Paleography yanyimbo |

Paleography ya nyimbo (kuchokera ku Greek palaios - wakale, wakale komanso grapo - ndimalemba) - dera la uXNUMXbuXNUMXbmbiri yakale yanyimbo, mbiri yapadera yoimba. chilango. Amaphunzira machitidwe akale ojambulira nyimbo, machitidwe a chisinthiko cha muses. zizindikiro, kusinthidwa kwa zithunzi zawo. mafomu, komanso zipilala za muses. kulemba (ch. arr. kuimba mipukutu kwa zolinga zachipembedzo) ponena za machitidwe a nyimbo, nthawi ndi malo olengedwa, olemba. Mtengo wapatali wa magawo P.M. zikuphatikizapo kuphunzira mapepala watermarks (filigrees), zinthu ndi mtundu wa nyimbo. mipukutu. Mchitidwe wamakono wofufuza P. m. imapanganso source-vedch. ntchito: chizindikiritso, kufotokozera ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma muses olembedwa pamanja. zipilala, tanthawuzo la kugwirizana kwa mtundu wawo, kuphunzira za kusintha kwa mitundu yokha, ndi zina zotero P. m. amaphunzira machitidwe osiyanasiyana a muses. zolemba: zilembo, digito, notolinear, pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zapadera (ekphonetic, neumatic, znamenny, etc.).

Cholinga chachikulu cha nyimbo-paleographic. kufufuza - kuzindikira machitidwe osiyanasiyana a muses. kujambula ndi kumasulira kwa nyimbo. zolemba za zipilala zolembedwa pamanja zamakono. chizindikiro cha mzere. Choncho, zofunika kwambiri zothandiza Ntchito ya P. M. ndi chitukuko cha sayansi zochokera njira ndi njira kuwerenga nyimbo. zolemba za mipukutu yakale, kuwululidwa kwa mawu ophiphiritsa a muses. zilankhulo zanthawi zosiyanasiyana. Pankhani imeneyi, P. M. amafufuza semantics ya muses. makalata, kuphatikizapo (mu mbiri yakale) mavuto a coding nyimbo. zambiri. P.m. amakumananso ndi mavuto angapo a mbiri yakale. ndi nyimbo. dongosolo - chiyambi cha machitidwe a muses. zolemba, magulu awo ndi kuyanjana kwawo muzochitika za chisinthiko, chikhalidwe cha chisinthiko ichi, kugwirizana kwa mawu ndi ma muses. zolemba, kulumikizana kwamitundu ndi zophiphiritsa za muses. chikhalidwe cha miyambo yolembedwa ndi nthano, njira yophunzirira zolemba zakale zolembedwa pamanja. zipilala.

Mwachindunji bwanji. gawo la P.m. akuphatikizidwa mu mbiri yakale ndi philological. paleography, amagwiritsa ntchito njira zake pophunzira zinthu zolembedwa pamanja. P.m. monga sayansi. chilango chinapangidwa pa mphambano ya mbiri. musicology, paleography ndi nyimbo. Maphunziro a magwero, motero, mu njira za Pm paleographic zimaphatikizidwa, nyimbo ndi kusanthula. ndi nyimbo-mbiri. kafukufuku, wogwiritsa ntchito nthano. chitukuko ndi njira za ziwerengero, chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso, ndi sayansi ndi maphunziro ena.

Kafukufuku wanyimbo. zolembedwa pamanja zimadutsa umisiri wotsatirawu. magawo:

1) kuphunzira gwero (chizindikiritso cha chipilala, kufotokoza ndi gulu);

2) wamba paleographic (paleographic kuphunzira pamanja: mbali zakunja, chibwenzi, wolemba, kusunga, kulemba kalembedwe wa mawu ndi nyimbo malemba, pagination, etc.);

3) nyimbo-paleographic (zigawo za kulumikizana kwa mawu ndi nyimbo zolemba, gulu la nyimbo zojambulira, kusanthula kofananira ndi dongosolo la zojambula ndi zinthu zojambulira nyimbo, etc.). Musical-paleographic. gawo lofufuzira limaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mbiri yakale, nyimbo ndi nthano, masamu. ndi njira zina, bwalo limene likukulirakulira pamene zinthu zimasonkhana ndi chitukuko cha P. m. palokha ngati nyimbo-zatekinoloje. maphunziro.

Zotsatira za musical-paleographic. Maphunziro amawonetsedwa m'mabuku, kuphatikiza zolemba zamafakisi za muses. zipilala zokhala ndi kafukufuku wasayansi ndi ndemanga, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi njira yosinthira ndikumasulira nyimbo. lemba kupita ku linear notation.

Mu P. M., Russian akhoza kusiyanitsidwa. chanter paleography, Byzantine (Greek) nyimbo. paleography, Latin (Gregory) nyimbo. paleography, mkono. nyimbo paleography ndi madera ena. Kugawikanaku kumachokera pazithunzi, syntactic. ndi zina za nyimbo. zolemba m'zipilala zigawo. Iliyonse mwa magawo omwe adaphunzira a P.m. zimagwirizana ndi mipukutu yozungulira, monga lamulo, m'chinenero china, chomwe chili ndi chinenero china. zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina oimba. zolemba. M'tsogolomu, ndi luso lapadera komanso kudzikundikira zinthu, mitundu yatsopano ya P. m ikhoza kuonekera.

Monga sayansi yapadera, P. m. anayamba kupanga mu 50s. Zaka za m'ma 19 Zofunika kwambiri zinali zolemba za French. wasayansi EA Kusmaker, yemwe adayambitsa maphunziro a Middle Ages. kulemba nyimbo pamaziko olimba asayansi ndikutsutsa malingaliro opanda pake onena za chiyambi cha Western Europe. nevm. Pambuyo pake, X. Riemann, O. Fleischer, P. Wagner anathandiza kwambiri pophunzira ndi kumasulira malemba omveka bwino, ndipo pambuyo pake – P. Ferretti, J. Handshin, E. Yammers ndi ena. Mu 1889-1950 ku France, motsogozedwa ndi . A. Mokro (kuyambira 1931 - J. Gazhar) adasindikiza mndandanda wambiri wa zipilala zolembera za dementia ndi kafukufuku watsatanetsatane. ndemanga ("Paleographie musicale" - "Musical paleography", 19 vols.). Zochitika za Byzantine Middle Ages. zolemba zinayamba kufotokozedwa mofala m'mabuku a A. Gastuet ndi JB Thibaut kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 19th ndi 20th; komabe, kupambana kwakukulu kunachitika m'derali mu 20s ndi 30s. chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa E. Welles, GJW Tilyard ndi K. Hög. Iwo anatha kumasulira kwathunthu zolemba za Middle Byzantine, zomwe zinatsegula njira yomvetsetsa zipilala za zolemba za Paleo-Byzantine. Kuyambira 1935, mndandanda wa Monumentae musicae byzantinae (Monument of Byzantine Music) wasindikizidwa, womwe umaphatikizapo zolemba zasayansi ndi maphunziro apadera. M'ntchito zamakono Zasayansi, lingaliro la kufanana kwa maziko a Byzantine likuzindikirika kwambiri. ndi zolemba zopanda upandu ku Western Europe komanso kuthekera kopanga P.m imodzi yapadziko lonse lapansi, yophatikiza mitundu yonse ya Middle Ages. kulemba nyimbo.

Rus. Paleography yoyimba imayang'ana nyimbo za Asilavo-Russian zoyimba pamanja za 12 - koyambirira. Zaka za zana la 18 (mipukutu yosiyana - mpaka zaka za zana la 20): Kondakari, Stihirari, Irmologii, Oktoikhi, etc. M'mipukutu iyi, monga lamulo, machitidwe a muses (znamenny) amagwiritsidwa ntchito. zolemba: kondakar, mzati, kuyenda, etc. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Russian kuimba paleography amaona notolinear kulemba, amene analipo m'zaka 17. makamaka ku Russia. mawonekedwe (otchedwa Kiev mbendera, mbali zimene sanaphunzire mokwanira), ndi mbendera-notolinear mipukutu ya con. 17 - pemphani. Zaka za zana la 18 (onani. Banner iwiri), kupereka mwayi wofananiza. kusanthula kwamitundu iwiri yosiyana ya nyimbo zolembera nyimbo. mawu. Phunziro la zolemba za Znamenny linayambitsidwa ndi VM Undolsky (1846) ndi IP Sakharov (1849). Musical-paleographic. kafukufuku anachitidwa ndi VF Odoevsky ndi VV Stasov. A siteji latsopano, amene anapereka zofunika generalizations mbiri ndi sayansi. systematization wa zinthu, anali ntchito za DV Razumovsky. Chothandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa zovuta zaku Russia. Kuimba paleography kunayambitsidwa ndi SV Smolensky, VM Metallov, AV Preobrazhensky, ndipo kenako ndi VM Belyaev, MV Brazhnikov, ND Uspensky, ndi ena. Brazhnikov anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha sayansi. zoyambira Russian kuimba paleography. Anapanga maphunziro apadera oimba nyimbo kwa ophunzira a musicology, omwe adaphunzitsa ku Leningrad Conservatory kuyambira 1969 mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake (1973). Iye anapanga lingaliro lenileni la Russian. kuimba paleography monga sayansi. chilango (kale, zambiri za mbali zake zinkaganiziridwa ndi Russian familyography kapena zofukula zakale za tchalitchi). Pa siteji yamakono ya chitukuko cha sayansi anakhala gwero zofunika kwambiri, methodological ndi muz.-paleographic. Mavuto. Njira yofotokozera mipukutu yoyimba idapangidwa momveka bwino (Brazhnikov), koma nkhani za systematization ndi gulu la Chirasha sizinathebe. zipilala za nyimbo, kusinthika kwa mitundu yoyimba; vuto la chiyambi cha Chirasha silinathe. machitidwe a nyimbo. amalemba kuchokera ku mbali ya syntactic ndi ku mbali ya semantics. Zogwirizana ndi vuto la genesis ndizovuta zama coding muses. chidziwitso mu machitidwe a znamenny ndi kusinthika kwa machitidwe a znamenny okha. Chimodzi mwa mbali za chisinthiko chinali funso la mbiri yakale. periodization wa Znamenny script (Brazhnikov akufuna paleographic periodization zochokera kusintha zithunzi za mbendera); gulu la machitidwe a znamenny akupangidwa.

Imodzi mwazovuta zazikulu za ku Russia kuimba paleography - kutanthauzira kalata ya Znamenny ya nthawi yosadziwika (onani Kryuki). M'mabuku a sayansi, njira ziwiri zosiyana zothetsera vutoli zadziwika. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi njira "kuchokera ku zodziwika kupita ku zosadziwika", mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku mitundu ina ya mbedza, yomwe ili ndi mtengo wamtengo wapatali ("zolembedwa" ndi "siginecha") kupita ku zoyamba zomwe sizinakwaniritsidwe. kutanthauzira. Njirayi inayikidwa patsogolo ndi Smolensky, pambuyo pake inatetezedwa ndi Metallov, Brazhnikov, ndi kunja kwa I. Gardner. Njira ina yotsatiridwa ndi asayansi ambiri akumadzulo (M. Velimirovic, O. Strunk, K. Floros, K. Levi) amachokera ku kuyerekezera kwa mitundu yakale kwambiri ya Znamenny ndi Kondakar kulemba ndi Paleo-Byzantine notation. Palibe njira iyi yokha yomwe ingabweretse mathero. kuthetsa vutoli, ndikupeza zotsatira zabwino, zolimbikitsidwa ndi sayansi, kuyanjana kwawo ndikofunikira.

Mkono. Music paleography imaphunzira machitidwe akale a muses. zolemba mu zipilala za Armenian. zikhalidwe za nyimbo zazaka za 5-18. (kuchokera m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu - khaz notation). Pakafukufuku waposachedwa, Olembawo amawona kuti njira yodziyimira payokha idapangidwa ku Armenia, yomwe inali ndi mtundu wina. makhalidwe. Dzanja lakale. zolemba pamanja za nyimbo zimasonkhanitsidwa ndikuphunziridwa m'boma. malo osungiramo zolemba zakale pansi pa Council of Ministers of the Arm. SSR (Matenadaran), yomwe ili yofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Zina mwa zovuta zazikulu za mkono. nyimbo zakale za nyimbo zikuphatikizapo deti la mipukutu yoyambirira, genesis of Arm. kuzindikira ndi kufufuza ma prototypes a haz notation, kumasulira, kuphunzira za ubale wa Middle Ages. Prof. ndi Nar. nyimbo, etc.

Kukula kwa nyimbo-paleographic. mavuto a Armenian nyimbo paleography kugwirizana ndi mayina a Gr. Gapasakalyan, E. Tntesyan, Komitas. Yotsirizirayi kwa nthawi yoyamba idadzutsa zovuta za genesis ndi kusinthika kwa haz notation, idayamba sayansi. nyimbo-paleographic. kuphunzira za zipilala za Armenian. chikhalidwe cha nyimbo; Mavuto amalingaliro amaganiziridwa mu ntchito za XS Kushnarev, PA Atayan, NK Tagmizyan.

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GA Nikishov