Stepan Ivanovich Davidov |

Stepan Davidov

Zochita za wopeka waluso waku Russia S. Davydov zidasintha kwambiri zaluso zaku Russia, chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX ndi XNUMX. Inali nthawi yovuta kuswa miyambo yakale yachikale komanso kutuluka kwa zizolowezi zatsopano za sentimentalism ndi chikondi. Ataleredwa pa mfundo za classicism, pa nyimbo za B. Galuppi ndi G. Sarti, Davydov, monga wojambula tcheru, sakanatha kudutsa njira zatsopano za nthawi yake. Ntchito yake ndi yodzaza ndi kufufuza kochititsa chidwi, kuwoneratu zam'tsogolo mochenjera, ndipo ichi ndiye chidwi chake chachikulu pa zaluso.

Davydov anachokera ku Chernigov olemekezeka. Pakati pa oimba osankhidwa ku Ukraine, iye, mnyamata waluso loimba, anafika ku St. Petersburg kumapeto kwa 1786 ndipo anakhala wophunzira wa Singing Chapel. Mu "Academy Music" ili likulu, Davydov analandira maphunziro akatswiri. Kuyambira ali ndi zaka 15, adalemba nyimbo zopatulika.

Zolemba zake zoyambirira pamalemba auzimu zidachitika m'makonsati a kaghella, nthawi zambiri pamaso pa mafumu. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, Catherine II ankafuna kutumiza Davydov ku Italy kuti awonjezere luso lake lolemba. Koma pa nthawi imeneyo, wotchuka Chitaliyana wopeka Giuseppe Sarti anafika ku Russia, ndipo Davydov anapatsidwa ntchito ya penshoni. Maphunziro ndi Sarti anapitiriza mpaka 1802 mpaka kuchoka ku Italy Maestro ku dziko lakwawo.

Pazaka za kuyanjana kwambiri ndi mphunzitsi, Davydov adalowa m'gulu la akatswiri aluso a St. Iye anapita kunyumba ya N. Lvov, kumene olemba ndakatulo ndi oimba anasonkhana, anakhala mabwenzi ndi D. Bortnyansky, amene Davydova kugwirizana ndi "chikondi chenicheni ndi nthawi zonse ndi kulemekezana." Pa nthawi yoyamba ya "maphunziro" iyi, wolembayo adagwira ntchito yamtundu wa concerto yauzimu, akuwulula luso lapamwamba la mawonekedwe ndi njira yolembera kwaya.

Koma talente ya Davydov inawala kwambiri mu nyimbo zamasewera. Mu 1800, adalowa ntchito ya Directorate of the Imperial Theatre, m'malo mwa womwalirayo E. Fomin. Mwa lamulo la khoti, Davydov analemba 2 ballets - "Crown Goodness" (1801) ndi "Nsembe ya Kuyamikira" (1802), yomwe inachitikira bwino kwambiri. Ndipo mu ntchito yotsatira - opera yotchuka "Mermaid" - adadziwika kuti ndi mmodzi mwa omwe adayambitsa mtundu watsopano wachikondi wa "matsenga", masewero a nthano. Ntchito imeneyi, yabwino kwambiri m'ntchito ya woipekayi, kwenikweni ndi masewera akuluakulu a zisudzo, omwe amakhala ndi zisudzo zinayi. Gwero linali nyimbo ya woimba wa ku Austria F. Cauer ku malemba a K. Gensler "Danube Mermaid" (1795).

Wolemba ndi womasulira N. Krasnopolsky anapanga libretto yake ya Chirasha ya Gensler, iye anasamutsa zochitikazo kuchokera ku Danube kupita ku Dnieper ndipo anapatsa ngwazi mayina akale a Asilavo. M’njira imeneyi, mbali yoyamba ya opera ya Cauer yotchedwa “The Dnieper Mermaid” inachitikira ku St. Davydov adachita pano ngati mkonzi wa zigoli ndi wolemba manambala oyika, kupititsa patsogolo chikhalidwe cha dziko la Russia ndi nyimbo zake. Opera inali yopambana kwambiri, zomwe zinakakamiza wolemba librettist kupitiriza ntchito yake. Ndendende chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake, gawo lachiwiri la nyimbo ya Kauer linawonekera, lomwe linakonzedwanso ndi Krasnopolsky yemweyo. Davydov sanachite nawo kupanga, chifukwa mu April 1804 iye anachotsedwa ntchito mu zisudzo. Malo ake adatengedwa ndi K. Cavos, yemwe adapanga ma interpolated arias a opera. Komabe, Davydov sanasiye lingaliro la opera, ndipo mu 1805 analemba nyimbo yonse ya gawo lachitatu la tetralogy kwa libretto Krasnopolsky. Opera iyi, yodziyimira payokha pakulemba ndikupatsidwa dzina latsopano la Lesta, Dnieper Mermaid, inali pachimake pa ntchito ya wolembayo. Anthu oimba nyimbo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, masewera ovina opangidwa mochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi katswiri woimba nyimbo za nyimbo za Davydov, dzina lake A. Auguste. Mmenemo, Davydov adapeza njira zatsopano zoimbira nyimbo ndi zozizwitsa komanso njira zamakono zamakono, kuphatikiza ndondomeko za 2 - zenizeni ndi zosangalatsa. Ndi mphamvu yosangalatsa, adawonetsa sewero la mtsikana wamba wamba Lesta, yemwe adakhala mbuye wa mermaids, ndi wokondedwa wake, Prince Vidostan. Anakwanitsanso kuwonetsa ngwazi yamasewera - wantchito wa Tarabar. Kutengera malingaliro osiyanasiyana a munthu uyu - kuchokera ku mantha amantha kupita ku chisangalalo chosalekeza, Davydov amayembekezera chithunzi cha Farlaf wa Glinka. M'mbali zonse za mawu, wolembayo amagwiritsa ntchito momasuka mawu anyimbo a m'nthawi yake, kupititsa patsogolo chinenero choyimba ndi nyimbo zamtundu wa Chirasha ndi kuvina. Nyimbo za orchestra ndizosangalatsanso - zithunzi zokongola za chilengedwe (m'bandakucha, mvula yamkuntho), zowoneka bwino zowoneka bwino pakusamutsidwa kwa "matsenga" wosanjikiza. Zinthu zonse zatsopanozi zidapangitsa Lesti Davydov kukhala opera yabwino kwambiri yanthawi imeneyo. Kupambana kwa zisudzo kunathandizira kubwerera kwa Davydov kukatumikira mu Directorate Theatre. Mu 1807, adalemba nyimbo zomaliza, gawo lachinayi la "Mermaid" ku malemba odziimira a A. Shakhovsky. Komabe, nyimbo zake sizinatifike kotheratu. Inali ntchito yomaliza ya woipeka mu mtundu wanyimbo zoyimba.

Kuyamba kwa nthawi yowopsya ya Nkhondo za Napoleon kunkafuna mutu wosiyana, wokonda dziko lako mu zaluso, kusonyeza kukwera kwakukulu kwa gulu lotchuka. Koma nkhani ya ngwazi imeneyi panthawiyo inali isanapezeke mu opera. Zinadziwonetsera bwino mumitundu ina - mu "tsoka pa nyimbo" komanso m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Davydov nayenso anatembenukira ku "tsoka m'nyimbo", kupanga kwaya ndi zopuma za masoka "Sumbeka, kapena Kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Kazan" lolembedwa ndi S. Glinka (1807), "Herode ndi Mariamne" lolembedwa ndi G. Derzhavin (1808), " Electra ndi Orestes" ndi A. Gruzintsev (1809). Mu mawonekedwe anyimbo azithunzi za ngwazi, Davydov adadalira kalembedwe ka KV Gluck, kukhalabe paudindo wa classicism. Mu 1810, kuchotsedwa komaliza kwa woimbayo ku msonkhano kunatsatira, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo dzina lake linasowa kwa zaka zingapo pazithunzi za zisudzo. Only mu 1814 Davydov kachiwiri kuonekera ngati mlembi wa nyimbo siteji, koma mu mtundu wanyimbo latsopano divertissement. Ntchitoyi inachitikira ku Moscow, kumene anasamukira m'dzinja la 1814. Pambuyo pa zochitika zoopsa za 1812, moyo waluso pang'onopang'ono unayamba kutsitsimuka ku likulu lakale. Davydov adalembedwa ntchito ndi Ofesi ya Moscow Imperial Theatre ngati mphunzitsi wanyimbo. Anabweretsa akatswiri odziwika bwino omwe adapanga ulemerero wa gulu la opera la Moscow - N. Repina, P. Bulakhov, A. Bantyshev.

Davydov adapanga nyimbo zamitundu ingapo yotchuka: "Semik, kapena Kuyenda ku Maryina Grove" (1815), "Kuyenda pamapiri a Sparrow" (1815), "May Day, kapena Kuyenda ku Sokolniki" (1816), "Phwando la Mpheta" (1823) Atsamunda” (XNUMX) ndi ena. Opambana mwa iwo anali sewero la "Semik, kapena Kuyenda ku Maryina Grove". Zogwirizana ndi zochitika za Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse, idalimbikitsidwa kwathunthu mu mzimu wa anthu.

Kuchokera ku divertissement "Woyamba wa Meyi, kapena Kuyenda ku Sokolniki", nyimbo 2 zinali zodziwika kwambiri: "Ngati mawa ndi nyengo yoyipa" ndi "Pakati pa chigwa chathyathyathya", zomwe zidalowa mumzindawu ngati nyimbo zowerengeka. Davydov anasiya chizindikiro chozama pa chitukuko cha luso la nyimbo la Russia la nthawi ya Pre-Glinka. Woimba wophunzira, wojambula waluso, yemwe ntchito yake inadyetsedwa ndi chiyambi cha dziko la Russia, adatsegula njira yopita ku Russian classics, m'zinthu zambiri kuyembekezera mawonekedwe ophiphiritsa a masewero a M. Glinka ndi A. Dargomyzhsky.

A. Sokolova