutembenukira kwa Liszt kuti amuthandize kulemba, akufunsa momvetsa chisoni kuti: “Kodi wojambula angakhulupirire ndani ngati si wojambula yemweyo? Olemera - olemekezeka awa - yang'anani osauka popanda chifundo: aphedwe ndi njala! ..». Smetana adaphatikizira "zidutswa zisanu ndi chimodzi" za piyano ku chilembocho.

Wofalitsa wodziŵika bwino wa zonse zotsogola mu luso, mowolowa manja ndi chithandizo, Liszt mwamsanga anayankha woimba wachinyamatayo mpaka pano yemwe sanadziŵe kuti: “Ndimaona masewero anu kukhala abwino koposa, omveka mozama ndi otukuka bwino pakati pa zonse zimene ndatha kuzoloŵerana nazo. posachedwapa.” Liszt adathandizira kuti masewerowa adasindikizidwa (adasindikizidwa mu 1851 ndipo adalembapo op. 1). Kuyambira pano, thandizo lake la makhalidwe linatsagana ndi ntchito zonse zopanga za Smetana. “Chipepalacho,” iye anatero, “chinandidziŵikitsa dziko la zojambulajambula.” Koma zaka zambiri zidzadutsa mpaka Smetana atakwanitsa kuzindikirika padziko lapansi. Zochitika zosintha za 1848 zidakhala ngati chilimbikitso.

Chisinthikocho chinapereka mapiko kwa wolemba nyimbo wachi Czech wokonda dziko lake, adamupatsa mphamvu, adamuthandiza kuzindikira ntchito zamaganizidwe ndi zaluso zomwe zidaperekedwa mopitilira ndi zenizeni zamakono. Wa Mboni komanso yemwe adachita nawo zipolowe zomwe zidasesa Prague, Smetana posakhalitsa adalemba zolemba zingapo zofunika: "Maulendo Awiri Osintha" a piano, "March of the Student Legion", "March of the National Guard", "Nyimbo of Freedom” ya kwaya ndi piyano, overture” D-dur (The overture inkachitika motsogozedwa ndi F. Shkroup mu April 1849. “Ichi ndi nyimbo yanga yoyamba ya okhestra,” Smetana ananena mu 1883; kenako anaikonzanso.) .

Ndi ntchito izi, ma pathos amakhazikitsidwa mu nyimbo za Smetana, zomwe posachedwapa zidzakhala zofanana ndi kutanthauzira kwake kwa zithunzi zokonda dziko lawo. Maulendo ndi nyimbo za Revolution ya France kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, komanso ngwazi ya Beethoven, zidakhudza kwambiri mapangidwe ake. Pali zotsatira, ngakhale mwamanyazi, za chikoka cha nyimbo yanyimbo yaku Czech, yobadwa ndi gulu la Hussite. Malo osungiramo katundu amtundu wa sublime pathos, komabe, adzadziwonetsera okha mu nthawi yokhwima ya ntchito ya Smetana.

Ntchito yake yayikulu yotsatira inali Solemn Symphony mu E yayikulu, yolembedwa mu 1853 ndipo idachita koyamba zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake motsogozedwa ndi wolemba. (Iyi inali ntchito yake yoyamba ngati kondakitala). Koma popereka malingaliro akuluakulu, wolembayo sanathebe kuwulula zenizeni za kulenga kwake. Kusuntha kwachitatu kunakhala koyambirira - scherzo mu mzimu wa polka; pambuyo pake kaŵirikaŵiri kanaimbidwa ngati nyimbo yoimba paokha. Smetana yekha posakhalitsa anazindikira kutsika kwa symphony yake ndipo sanatembenukire ku mtundu uwu. Mnzake wamng'ono, Dvořák, anakhala mlengi wa symphony dziko Czech.

Izi zinali zaka zakusaka kozama. Anaphunzitsa Smetana zambiri. Koposa zonse anali wolemetsedwa ndi gawo lopapatiza la kuphunzitsa. Komanso, chimwemwe chinaphimbidwa: iye anali kale atate wa ana anayi, koma atatu a iwo anamwalira ali wakhanda. Wolembayo adatenga malingaliro ake omvetsa chisoni omwe adamwalira chifukwa cha imfa yawo mu trio ya g-moll piyano, yomwe nyimbo yake imadziwika ndi kupanduka kopandukira, sewero komanso nthawi yomweyo kukongola kofewa, mtundu wamtundu.

Moyo ku Prague unayamba kudwala Smetana. Sanathenso kukhala m’menemo pamene mdima wakusauka unakula kwambiri ku Czech Republic. Paupangiri wa abwenzi, Smetana amapita ku Sweden. Asananyamuke, pomalizira pake anadziŵana ndi Liszt payekha; ndiye, mu 1857 ndi 1859, adamuyendera ku Weimar, mu 1865 - ku Budapest, ndi Liszt, pamene adadza ku Prague mu 60-70s, adayendera Smetana nthawi zonse. Choncho, ubwenzi pakati pa woimba wamkulu wa ku Hungary ndi woimba nyimbo wa ku Czech unakula kwambiri. Iwo anasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi osati ndi malingaliro aluso: anthu a ku Hungary ndi Czech Republic anali ndi mdani wamba - ufumu wodedwa wa Austria wa Habsburgs.

Kwa zaka zisanu (1856-1861) Smetana anali m'dziko lachilendo, akukhala makamaka m'mphepete mwa nyanja Swedish mzinda Gothenburg. Apa iye anayamba ntchito wamphamvu: iye anakonza symphony oimba, amene iye anachita monga wochititsa, bwino anapereka makonsati monga woyimba limba (mu Sweden, Germany, Denmark, Holland), ndipo ophunzira ambiri. Ndipo m'lingaliro la kulenga, nthawiyi inali yobala zipatso: ngati 1848 inachititsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa dziko la Smetana, kulimbikitsa zinthu zomwe zikupita patsogolo, ndiye kuti zaka zomwe zakhala kunja zinathandizira kulimbitsa malingaliro ake a dziko, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, kukula kwa luso. Tinganene kuti zinali m'zaka izi, akulakalaka dziko lakwawo, Smetana potsiriza anazindikira ntchito yake monga wojambula dziko Czech.

Ntchito yake yolemba idakula m'njira ziwiri.

Kumbali imodzi, zoyesererazo zidayamba kale pakupanga zidutswa za piyano, zophimbidwa ndi ndakatulo za magule aku Czech, zidapitilira. Kotero, kumbuyoko mu 1849, kuzungulira kwa "Mawonekedwe a Ukwati" kunalembedwa, komwe zaka zambiri pambuyo pake Smetana mwiniwakeyo anafotokoza kuti anabadwa mu "mawonekedwe enieni achi Czech." Zoyeserazo zinapitilizidwa mumayendedwe ena a piyano - "Memories of the Czech Republic, yolembedwa ngati polka" (1859). Apa maziko a dziko la nyimbo za Smetana zinayikidwa, koma makamaka m'nyimbo ndi kutanthauzira tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kumbali ina, ndakatulo zitatu za symphonic zinali zofunika pa chisinthiko chake chaluso: Richard III (1858, yozikidwa pa tsoka la Shakespeare), Wallenstein's Camp (1859, yozikidwa pa sewero la Schiller), Jarl Hakon (1861, potengera tsokalo. wa ndakatulo waku Danish - chikondi cha Helenschläger). Iwo anakonza njira zapamwamba za ntchito ya Smetana, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi maonekedwe a zithunzithunzi zamatsenga ndi zochititsa chidwi.

Choyamba, mitu ya mabukuwa ndi yochititsa chidwi: Smetana anachita chidwi ndi lingaliro la mauXNUMXbuXNUMXbkumenyana ndi olanda mphamvu, zomwe zimafotokozedwa momveka bwino m'mabuku omwe amapanga maziko a ndakatulo zake (mwa njira, chiwembu ndi zithunzi za tsoka la Dane Elenschleger zikufanana ndi Shakespeare Macbeth), ndi zithunzi zowutsa mudyo za moyo wa anthu, makamaka mu "Wallenstein Camp" ya Schiller, yomwe, malinga ndi wolemba nyimboyo, imatha kumveka bwino m'zaka za nkhanza zapadziko lakwawo.

Lingaliro la nyimbo za nyimbo zatsopano za Smetana zinalinso zatsopano: adatembenukira ku mtundu wa "ndakatulo ya symphonic", yomwe idapangidwa posachedwa ndi Liszt. Awa ndi masitepe oyamba a mbuye waku Czech podziwa kuthekera kofotokozera komwe kudamutsegulira pagawo la pulogalamu ya symphony. Komanso, Smetana sanali wotsanzira wakhungu maganizo Liszt - iye anapanga njira zake zikuchokera, logic yake ya juxtaposition ndi chitukuko cha zithunzi nyimbo, amene kenako anaphatikizana ndi ungwiro wodabwitsa mu symphonic cycle "My Motherland".

Ndipo mwazinthu zina, ndakatulo za "Gothenburg" zinali njira zofunika kwambiri zothetsera ntchito zatsopano zomwe Smetana adadzipangira yekha. Njira zapamwamba ndi sewero la nyimbo zawo zimayembekezera kalembedwe ka nyimbo za Dalibor ndi Libuše, pomwe zochitika zosangalatsa zochokera ku Wallenstein's Camp, zodzaza ndi chisangalalo, zokongoletsedwa ndi kukoma kwa Czech, zikuwoneka ngati chitsanzo cha kugonjetsedwa kwa Mkwatibwi Wosinthanitsa. Choncho, mbali ziwiri zofunika kwambiri za ntchito ya Smetana zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, anthu-tsiku ndi tsiku komanso zomvetsa chisoni, zinayandikira, kulimbikitsana wina ndi mzake.

Kuyambira pano, ali wokonzeka kale kukwaniritsa ntchito zatsopano, zodalirika komanso zaluso. Koma zikhoza kuchitidwa kunyumba. Ankafunanso kubwerera ku Prague chifukwa zikumbukiro zazikulu zimagwirizana ndi Gothenburg: tsoka latsopano loopsya linagwera Smetana - mu 1859, mkazi wake wokondedwa anadwala kwambiri pano ndipo posakhalitsa anamwalira ...

M'chaka cha 1861, Smetana anabwerera ku Prague kuti asachoke ku likulu la Czech Republic mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake.

Ali ndi zaka makumi atatu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Iye ndi wodzala ndi kulenga. Zaka zam’mbuyomo zinachepetsa chifuno chake, zinalemeretsa moyo wake ndi luso lake laluso, ndi kulimbikitsa kudzidalira kwake. Amadziwa zomwe ayenera kuyimilira, zomwe angakwaniritse. Wojambula wotereyo adatchedwa mwatsoka kuti atsogolere moyo wa nyimbo wa Prague, komanso kukonzanso dongosolo lonse la chikhalidwe cha nyimbo ku Czech Republic.

Izi zinathandizidwa ndi kutsitsimuka kwa chikhalidwe cha ndale ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko. Masiku a "machitidwe a Bach" atha. Mawu a oimira a Czech artic intelligentsia akukula kwambiri. Mu 1862, zomwe zimatchedwa "Provisional Theatre" zinatsegulidwa, zomwe zinamangidwa ndi ndalama za anthu, kumene nyimbo zimayimba. Posakhalitsa "Crafty Talk" - "Art Club" - idayamba ntchito yake, kusonkhanitsa okonda dziko lawo - olemba, ojambula, oimba. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, gulu lakwaya likukonzedwa - "Verb of Prague", yomwe inalemba pa mbendera yake mawu otchuka: "Nyimbo yopita kumtima, mtima ku dziko lakwawo."

Smetana ndiye mzimu wa mabungwe onsewa. Amawongolera gawo lanyimbo la "Art Club" (olemba amatsogozedwa ndi Neruda, ojambula - ndi Manes), amakonza zoimbaimba pano - chipinda ndi symphony, amagwira ntchito ndi kwaya ya "Verb", ndipo ndi ntchito yake imathandizira kuti nyimbo zitheke. "Provisional Theatre" (zaka zingapo kenako monga wochititsa).

Pofuna kupangitsa kuti dziko la Czech likhale lonyadira nyimbo zake, Smetana nthawi zambiri ankasindikizidwa. Iye analemba kuti: "Anthu athu akhala otchuka monga anthu oimba, ndipo ntchito ya wojambulayo, yolimbikitsidwa ndi chikondi kwa dziko la amayi, ndikulimbikitsa ulemerero umenewu."

Ndipo m'nkhani ina yolembedwa za kulembetsa kwa ma concert omwe adakonza ndi iye (ichi chinali luso la anthu a Prague!), Smetana anati: "M'mapulogalamuwa palinso luso lapadera la mabuku oimba, koma chidwi chapadera chimaperekedwa kwa oimba Asilavo. Chifukwa chiyani zolemba za Russian, Polish, South Slavic sizinachitike mpaka pano? Ngakhale mayina a oimba athu apakhomo sanakumanepo ... ". Mawu a Smetana sanali osiyana ndi ntchito zake: mu 1865 iye ankaimba nyimbo Glinka oimba, mu 1866 anachita Ivan Susanin pa Provisional Theatre, ndipo mu 1867 Ruslan ndi Lyudmila (komwe anaitanira Balakirev ku Prague), mu 1878 - opera Moniuszko ". Pebble", etc.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zaka za m'ma 60 zimasonyeza nthawi ya maluwa apamwamba kwambiri a ntchito yake. Pafupifupi nthawi imodzi, iye anali ndi lingaliro la zisudzo zinayi, ndipo atangomaliza imodzi, anapitiriza kulemba lotsatira. Mofananamo, makwaya adapangidwa a "Verb" (Kwaya yoyamba ku mawu achi Czech idapangidwa mu 1860 ("Czech Song"). Nyimbo zazikulu zakwaya za Smetana ndi Rolnicka (1868), yemwe amaimba za ntchito ya wamba, komanso nyimbo yodziwika bwino, yokongola ya Song by the Sea (1877). Pakati pa nyimbo zina, nyimbo ya "Dowry" (1880) ndi "Nyimbo Yathu" yachisangalalo (1883), yokhazikika mu nyimbo ya polka, ndizodziwika bwino.), zidutswa za piyano, ntchito zazikulu za symphonic zidaganiziridwa.

Brandenburgers ku Czech Republic ndi mutu wa opera yoyamba ya Smetana, yomwe inamalizidwa mu 1863. Imaukitsanso zochitika zakale kwambiri, kuyambira zaka za m'ma XNUMX. Komabe, zomwe zili mkati mwake ndi zofunika kwambiri. Brandenburgers ndi mafumu a ku Germany (ochokera ku Margraviate of Brandenburg), omwe analanda malo a Asilavo, kupondereza ufulu ndi ulemu wa anthu a ku Czechoslovakia. Kotero izo zinali m'mbuyomu, koma zinakhala choncho pa moyo wa Smetana - pambuyo pake, anthu a m'nthawi yake anamenyana ndi Germanization ya Czech Republic! Sewero losangalatsa lowonetsera tsogolo la anthu otchulidwawo linaphatikizidwa mu opera ndi chiwonetsero cha moyo wa anthu wamba - osauka a Prague ogwidwa ndi mzimu wopanduka, womwe unali luso lolimba mtima m'masewero oimba. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ntchitoyi inakumana ndi chidani ndi oimira anthu.

Operayo idaperekedwa ku mpikisano wolengezedwa ndi oyang'anira a Provisional Theatre. Zaka zitatu adayenera kumenyera nkhondo kupanga kwake pa siteji. Smetana potsiriza analandira mphoto ndipo anaitanidwa ku zisudzo monga kondakitala wamkulu. Mu 1866, kuyamba kwa The Brandenburgers kunachitika, zomwe zinali zopambana kwambiri - wolembayo adatchulidwa mobwerezabwereza pambuyo pazochitika zilizonse. Kupambana kunatsagana ndi zisudzo zotsatirazi (m'nyengo yokhayo, "The Brandenburgers" inachitika nthawi khumi ndi zinayi!).

Choyamba ichi chinali chisanathe, pamene kupanga nyimbo yatsopano ya Smetana kunayamba kukonzekera - sewero la comic The Bartered Bride, lomwe linamulemekeza kulikonse. Zojambula zoyamba za izo zidajambulidwa koyambirira kwa 1862, chaka chotsatira Smetana adachita chiwopsezo mu imodzi mwamakonsati ake. Ntchitoyi inali yotsutsana, koma woimbayo adakonzanso manambala kangapo: monga abwenzi ake adanena, anali "Czechized", ndiye kuti, anali wodzazidwa kwambiri ndi mzimu wachi Czech, kotero kuti sakanatha kukhutitsidwa. ndi zomwe adakwanitsa kale. Smetana anapitiriza kupititsa patsogolo opera yake ngakhale atapanga m'chaka cha 1866 (miyezi isanu pambuyo pa kuyambika kwa The Brandenburgers!): m'zaka zinayi zotsatira, adaperekanso makope awiri a The Bartered Bride, kukulitsa ndi kukulitsa zomwe zili m'buku lake. ntchito yosakhoza kufa.

Koma adani a Smetana sanagone. Iwo ankangoyembekezera mwayi woti amuwukire poyera. Mwayi woterewu udapezeka pomwe mu 1868 sewero lachitatu la Smetana, Dalibor, lidapangidwa (ntchito yake idayamba mu 1865). Chiwembucho, monga ku Brandenburgers, chimachokera ku mbiri ya Czech Republic: nthawi ino ndikumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Mu nthano yakale za wolemekezeka Knight Dalibor, Smetana anatsindika ganizo la nkhondo ufulu.

Lingaliro latsopanolo linasankha njira zachilendo zofotokozera. Otsutsa a Smetana adamutcha kuti ndi Wagnerian wolimbikira yemwe akuti adasiya zolinga za dziko la Czech. “Ndilibe kalikonse kochokera kwa Wagner,” Smetana anatsutsa mokwiya. "Ngakhale Liszt atsimikizira izi." Komabe, chizunzocho chinakula, ziwawazo zinakula kwambiri. Chotsatira chake, operayo inangothamanga kasanu ndi kamodzi ndipo inachotsedwa ku repertoire.

(Mu 1870, "Dalibor" adapatsidwa katatu, mu 1871 - awiri, mu 1879 - atatu; kuyambira 1886, pambuyo pa imfa ya Smetana, chidwi cha opera iyi chinatsitsimutsidwa. Gustav Mahler adayamikira kwambiri, ndipo pamene adaitanidwa. kutsogolera wotsogolera wa Vienna Opera, adafuna kuti "Dalibor" iwonetsedwe, masewero oyambirira a opera anachitika mu 1897. Zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake, adayimba motsogoleredwa ndi E. Napravnik ku St. Petersburg Mariinsky Theatre.)

Izi zinali zopweteka kwambiri kwa Smetana: sakanatha kudzigwirizanitsa yekha ndi khalidwe lopanda chilungamo lotere kwa ana ake okondedwa ndipo ngakhale kukwiyira abwenzi ake, pamene, kutamandidwa kwakukulu kwa Mkwatibwi Wosinthanitsa, adayiwala za Dalibor.

Koma molimba mtima komanso molimba mtima pakufuna kwake, Smetana akupitilizabe kugwira ntchito pa opera yachinayi - "Libuse" (zojambula zoyambira kuyambira 1861, libretto idamalizidwa mu 1866). Iyi ndi nkhani yosangalatsa kwambiri yozikidwa pa nthano yodziwika bwino ya wolamulira wanzeru wa ku Bohemia wakale. Zochita zake zimayimbidwa ndi ndakatulo ndi oimba ambiri achi Czech; maloto awo owala kwambiri okhudza tsogolo la dziko lakwawo anali ogwirizana ndi kuyitanidwa kwa Libuse kwa mgwirizano wa dziko ndi mphamvu zamakhalidwe a anthu oponderezedwa. Kotero, Erben anaika mkamwa mwake ulosi wodzaza ndi tanthauzo lakuya:

Ndikuwona kuwala, ndimenya nkhondo, Tsamba lakuthwa lidzakupyoza pachifuwa, Mudzadziwa zovuta ndi mdima wa bwinja, Koma musataye mtima, anthu anga a Czech!

Pofika 1872 Smetana anali atamaliza opera yake. Koma iye anakana kuyipanga. Zoona zake n’zakuti phwando lalikulu la dziko linali kukonzedwa. Kalelo mu 1868, kukhazikitsidwa kwa maziko a National Theatre kunachitika, komwe kumayenera kusintha malo ocheperako a Provisional Theatre. "Anthu - okha" - pansi pa mawu onyada chotero, ndalama zinasonkhanitsidwa pomanga nyumba yatsopano. Smetana adaganiza zopanga nthawi yoyamba ya "Libuše" kuti igwirizane ndi chikondwerero cha dziko lino. Only mu 1881 zitseko za zisudzo latsopano anatsegula. Smetana ndiye samamvanso opera yake: anali wogontha.

Choyipa kwambiri mwazovuta zonse zomwe zidakantha Smetana - ugonthi unamupeza mwadzidzidzi mu 1874. Kufikira malire, kulimbikira, kuzunzidwa kwa adani, omwe ndi chipwirikiti adatenga zida zolimbana ndi Smetana, adayambitsa matenda owopsa amisempha yamakutu komanso tsoka lomvetsa chisoni. Moyo wake unakhala wopindika, koma mzimu wake wokhazikika sunasweka. Ndinayenera kusiya kuchita ntchito, kuchoka kuntchito ya anthu, koma mphamvu zolenga sizinathe - wolembayo anapitiriza kupanga zolengedwa zodabwitsa.

M'chaka cha tsokali, Smetana anamaliza opera yake yachisanu, Amasiye Awiri, yomwe inali yopambana kwambiri; amagwiritsa ntchito nthabwala za moyo wamakono wamakono.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, nyimbo yaikulu ya symphonic cycle "My Motherland" inali kupangidwa. Ndakatulo ziwiri zoyambirira - "Vyshegrad" ndi "Vltava" - zinatsirizidwa m'miyezi yovuta kwambiri, pamene madokotala adazindikira kuti matenda a Smetana ndi osachiritsika. Mu 1875 "Sharka" ndi "From Bohemian Fields and Woods" adatsatira; mu 1878-1879 - Tabor ndi Blanik. Mu 1882, kondakitala Adolf Cech anachita kuzungulira konse kwa nthawi yoyamba, ndipo kunja kwa Czech Republic - kale mu 90s - adalimbikitsidwa ndi Richard Strauss.

Ntchito inapitilira mumtundu wa opera. Kutchuka pafupifupi kofanana ndi kwa The Bartered Bride kunapezedwa ndi sewero latsiku ndi tsiku la The Kiss (1875-1876), pakati pomwe pali chithunzi choyera cha msungwana wosavuta wa Vendulka; sewero la The Secret (1877-1878), lomwe linaimbanso za kukhulupirika m’chikondi, linalandiridwa mwachikondi; osapambana chifukwa cha ofooka libretto anali otsiriza siteji ntchito ya Smetana - "Devil's Wall" (1882).

Choncho, m'kupita kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, wogontha wopeka analenga opera anayi, symphonic kuzungulira kwa ndakatulo zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi ntchito zina - limba, chipinda, kwaya. Ndi chifuniro chotani nanga chimene iye anali nacho kuti chikhale chopindulitsa chotero! Mphamvu zake, komabe, zinayamba kulephera - nthawi zina anali ndi masomphenya oipa; Nthawi zina ankaoneka kuti wasokonezeka maganizo. Chilakolako cha kulenga chinagonjetsa chirichonse. Zongopeka zinali zosatha, ndipo khutu lamkati lodabwitsa linathandiza kusankha njira yofunikira yofotokozera. Ndipo chinthu china ndi chodabwitsa: ngakhale kuti matenda amanjenje amapita patsogolo, Smetana anapitiriza kupanga nyimbo mwaunyamata, mwatsopano, woona mtima, woyembekezera. Atataya kumva, adataya mwayi wolankhulana mwachindunji ndi anthu, koma sanadzitsekere okha kwa iwo, sanadzitengere yekha, kukhalabe ndi kuvomereza kosangalatsa kwa moyo womwe udabadwa mwa iye, chikhulupiriro mwa iye. Magwero a chiyembekezo chosatha chotero ali pa kuzindikira kwa kuyandikana kosalekanitsidwa ndi zokonda ndi tsogolo la anthu a m’dzikolo.

Izi zidalimbikitsa Smetana kuti apange kuzungulira kwa piano kwa Czech Dances (1877-1879). Wolembayo adapempha wofalitsa kuti sewero lililonse - ndipo pali khumi ndi zinayi - lipatsidwe mutu: polka, furiant, skochna, "Ulan", "Oats", "Bear", ndi zina zotero. Chi Czech kuyambira ali mwana amachidziwa bwino. mayina awa, anati Wowawasa kirimu; adasindikiza mayendedwe ake kuti "adziwitse aliyense mtundu wa magule omwe anthu aku Czech tili nawo."

Mawu awa ndi ofanana bwanji kwa wolemba nyimbo yemwe ankakonda anthu ake mopanda dyera ndipo nthawi zonse, muzolemba zake zonse, analemba za iwo, kufotokoza malingaliro ake osati aumwini, koma onse, oyandikana nawo komanso omveka kwa aliyense. Pokhapokha mu ntchito zochepa Smetana adadzilola kulankhula za sewero lake. Kenako adagwiritsa ntchito nyimbo yachamber-instrumental. Ndiwo atatu ake a piyano, omwe tawatchula pamwambapa, komanso ma quartet a zingwe awiri a nthawi yomaliza ya ntchito yake (1876 ndi 1883.)

Yoyamba ndi yofunika kwambiri - mu kiyi ya e-moll, yomwe ili ndi mutu wakuti: "Kuchokera ku moyo wanga". M'magawo anayi a kuzungulira, magawo ofunikira a biography ya Smetana amapangidwanso. Choyamba (mbali yaikulu ya chigawo choyamba) imamveka, monga momwe wolembayo akulongosolera, “kuitana kwa tsoka, kuyitanira nkhondo”; kupitirira - "chilakolako chosaneneka cha zosadziwika"; Pomaliza, "mluzu wowopsa uja wamamvekedwe apamwamba kwambiri, omwe mu 1874 adalengeza kusamva kwanga ...". Gawo lachiwiri - "mu mzimu wa polka" - limatenga kukumbukira kosangalatsa kwa achinyamata, kuvina kwaumphawi, mipira ... Chachitatu - chikondi, chisangalalo chaumwini. Gawo lachinayi ndi lochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Smetana akufotokoza zomwe zili m'bukuli motere: "Kuzindikira za mphamvu yaikulu yomwe ili mu nyimbo za dziko lathu ... zomwe tapindula panjira iyi ... chisangalalo cha kulenga, kusokonezedwa mwankhanza ndi tsoka lomvetsa chisoni - kutayika kwa kumva ... kuwala kwa chiyembekezo ... kukumbukira chiyambi cha njira yanga yopangira ... kumverera kosangalatsa kolakalaka ”... Chifukwa chake, ngakhale mu ntchito iyi ya Smetana, malingaliro amunthu amalumikizana ndi malingaliro okhudza tsogolo la luso la Russia. Maganizo amenewa sanachoke kwa iye mpaka masiku otsiriza a moyo wake. Ndipo adayenera kudutsa masiku onse achisangalalo ndi masiku achisoni chachikulu.

Mu 1880, dziko lonse lidakondwerera chaka cha makumi asanu cha nyimbo za Smetana (tikukumbutsani kuti mu 1830, ali mwana wazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, adayimba piyano poyera). Kwa nthawi yoyamba ku Prague, "Nyimbo Zamadzulo" zake zidachitika - zokonda zisanu za mawu ndi piyano. Kumapeto kwa konsati yachikondwerero, Smetana adachita polka yake ndi Chopin's B chachikulu usiku pa piyano. Pambuyo pa Prague, ngwazi yadziko idalemekezedwa ndi mzinda wa Litomysl, komwe adabadwira.

Chaka chotsatira, 1881, okonda dziko la Czech adamva chisoni chachikulu - nyumba yatsopano yomangidwanso ya Prague National Theatre idawotchedwa, pomwe chiwonetsero cha Libuše chinali posachedwapa. Kusonkhanitsa ndalama kumakonzedwa kuti kubwezeretsedwe. Smetana akuitanidwa kuti azichita nyimbo zake, amaimbanso m'madera monga woyimba piyano. Wotopa, wodwala kufa, amadzipereka pazifukwa wamba: ndalama zopezeka m'makonsatiwa zidathandizira kumaliza ntchito yomanga National Theatre, yomwe idatsegulanso nyengo yake yoyamba ndi opera ya Libuse mu Novembala 1883.

Koma masiku a Smetana awerengedwa kale. Thanzi lake linafika poipa kwambiri, maganizo ake anasokonezeka. Pa Epulo 23, 1884, adamwalira m'chipatala cha odwala matenda amisala. Liszt analembera anzake kuti: “Ndinadabwa kwambiri ndi imfa ya Smetana. Iye anali wanzeru!

M. Druskin

• Kupanga kwa ntchito kwa Smetana →

Zolemba:

Opera (chiwerengero 8) The Brandenburgers in Bohemia, libretto ndi Sabina (1863, inayamba mu 1866) The Bartered Bride, libretto ndi Sabina (1866) Dalibor, libretto by Wenzig (1867-1868) Libuse, libretto by Wenzig (1872, Widow1881) ”, libretto by Züngl (1874) The Kiss, libretto by Krasnogorskaya (1876) “The Secret”, libretto by Krasnogorskaya (1878) “Devil’s Wall”, libretto by Krasnogorskaya (1882) Viola, libretto by Krasnolf'sShakespeare, comedy Twewe. Usiku (Chinthu chokha chomwe ndinamaliza, 1884)

Symphonic ntchito "Jubilant Overture" D-dur (1848) "Solemn Symphony" E-dur (1853) "Richard III", ndakatulo ya symphonic (1858) "Camp Wallenstein", ndakatulo ya symphonic (1859) "Jarl Gakon", ndakatulo ya symphonic (1861) "Solemn March" to Shakespeare's Celebrations (1864) "Solemn Overture" C-dur (1868) "My Motherland", kuzungulira kwa ndakatulo 6 za nyimbo: "Vysehrad" (1874), "Vltava" (1874), "Sharka" ( 1875), "Ku Czech minda ndi nkhalango" (1875), "Tabor" (1878), "Blanik" (1879) "Venkovanka", polka kwa oimba (1879) "Prague Carnival", mawu oyamba ndi polonaise (1883)

Piano imagwira ntchito Bagatelles and Impromptu (1844) 8 preludes (1845) Polka and Allegro (1846) Rhapsody in G minor (1847) Czech Melodies (1847) 6 Character Pieces (1848) March of the Student Legion (1848) 1848 March Guard of the People's ) "Letters of Memories" (1851) 3 salon polkas (1855) 3 poetic polkas (1855) "Sketches" (1858) "Scene from Shakespeare's Macbeth" (1859) "Memories of the Czech Republic mu mawonekedwe a polka" ( 1859) "M'mphepete mwa nyanja", kuphunzira (1862) "Maloto" (1875) kuvina kwa Czech m'mabuku awiri (2, 1877)

Ntchito zoimbira za Chamber Trio ya piyano, violin ndi cello g-moll (1855) Chingwe choyamba cha "From my life" e-moll (1876) "Native land" ya violin ndi piyano (1878) Second String Quartet (1883)

Nyimbo zamawu "Czech Song" ya kwaya yosakanikirana ndi okhestra (1860) "Renegade" ya kwaya ya magawo awiri (1860) "Okwera Pamahatchi Atatu" a kwaya yaamuna (1866) "Rolnicka" ya kwaya yamwamuna (1868) "Nyimbo Yachidule" ya kwaya yaamuna ( 1870) "Nyimbo Yapanyanja" ya kwaya yaamuna (1877) Makwaya atatu aakazi (3) "Nyimbo Zamadzulo" za mawu ndi piyano (1878) "Dowry" yakwaya yamwamuna (1879) "Pemphero" lakwaya yamwamuna (1880) " Mauthenga Awiri a kwaya ya amuna (1880) "Nyimbo Yathu" ya kwaya ya amuna (1882)