Chromatism |

Greek xromatismos - utoto, kuchokera ku xroma - mtundu wa khungu, mtundu, utoto; xromatikon - chromatic, kutanthauza genos - genus

Halftone system (malinga ndi A. Webern, chromatism ndi "kuyenda mu halftones"). Chromatism imaphatikizapo mitundu iwiri ya machitidwe apakati - akale achi Greek "chroma" ndi European chromatism.

1) "Chrome" - imodzi mwa zitatu zazikulu. “mitundu” ya tetrachord (kapena “mitundu ya nyimbo”) limodzi ndi “diatone” ndi “enarmony” (onani nyimbo zachigiriki). Pamodzi ndi enharmony (komanso mosiyana ndi diatone) ya chromium, imadziwika kuti kuchuluka kwa magawo awiri ang'onoang'ono ndi ocheperako kuposa mtengo wachitatu. "Khumbo" lotere la magawo opapatiza limatchedwa. pykn (Chi Greek pyknon, zilembo - zodzaza, nthawi zambiri). Mosiyana ndi ma enharmonics, magawo ang'onoang'ono a chroma ndi ma semitone, mwachitsanzo: e1 - des1 - c1 - h. Kuchokera kumalingaliro amakono a nyimbo zachi Greek. chroma kwenikweni imagwirizana ndi masikelo okhala ndi SW. yachiwiri (mu octave frets - ndi masekondi awiri owonjezera, monga mu aria ya Mfumukazi ya Shemakhan kuchokera mu sewero lachiwiri la opera The Golden Cockerel ndi Rimsky-Korsakov) ndipo ili pafupi ndi diatonic kusiyana ndi chromatic. Akatswiri achi Greek amasiyanitsanso "kubadwa" "mitundu" (xroai), mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma tetrachords amtundu wina. Malinga ndi Aristoxenus, chrome ili ndi "mitundu" itatu (mitundu): kamvekedwe (mu masenti: 300 + 100 + 100), imodzi ndi theka (350 + 75 + 75) ndi yofewa (366 + 67 + 67).

Melodica chromatic. mtundu unkawoneka ngati wokongola (mwachiwonekere, ndiye dzina). Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye ankadziwika kuti woyengedwa, "coddled". Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachikhristu, chromatic. nyimbo zoimbidwa mlandu zinali zosakhutiritsa. zofunikira (Clement waku Alexandria). Mu Nar. nyimbo za Kum'mawa zimakondana ndi uv. masekondi (hemiolic) adasungabe mtengo wake m'zaka za zana la 20. (Anatero Mohammed Awad Khawas, 1970). Mu European melodic yatsopano X. ili ndi chiyambi chosiyana ndipo, motero, chikhalidwe chosiyana.

2) Lingaliro latsopano la X. presupposes kukhalapo kwa diatonicism monga maziko, amene X. "mitundu" (malingaliro a chroma, mtundu Marchetto wa Padua; onani Gerbert M., t. 3, 1963, p. 74B) . X. amatanthauzidwa ngati wosanjikiza wa mawonekedwe okwera kwambiri, omera kuchokera muzu wa diatonic (mfundo ya kusintha; yerekezerani ndi lingaliro la magawo a G. Schenker). Mosiyana ndi Chigriki, lingaliro latsopano la X. limalumikizidwa ndi lingaliro la 6 phokoso (masitepe amelo) mu tetrachord (Agiriki nthawi zonse anali ndi zinayi; Lingaliro la Aristoxenus la tetrachord yofanana ya semitone. Kapangidwe kamakhalabe kongoyerekeza) ndi mawu 12 mkati mwa octave iliyonse. "Nordic" nyimbo za diatonicism zikuwonetsedwa mu kutanthauzira kwa X. monga "compression" ya diatonic. zinthu, "kulowetsa" muzu diatonic. mzere wachiwiri (diatonic mkati mwake) wosanjikiza ngati X. Chifukwa chake mfundo ya chromatic systematics. zochitika, zokonzedwa motsatira kachulukidwe kawo kakuchulukirachulukira, kuchokera ku chromaticity yosowa kwambiri kupita ku wandiweyani kwambiri (A. Webern's hemitonics). X. yagawidwa m'mayimbidwe. ndi chord (Mwachitsanzo, zoimbidwa akhoza mwangwiro diaatonic, ndi nyimbo akhoza chromatic, monga Chopin a etude a-moll op. 10 No 2), centripetal (zolunjika ku phokoso la tonic. ., kumayambiriro kwa 1 kusiyana wa 2 gawo la 32 sonata ndi L. Beethoven kwa limba.). Kachitidwe ka zochitika zazikulu X.:

Modulation X. imapangidwa chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwa ma diatonic awiri, olumikizidwa ndi kugawa magawo osiyanasiyana a nyimboyo (L. Beethoven, chomaliza cha piano ya 9 sonata, mutu waukulu ndi kusintha; N. Ya. Myaskovsky, "Yellowed Masamba” a piyano, Nambala 7, osakanizidwanso ndi mitundu ina ya X.); chromatic phokoso liri mu machitidwe osiyanasiyana ndipo akhoza kukhala otalikirana. Subsystem X. (mosiyana; onani Subsystem) imayimira phokoso la chromatic. maubale mkati mwa dongosolo lomwelo (JS Bach, mutu wa h-moll fugue kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba ya Well-Tempered Clavier), yomwe imakulitsa X.

Toni yotsogolera X. imachokera pakuyambitsa mamvekedwe otsegulira ku phokoso lililonse kapena chord, popanda mphindi yosinthira ngati kusunthira ku uv. Ndidzalandira (harmonic wamng'ono; Chopin, mazurka C-dur 67, No 3, PI Tchaikovsky, gawo loyamba la symphony yachisanu ndi chimodzi, chiyambi cha mutu wachiwiri; wotchedwa "Prokofiev's dominant"). Kusintha X kumalumikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe. Mphindi ndikusintha kwa diatonic. element (phokoso, chord) pogwiritsa ntchito chromatic sitepe. semitone - uv. Ndivomereza, momveka bwino (L. Beethoven, 1th symphony, 6th movement, mipiringidzo 5-4) kapena kutanthauza (AN Scriabin, Ndakatulo ya piano op. 56 No 57, mipiringidzo 32-2).

Mixed X. imakhala ndi kusakanikirana kotsatizana kapena nthawi imodzi ya zinthu za modal, zomwe ziri za zilembo zosiyana za diatonic (AP Borodin, 2nd symphony, 1st movement, bar 2; F. Liszt, symphony "Faust", 1 -th movement, mipiringidzo 1 -2; SS Prokofiev, sonata No 6 ya pianoforte, 1st movement, bar 1; DD Shostakovich, symphony 7, 1st movement, nambala 35-36; NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "Golden Cockerel", "The Golden Cockerel", chiyambi cha orchestra ku Act II; symmetrical zokhumudwitsa zimatha kubwera pafupi ndi X zachilengedwe). Natural X. ("organic chromaticity" malinga ndi A. Pusseru) alibe diatonic. maziko oyambira (O. Messiaen, "20 views ... " kwa piyano, No 3; EV Denisov, piano trio, 1st movement; A. Webern, Bagatelli kwa piyano, op. 9).

Chiphunzitso X. mu Chigriki. oganiza anali kufotokoza kwa chromatic intervals. sankhani ndi calculus mathematic. kugwirizana pakati pa phokoso la tetrachord (Aristoxenus, Ptolemy). Express. khalidwe ("ethos") la chroma monga mtundu wofatsa, woyengedwa, wofotokozedwa ndi Aristoxen, Ptolemy, Philodem, Pachymer. Generalization zakale. X. chiphunzitso ndi poyambira kwa Middle Ages. okhulupirira chiphunzitso chinali ulaliki wa chidziwitso cha X., cha Boethius (chiyambi cha 6th century AD). Zochitika zatsopano (mawu oyambira, osinthika) X., omwe adawonekera pafupifupi. Zaka za m’ma 13, poyamba zinkaoneka zachilendo kwambiri moti ankatchedwa nyimbo “zolakwika” (musica ficta), “zopeka”, “nyimbo zabodza” (musica falsa). Pofotokoza mwachidule mamvekedwe atsopano a chromatic (kuchokera mmbali zakuthwa ndi zakuthwa), Prosdocimus de Beldemandis adabwera ndi lingaliro la sikelo ya masitepe 17:

Semitone yoyambira "yopanga" ya sikelo yaying'ono idakhalabe cholowa chokhazikika cha "nyimbo za ficta".

Panjira yosiyanitsira anharmonic. tone values ​​mu con. Zaka za m'ma 16 kuchokera ku chiphunzitso cha X. nthambi microchromatics. Kuchokera m'zaka za zana la 17 chiphunzitso X. chimakula mogwirizana ndi ziphunzitso za mgwirizano (komanso bass wamba). Kusinthasintha ndi kachitidwe kakang'ono ka X. kumathandizidwa makamaka. monga Transpositional Transpositional Relations Center. maselo a ladotonality kukhala wocheperapo komanso wotumphukira.

Zothandizira: 1) Osadziwika, Mau oyamba a Harmonics, Philological Review, 1894, vol. 7, buku. 1-2; Petr VI, Pa nyimbo, mapangidwe ndi mitundu mu nyimbo zakale zachi Greek, Kyiv, 1901; El Said Mohamed Awad Khawas, Modern Arabic Folk Song, M., 1970; Paul O., Boetius und die griechische Harmonik, Lpz., 1872; Westphal R., Aristoxenus von Tarent. Melik und Rhythmik des classischen Hellenenthums, Lpz., 1883; Jan K. von (comp.), Musici scriptores graeci, Lpz., 1895; D'ring I. (ed.), Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios, Göteborg, 1930.

2) Yavorsky BL, Kapangidwe ka mawu oimba, magawo 1-3, M., 1908; Glinsky M., Chromatic zizindikiro mu nyimbo zamtsogolo, "RMG", 1915, No 49; Catuar G., Theoretical course of harmony, magawo 1-2, M., 1924-25; Kotlyarevsky I., Diatonics and Chromatics as a Category of Musical Myslennia, Kipv, 1971; Kholopova V., Pa mfundo imodzi ya chromaticism mu nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 2, mu: Problems of Musical Science, vol. 1973, M., 14; Katz Yu., Pa mfundo za gulu la diatonic ndi chromatic, mu: Questions of theory and aesthetics of music, vol. 1975, L., 3; Marcheti de Padua Lucidarium in arte musicae planae, in Gerbert M., Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum, t. 1784, St. Blasien, 1963, reprografischer Nachdruck Hildesheim, 1; Riemann H., Das chromatische Tonsystem, m’buku lake: Präludien und Studien, Bd 1895, Lpz., 1898; his, Geschichte der Musiktheorie, Lpz., 1902; Kroyer Th., Die Anfänge der Chromatik, Lpz., 1 (Publikationen der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft. Beihefte. IV); Schenker H., Neue musikalische Theorien und Phantasien, Bd 1906, Stuttg.-B., 1911; Schönberg A., Harmonielehre, Lpz.-W., 1949; W., 14; Picker R. von, Beiträge zur Chromatik des 16. bis 1914. Jahrhunderts, “Studien zur Musikwissenschaft”, 2, H. 1920; Kurth E., Romantische Harmonik, Bern – Lpz., 1923, B., 1975 (Russian translation - Kurt E., Romantic harmony and its crisis in Wagner's Tristan, M., 1946); Lowinsky EE, Zojambula zachinsinsi za chromatic ku Netherlands motet, NY, 1950; Besseler H., Bourdon und Fauxbourdon, Lpz., 1950; Brockt J., Diatonik-Chromatik-Pantonalität, “OMz”, 5, Jahrg. 10, H. 11/1953; Reaney G., Chigwirizano cha Zaka khumi ndi zinayi, Musica Disciplina, 7, v. 15; Hoppin RH, Ma signature ochepa komanso musica ficta m'mabuku ena oyambirira a zaka za m'ma 1953, JAMS, 6, v. 3, no 1600; Dahlhaus C., D. Belli und der chromatische Kontrapunkt um 1962, "Mf", 15, Jahrg. 4, 1962; Mitchell WL, Phunziro la chromaticism, "Journal of music theory", 6, v. 1, no 1963; Bullivant R., Chikhalidwe cha chromaticism, Music Review, 24, v. 2, No 1966; Firca Ch., Bazele modal ale cromatismului diatonic, Buc, 1978; Vieru A., Diatonie si cromatism, "Muzica", 28, v. 1, no XNUMX.

Yu. H. Kholopov