Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov |

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

Ngakhale luso lake, mphamvu zake, kapena chifundo chake chopanda malire kwa ophunzira ake ndi anzake, sizinafooke konse. Moyo waulemerero ndi ntchito zapadziko lonse za munthu wotero ziyenera kukhala kunyada ndi chisangalalo chathu. … V. Stasov

Patadutsa zaka pafupifupi 10 kuchokera pamene nyumba yoyamba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ya ku Russia inatsegulidwa ku St. Ngakhale anali wachinyamata - anali m'zaka zake makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu - anali atapeza kale kutchuka monga mlembi wa nyimbo zoyambirira za okhestra: Zowonjezera pa mitu ya Chirasha, Zongopeka pamitu ya nyimbo zachi Serbian, chithunzi cha symphonic chozikidwa pa epic Russian " Sadko" ndi gulu lachiwembu cha nthano yakum'mawa "Antar". Komanso, zachikondi zambiri zinalembedwa, ndi ntchito pa mbiri opera The Mtsikana Pskov anali pachimake. Palibe amene akanatha kuganiza (wocheperako mwa wotsogolera wamkulu wa Conservatory, yemwe adayitana N. Rimsky-Korsakov) kuti adakhala wolemba nyimbo popanda maphunziro oimba.

Rimsky-Korsakov anabadwira m'banja lakutali ndi luso. Makolo, malinga ndi mwambo wa banja, anakonzekeretsa mnyamata ntchito mu Navy (amalume ndi mkulu anali amalinyero). Ngakhale maluso oimba adawululidwa koyambirira kwambiri, panalibe aliyense woti aphunzire mozama m'tauni yaying'ono yachigawo. Maphunziro a piyano adaperekedwa ndi mnansi, ndiye mtsogoleri wodziwika bwino komanso wophunzira wa governess uyu. Zokonda zanyimbo zidawonjezeredwa ndi nyimbo zachiwerengero zomwe amayi amateur ndi amalume ndi amalume akuimba ku Tikhvin Monastery.

Ku St. Petersburg, kumene Rimsky-Korsakov anabwera kudzalembetsa ku Naval Corps, amayendera nyumba ya opera ndi ma concerts, amazindikira Ivan Susanin ndi Glinka a Ruslan ndi Lyudmila, nyimbo za Beethoven. Ku St. Petersburg, pomalizira pake ali ndi mphunzitsi weniweni - woimba piyano wabwino kwambiri komanso wophunzira wophunzira F. Canille. Analangiza wophunzira waluso kuti adzipangire yekha nyimbo, adamudziwitsa kwa M. Balakirev, omwe oimba achichepere adasonkhana - M. Mussorgsky, C. Cui, pambuyo pake A. Borodin adagwirizana nawo (bwalo la Balakirev linatsika m'mbiri pansi pa dzina lakuti "Wamphamvu Wamphamvu. ”).

Palibe "Kuchkists" sanatenge maphunziro apadera a nyimbo. Dongosolo limene Balakirev adawakonzera ntchito yodziyimira pawokha anali motere: nthawi yomweyo adapereka mutu wodalirika, ndiyeno, pansi pa utsogoleri wake, pazokambirana zolumikizana, limodzi ndi kuphunzira ntchito za olemba akuluakulu, zovuta zonse zomwe zidabuka. popanga zidathetsedwa.

Rimsky-Korsakov wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri adalangizidwa ndi Balakirev kuti ayambe ndi symphony. Panthawiyi, woimba wachinyamatayo, yemwe anamaliza maphunziro a Naval Corps, amayenera kuyamba ulendo wozungulira dziko lonse lapansi. Anabwereranso ku nyimbo ndi abwenzi aluso patatha zaka 3. Luso la Genius linathandiza Rimsky-Korsakov mwamsanga kudziwa mawonekedwe a nyimbo, ndi kuyimba kokongola, ndi kupanga njira, kudutsa maziko a sukulu. Popeza analenga zambiri symphonic ndi ntchito pa opera, wopeka sankadziwa zoyambira sayansi nyimbo ndipo sanali bwino mawu ofunikira. Ndipo mwadzidzidzi mwayi wophunzitsa ku Conservatory! ... akanakhala opusa komanso opanda khalidwe kwa ine, "anakumbukira Rimsky-Korsakov. Koma osati kusaona mtima, koma udindo wapamwamba kwambiri, iye anasonyeza, kuyamba kuphunzira maziko enieniwo amene anayenera kuphunzitsa.

Malingaliro okongola ndi dziko la Rimsky-Korsakov adakhazikitsidwa m'ma 1860. mothandizidwa ndi "Mighty Handful" ndi malingaliro ake V. Stasov. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, maziko a dziko, chikhalidwe cha demokarasi, mitu yayikulu ndi zithunzi za ntchito yake zinatsimikiziridwa. Zaka khumi zikubwerazi, ntchito Rimsky-Korsakov ndi wosiyanasiyana: iye amaphunzitsa pa Conservatory, bwino kupeka njira yake (amalemba ovomerezeka, fugues), ali ndi udindo woyang'anira magulu mkuwa wa Naval Department (1873-84) ndi symphony. zoimbaimba, m'malo mkulu wa Free Music School Balakirev ndi kukonzekera kufalitsidwa (pamodzi ndi Balakirev ndi Lyadov) zambiri za Glinka operas, mbiri ndi harmonizes nyimbo wowerengeka (gulu loyamba linasindikizidwa mu 1876, lachiwiri - mu 1882).

Kupempha kwa nthano za nyimbo za ku Russia, komanso kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane za zochitika za opera za Glinka pokonzekera kuti zisindikizidwe, zinathandiza woimbayo kuthana ndi zongopeka za nyimbo zake zina, zomwe zinabwera chifukwa cha maphunziro ozama pakupanga njira. Ma opera awiri omwe adalembedwa pambuyo pa The Maid of Pskov (1872) - May Night (1879) ndi The Snow Maiden (1881) - anali ndi chikondi cha Rimsky-Korsakov pa miyambo ya anthu ndi nyimbo zamtundu komanso malingaliro ake adziko lapansi.

Kupanga kwa wolemba 80s. makamaka akuimiridwa ndi symphonic ntchito: "The Tale" (1880), Sinfonietta (1885) ndi Piano Concerto (1883), komanso wotchuka "Spanish Capriccio" (1887) ndi "Scheherazade" (1888). Pa nthawi yomweyo Rimsky-Korsakov ntchito kwaya bwalo. Koma amathera nthawi yambiri ndi mphamvu zake pokonzekera sewero ndi kufalitsa zisudzo za anzake omwe anamwalira - Khovanshchina wa Mussorgsky ndi Prince Igor wa Borodin. Zikuoneka kuti ntchito kwambiri pa zisudzo zinachititsa kuti ntchito Rimsky-Korsakov anayamba zaka izi mu gawo symphonic.

Wopeka anabwerera ku opera yekha mu 1889, atalenga enchanting Mlada (1889-90). Kuyambira m'ma 90s. chimodzi pambuyo pa chimzake chikutsatiridwa ndi The Night Before Christmas (1895), Sadko (1896), mawu oyamba kwa The Maid of Pskov - chimodzi-chochita Boyar Vera Sheloga ndi The Tsar's Bride (onse 1898). Mu 1900s The Tale of Tsar Saltan (1900), Servilia (1901), Pan Governor (1903), The Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh (1904) ndi The Golden Cockerel (1907) adapangidwa.

Pa moyo wake wonse wolenga, woimbayo adatembenukiranso ku mawu oimba. Mu 79 zachikondi zake, ndakatulo za A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, AK Tolstoy, L. May, A. Fet, ndi olemba akunja a J. Byron ndi G. Heine amaperekedwa.

Zomwe zili mu ntchito ya Rimsky-Korsakov ndizosiyana: zinawululanso mutu wa mbiri yakale ("The Woman of Pskov", "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh"), gawo la nyimbo ("Mkwatibwi wa Tsar", " Servilia) ndi sewero latsiku ndi tsiku ("Pan Voyevoda"), adawonetsa zithunzi za Kum'mawa ("Antar", "Scheherazade"), zomwe zili ndi zikhalidwe zina zanyimbo ("Zongopeka za ku Serbia", "Spanish Capriccio", ndi zina zotero.) . Koma khalidwe la Rimsky-Korsakov ndi zongopeka, zozizwitsa, kugwirizana kosiyanasiyana ndi luso la anthu.

Wolembayo adapanga chithunzi chonse chapadera mu chithumwa chake, choyera, chokoma, zithunzi zachikazi - zenizeni komanso zosangalatsa (Pannochka mu "May Night", Snegurochka, Martha mu "The Tsar's Bride", Fevronia mu "The Tale of the Invisible City". wa Kitezh") , zithunzi za anthu oimba (Lel mu "The Snow Maiden", Nezhata mu "Sadko").

Idakhazikitsidwa m'ma 1860s. woipeka anakhalabe wokhulupirika ku malingaliro opita patsogolo a chikhalidwe cha anthu moyo wake wonse. Madzulo a kuukira koyamba kwa Russia mu 1905 komanso munthawi yomwe adatsatira, Rimsky-Korsakov adalemba zisudzo za Kashchei the Immortal (1902) ndi The Golden Cockerel, zomwe zidawonedwa ngati kudzudzula kusakhazikika kwandale komwe kunkalamulira. Russia.

Njira yolenga ya wolembayo inatha zaka zoposa 40. Kulowa monga wolowa m'malo mwa miyambo ya Glinka, iye ndi XX atumwi. ikuyimira mokwanira luso la Russia mu chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zapadziko lonse. Rimsky-Korsakov ntchito kulenga ndi nyimbo pagulu: wopeka ndi kondakitala, wolemba ntchito chiphunzitso ndi ndemanga, mkonzi wa ntchito Dargomyzhsky, Mussorgsky ndi Borodin, iye anali ndi chikoka champhamvu pa chitukuko cha nyimbo Russian.

Kwa zaka zoposa 37 akuphunzitsa pa Conservatory, anaphunzitsa olemba oposa 200: A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov, A. Arensky, M. Ippolitov-Ivanov, I. Stravinsky, N. Cherepnin, A. Grechaninov, N. Myaskovsky, S. Prokofiev ndi ena. Kukula kwa mitu yakum'mawa kwa Rimsky-Korsakov ("Antar", "Scheherazade", "Golden Cockerel") kunali kofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa zikhalidwe zamtundu wa Transcaucasia ndi Central Asia, komanso madera osiyanasiyana am'nyanja ("Sadko", "Sheherazade". "," The Tale of Tsar Saltan ", kuzungulira kwa zachikondi "By the Sea", etc.) adatsimikiza zambiri pazithunzithunzi za phokoso la French C. Debussy ndi Italy O. Respighi.

E. Gordeeva

Ntchito ya Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov ndi chinthu chapadera m'mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku Russia. Mfundoyi sikuti imangotengera luso lalikulu, kuchuluka kwakukulu, kusinthasintha kosowa kwa ntchito yake, komanso kuti ntchito ya wolembayo imakhudza nthawi yamphamvu kwambiri m'mbiri ya Russia - kuyambira pakusintha kwa anthu wamba mpaka pakati pa zosintha. Imodzi mwa ntchito zoyamba za woimba wamng'onoyo inali chida cha Dargomyzhsky atangomaliza kumene The Stone Guest, ntchito yaikulu yomaliza ya mbuyeyo, The Golden Cockerel, kuyambira 1906-1907: opera inalembedwa nthawi imodzi ndi ndakatulo ya Scriabin ya Ecstasy. Symphony Yachiwiri ya Rachmaninov; zaka zinayi okha kulekanitsa kuyamba kwa "Golden Cockerel" (1909) ndi kuyamba kwa Stravinsky "The Rite of Spring", awiri kuchokera kuwonekera koyamba kugulu Prokofiev monga wopeka.

Chifukwa chake, ntchito ya Rimsky-Korsakov, motsata nthawi, imapanga, titero, maziko a nyimbo zachikale zaku Russia, zolumikiza ulalo pakati pa nthawi ya Glinka-Dargomyzhsky ndi zaka za zana la XNUMX. Kuphatikizira zomwe sukulu ya St. Petersburg yapindula kuchokera ku Glinka kupita ku Lyadov ndi Glazunov, kutenga zambiri kuchokera ku zomwe a Muscovites - Tchaikovsky, Taneyev, olemba nyimbo omwe adayimba chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi XNUMX, nthawi zonse zinali zotseguka kuzinthu zatsopano zaluso, kunyumba ndi kunja.

Makhalidwe athunthu, opangidwa ndi dongosolo ndi chibadidwe mbali iliyonse ya ntchito Rimsky-Korsakov - kupeka, mphunzitsi, theorist, kondakitala, mkonzi. Ntchito yake ya moyo wonse ndi dziko lovuta, lomwe ndikufuna kulitcha "Rimsky-Korsakov cosmos". Cholinga cha ntchitoyi ndikusonkhanitsa, kuyang'ana mbali zazikulu za nyimbo za dziko komanso, mozama, kuzindikira zaluso, ndipo potsirizira pake kukonzanso fano lofunika kwambiri la dziko la Russia (zowonadi, muzojambula zake, "Korsakovian"). Msonkhanowu umagwirizana kwambiri ndi kusinthika kwaumwini, wolemba, monga momwe amaphunzitsira, kuphunzitsa - osati ophunzira okha, koma malo onse oimba - ndi maphunziro aumwini, kudziphunzitsa okha.

AN Rimsky-Korsakov, mwana wa wolemba nyimboyo, ponena za ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimasinthidwa mosalekeza zomwe zathetsedwa ndi Rimsky-Korsakov, anafotokoza bwino moyo wa wojambulayo ngati "kuluka ngati ulusi wonyezimira." Iye, polingalira zimene zinapangitsa woimba walusoyo kuthera mbali yaikulu mopambanitsa ya nthaŵi yake ndi nyonga “kumbali” ya mitundu ya ntchito yophunzitsa, analoza ku “kuzindikira bwino thayo lake pa nyimbo ndi oimba a ku Russia.” “Service"- mawu ofunika mu moyo wa Rimsky-Korsakov, monga "kuvomereza" - mu moyo wa Mussorgsky.

Amakhulupirira kuti nyimbo zaku Russia za theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 1860 zimakonda kutengera luso lazojambula zina zamasiku ano, makamaka zolemba: chifukwa chake amakonda mitundu ya "mawu" (kuchokera pachikondi, nyimbo mpaka opera, korona wa zokhumba za opanga onse a m'badwo wa XNUMX), komanso zothandiza - kukulitsa kwakukulu kwa mfundo zamapulogalamu. Komabe, tsopano zikuwonekeratu kuti chithunzi cha dziko lapansi chopangidwa ndi nyimbo zachikale za ku Russia sichifanana ndi zomwe zili m'mabuku, zojambula kapena zomangamanga. Mawonekedwe akukula kwa sukulu ya oimba aku Russia amalumikizidwa ndi nyimbo zenizeni ngati zaluso komanso ndi udindo wapadera wanyimbo pachikhalidwe cha m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, ndi ntchito zake zapadera pakumvetsetsa moyo.

Mbiri ndi chikhalidwe ku Russia zinakonzeratu kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu omwe, malinga ndi Glinka, "amalenga nyimbo" ndi omwe ankafuna "kukonza". Kuphulikako kunali kwakukulu, kosasinthika kosasinthika, ndipo zotsatira zake zikumveka mpaka lero. Koma, Komano, Mipikisano wosanjikiza cumulative makutu zinachitikira anthu Russian munali kuthekera kosatha kwa kayendedwe ndi kukula luso. Mwinamwake, mu nyimbo, "kutulukira kwa Russia" kunasonyezedwa ndi mphamvu yaikulu kwambiri, popeza maziko a chinenero chake - tonation - ndi chiwonetsero cha organic cha munthu ndi fuko, chidziwitso chokhazikika cha zochitika zauzimu za anthu. "Mapangidwe angapo" a chikhalidwe cha dziko la Russia m'zaka zapakati pazaka zapitazi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kuti pakhale luso la sukulu ya nyimbo za ku Russia. Kusonkhana mu umodzi wa zochitika multidirectional - kunena, kuchokera achikunja, Proto-Slavic mizu kwa maganizo atsopano a Western European nyimbo zachikondi, njira zapamwamba kwambiri za luso nyimbo - ndi khalidwe mbali ya nyimbo Russian wa theka lachiwiri la Zaka za zana la XNUMX. Panthawi imeneyi, pamapeto pake imasiya mphamvu ya ntchito zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndikukhala dziko lonse muzomveka.

Nthawi zambiri kulankhula za sixties Mussorgsky, Balakirev, Borodin, zikuoneka kuiwala kuti Rimsky-Korsakov ndi nthawi yomweyo. Pakali pano, n'zovuta kupeza wojambula wokhulupirika kwambiri ku zolinga zapamwamba komanso zoyera za nthawi yake.

Omwe adadziwa Rimsky-Korsakov pambuyo pake - mu 80s, 90s, 1900s - sanatope kudabwa momwe adadzichitira nkhanza komanso ntchito yake. Choncho ziweruzo pafupipafupi za "kuuma" chikhalidwe chake, "maphunziro", "rationalism", etc. Ndipotu, ichi ndi chizindikiro cha zaka sikisite, pamodzi ndi kupewa njira kwambiri poyerekezera ndi umunthu wake, khalidwe la. wojambula waku Russia. Mmodzi mwa ophunzira a Rimsky-Korsakov, MF Gnesin, adalongosola lingaliro lakuti wojambulayo, polimbana ndi iyemwini ndi iwo omwe ali pafupi naye, ndi zokonda za nthawi yake, nthawi zina ankawoneka kuti akuwuma, kukhala m'mawu ake ena ngakhale ochepa. kuposa iye mwini. Izi ziyenera kukumbukiridwa pomasulira mawu a wolembayo. Mwachiwonekere, mawu a wophunzira wina wa Rimsky-Korsakov, AV Ossovsky, ayenera kusamala kwambiri: kuopsa, kudziletsa, kudziletsa, zomwe nthawi zonse zinkatsagana ndi njira ya wojambulayo, zinali choncho kuti munthu wa talente yocheperako akanakhoza. osayimilira "zopuma", zoyeserera zomwe adadziyika nthawi zonse: mlembi wa The Maid of Pskov, ngati mwana wasukulu, amakhala pansi pamavuto mogwirizana, wolemba The Snow Maiden samaphonya ntchito imodzi yamasewera a Wagner. , wolemba Sadko akulemba Mozart ndi Salieri, pulofesa wa academician amalenga Kashchei, etc. Ndipo izi, nazonso, zinachokera ku Rimsky-Korsakov osati kuchokera ku chilengedwe, komanso kuyambira nthawiyo.

Zochita zake zamagulu nthawi zonse zinali zapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo ntchito yake idasiyanitsidwa ndi kusakhudzidwa kwathunthu ndi kudzipereka kosagawanika ku lingaliro la ntchito yapagulu. Koma, mosiyana ndi Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov si "wotchuka" mwachindunji, mbiri yakale ya mawuwa. Pavuto la anthu, iye nthawi zonse, kuyambira ndi The Maid of Pskov ndi ndakatulo ya Sadko, sanawone zambiri za mbiri yakale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu monga zosawoneka ndi zosatha. Poyerekeza ndi zolemba za Tchaikovsky kapena Mussorgsky m'makalata a Rimsky-Korsakov, m'buku lake la Chronicle muli mawu ochepa chabe a chikondi kwa anthu ndi Russia, koma monga wojambula anali ndi ulemu waukulu wa dziko, komanso mu messianism. Zojambula zaku Russia, makamaka nyimbo, analibe chidaliro chocheperako kuposa Mussorgsky.

Onse a Kuchkists adadziwika ndi mawonekedwe a zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi monga kufufuza kosatha kwa zochitika za moyo, nkhawa yosatha ya malingaliro. Mu Rimsky-Korsakov, anaika maganizo kwambiri pa chilengedwe, ankaona ngati mgwirizano wa zinthu ndi munthu, ndi luso monga munthu wapamwamba kwambiri wa mgwirizano wotere. Monga Mussorgsky ndi Borodin, adayesetsa kuti adziwe "zabwino", "zabwino" za dziko lapansi. M'chikhumbo chake chofuna kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane mbali zonse za sayansi ya nyimbo, adachoka pamalopo - momwe (monga Mussorgsky) adakhulupirira molimba kwambiri, nthawi zina mpaka kufika pa chidziwitso - kuti muzojambula pali malamulo (zovomerezeka) zomwe zili ndi cholinga. , chilengedwe chonse monga mu sayansi. osati zokonda zokonda.

Chotsatira chake, ntchito yokongoletsera ndi yongopeka ya Rimsky-Korsakov inalandira pafupifupi madera onse a chidziwitso cha nyimbo ndikukhala dongosolo lonse. Zigawo zake ndi: chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano, chiphunzitso cha zida (zonse mu mawonekedwe a ntchito zazikulu chiphunzitso), aesthetics ndi mawonekedwe (zolemba 1890s, nkhani yovuta), nthano (zosonkhanitsira makonzedwe a nyimbo wowerengeka ndi zitsanzo za kulenga kumvetsa kulenga. Zolinga zamtundu wa nyimbo), kuphunzitsa za mode (ntchito yayikulu yongopeka pamitundu yakale idawonongedwa ndi wolemba, koma mawonekedwe ake achidule adapulumuka, komanso zitsanzo za kutanthauzira kwamitundu yakale pamakonzedwe a nyimbo zamatchalitchi), polyphony (zofotokozera m'makalata, kukambirana ndi Yastrebtsev, ndi zina zotero, komanso zitsanzo za kulenga), maphunziro a nyimbo ndi bungwe la moyo wanyimbo (nkhani, koma makamaka maphunziro ndi maphunziro). M'madera onsewa, Rimsky-Korsakov anafotokoza maganizo olimba mtima, zachilendo zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabisika ndi mawonekedwe okhwima, achidule a ulaliki.

"Mlengi wa Pskovityanka ndi Golden Cockerel sanali kubwereranso. Anali woyambitsa, koma yemwe adayesetsa kuti akwaniritse bwino kwambiri komanso kufanana kwa nyimbo "(Zuckerman VA). Malingana ndi Rimsky-Korsakov, chirichonse chatsopano ndi chotheka m'munda uliwonse pansi pa kugwirizana kwa majini ndi zakale, malingaliro, chikhalidwe cha semantic, ndi bungwe la zomangamanga. Izi ndi chiphunzitso chake cha magwiridwe antchito a mgwirizano, momwe ntchito zomveka zitha kuimiridwa ndi ma consonances amitundu yosiyanasiyana; chimenecho ndicho chiphunzitso chake cha kuyimba zida zoimbira, chimene chimayamba ndi mawu akuti: “M’gulu la oimba mulibe anthu oyimba oimba.” Dongosolo la maphunziro oimba omwe iye akufunsa ndi lopita patsogolo modabwitsa, momwe njira yophunzirira imalumikizidwa makamaka ndi chikhalidwe cha mphatso ya wophunzira komanso kupezeka kwa njira zina zopangira nyimbo.

Epigraph m'buku lake za mphunzitsi MF Gnesin anaika mawu a Rimsky-Korsakov kalata kwa amayi ake: "Yang'anani nyenyezi, koma musayang'ane ndipo musagwe." Mawu owoneka ngati osasinthika a cadet wamng'ono wa Naval Corps akuwonetseratu udindo wa Rimsky-Korsakov ngati wojambula m'tsogolomu. Mwina fanizo la uthenga wabwino la amithenga awiri likugwirizana ndi umunthu wake, mmodzi wa iwo amene nthawi yomweyo anati “ndipita” - ndipo sanapite, ndipo wina poyamba anati “sindipita” - napita (Mat., XXI, 28-31). XNUMX).

Ndipotu, pa ntchito ya Rimsky-Korsakov, pali zotsutsana zambiri pakati pa "mawu" ndi "zochita". Mwachitsanzo, palibe amene adadzudzula Kuchkism ndi zofooka zake (ndikokwanira kukumbukira mawu omveka a kalata yopita kwa Krutikov: "O, gulu la Russia.оry - kutsindika kwa Stasov - ali ndi ngongole ya kusaphunzira kwawo! ", Mndandanda wonse wa mawu okhumudwitsa mu Mbiri za Mussorgsky, za Balakirev, ndi zina zotero) - ndipo palibe amene anali wokhazikika polimbikitsa, kuteteza mfundo zazikulu zodzikongoletsera za Kuchkism ndi zonse zomwe adachita kulenga: mu 1907, miyezi ingapo isanafike. pa imfa yake, Rimsky-Korsakov adadzitcha "Kuchkist wotsimikiza kwambiri." Ndi anthu ochepa okha amene ankatsutsa kwambiri "nthawi zatsopano" mwachizoloŵezi komanso zochitika zatsopano za chikhalidwe cha nyimbo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90 - ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo adayankha mozama ndi mokwanira zofuna zauzimu za Nyengo Yatsopano ("Kashchey", "Kitezh", "Golden Cockerel" ndi ena muzolemba za wopeka). Rimsky-Korsakov m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX - kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX nthawi zina ankalankhula mwaukali kwambiri za Tchaikovsky ndi malangizo ake - ndipo nthawi zonse ankaphunzira kuchokera ku antipode yake: ntchito ya Rimsky-Korsakov, ntchito yake yophunzitsa, mosakayikira, inali mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa St. Petersburg ndi Moscow. sukulu. Kutsutsa kwa Korsakov kwa Wagner ndi kusintha kwake kwa machitidwe kumawononga kwambiri, ndipo panthawiyi, pakati pa oimba a ku Russia, adavomereza kwambiri maganizo a Wagner ndipo adawayankha mwachidwi. Potsirizira pake, palibe aliyense wa oimba a ku Russia amene mosasintha anagogomezera chikhulupiriro chawo chachipembedzo m’mawu, ndipo oŵerengeka anatha kupanga zithunzithunzi zozama za chikhulupiriro cha anthu m’ntchito yawo.

Olamulira a Rimsky-Korsakov a luso la dziko anali "kumverera kwapadziko lonse" (mawu ake) ndi nthano zomveka bwino za kuganiza. M’mutu wa Chronicle woperekedwa kwa The Snow Maiden, iye anakonza njira yake yolenga motere: “Ndinamvetsera mawu a chilengedwe ndi luso la anthu ndi chilengedwe ndipo ndinatenga zimene ankaimba ndi kunena monga maziko a ntchito yanga.” Chisamaliro cha wojambulacho chinayang'ana kwambiri pa zochitika zazikulu zakuthambo - mlengalenga, nyanja, dzuwa, nyenyezi, ndi zochitika zazikulu m'miyoyo ya anthu - kubadwa, chikondi, imfa. Izi zikufanana ndi mawu onse okongoletsedwa a Rimsky-Korsakov, makamaka mawu omwe amakonda - "kulingalira“. Zolemba zake pa aesthetics zimatsegulidwa ndi kunena za zojambulajambula monga "gawo la ntchito yolingalira", pomwe chinthu cholingalira ndi "moyo wa mzimu wa munthu ndi chikhalidwe, zosonyezedwa mu ubale wawo“. Pamodzi ndi umodzi wa mzimu wa munthu ndi chilengedwe, wojambula amatsimikizira kugwirizana kwa zomwe zili muzojambula zamitundu yonse (m'lingaliro ili, ntchito yake ndi syncretic, ngakhale pazifukwa zosiyana, mwachitsanzo, ntchito ya Mussorgsky; omwe adanenanso kuti zaluso zimasiyana pazinthu zokha, koma osati muzochita ndi zolinga). Mawu omwe Rimsky-Korsakov akhoza kuikidwa ngati chigamulo cha ntchito yonse ya Rimsky-Korsakov: "Chiwonetsero cha zokongola ndi chiwonetsero cha zovuta zopanda malire." Panthawi imodzimodziyo, iye sanali mlendo ku nthawi yomwe ankakonda kwambiri ya Kuchkism yoyambirira - "chowonadi chojambula", adatsutsa kokha ndi chidziwitso chochepa, chokhazikika cha izo.

Mbali za aesthetics Rimsky-Korsakov zinayambitsa kusiyana pakati pa ntchito yake ndi zokonda pagulu. Pokhudzana ndi iye, ndizovomerezeka kunena za kusamvetsetsana, monga momwe zilili ndi Mussorgsky. Mussorgsky, woposa Rimsky-Korsakov, ankafanana ndi nthawi yake ponena za mtundu wa talente, motsatira zofuna (nthawi zambiri, mbiri ya anthu ndi psychology ya munthu), koma kusintha kwakukulu kwa zisankho zake kunapezeka. kukhala wopyola mphamvu ya amnthawi yake. Kusamvetsetsana kwa Rimsky-Korsakov sikunali koopsa, koma kunali kozama.

Moyo wake unkawoneka wosangalala kwambiri: banja lodabwitsa, maphunziro apamwamba, ulendo wosangalatsa padziko lonse lapansi, kupambana kwabwino kwa nyimbo zake zoyamba, moyo wabwino kwambiri waumwini, mwayi wodzipereka kwathunthu ku nyimbo, kenako ulemu ndi chisangalalo cha chilengedwe chonse. kuwona kukula kwa ophunzira aluso mozungulira iye. Komabe, kuyambira opera yachiwiri mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90, Rimsky-Korsakov nthawi zonse ankakumana ndi kusamvetsetsana kwa "ake" ndi "iwo". The Kuchkists ankamuona kuti sanali woyimba opera, osati luso dramaturgy ndi mawu kulemba. Kwa nthawi yayitali panali malingaliro okhudza kusowa kwa nyimbo zoyambira mwa iye. Rimsky-Korsakov anazindikira luso lake, makamaka m'munda wa oimba, koma palibenso. Kusamvetsetsana kwanthawi yayitali kunali chifukwa chachikulu chavuto lalikulu lomwe wolemba nyimboyo adakumana nalo pambuyo pa imfa ya Borodin komanso kugwa komaliza kwa Wamphamvuyonse ngati njira yolenga. Ndipo kokha kuchokera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90 luso la Rimsky-Korsakov linakhala logwirizana ndi nthawiyo ndipo linakumana ndi kuzindikira ndi kumvetsetsa pakati pa akatswiri anzeru aku Russia.

Njira iyi yodziwa malingaliro a wojambula mwachidziwitso cha anthu inasokonezedwa ndi zochitika zotsatila m'mbiri ya Russia. Kwa zaka zambiri, luso la Rimsky-Korsakov linamasuliridwa (ndi kuphatikizidwa, ngati tikukamba za zochitika za masewero ake) m'njira yosavuta kwambiri. Chinthu chamtengo wapatali kwambiri mmenemo - filosofi ya umodzi wa munthu ndi chilengedwe, lingaliro la kupembedza kukongola ndi chinsinsi cha dziko lapansi linakhalabe m'manda pansi pa magulu otanthauziridwa monyenga a "fuko" ndi "zenizeni". Tsogolo la cholowa cha Rimsky-Korsakov m'lingaliro ili, ndithudi, si lapadera: mwachitsanzo, masewera a Mussorgsky adasokonezeka kwambiri. Komabe, ngati posachedwapa pakhala mikangano kuzungulira chiwerengero ndi ntchito ya Mussorgsky, cholowa cha Rimsky-Korsakov sichinayiwalenso bwino m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Zinazindikirika chifukwa cha zabwino zonse za dongosolo la maphunziro, koma zinkawoneka ngati zikuchoka m'malingaliro a anthu. Nyimbo za Rimsky-Korsakov zimaseweredwa kawirikawiri; muzochitika zimenezo pamene zisudzo zake zinkafika pa siteji, zambiri za sewero - zokongoletsa mwangwiro, masamba kapena otchuka-zowoneka bwino - zimachitira umboni kusamvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa malingaliro a wolembayo.

Ndizofunikira kuti ngati pali mabuku ambiri amakono a Mussorgsky m'zinenero zonse zazikulu za ku Ulaya, ndiye kuti ntchito za Rimsky-Korsakov ndizochepa kwambiri. Kuwonjezera pa mabuku akale a I. Markevich, R. Hoffmann, N. Giles van der Pals, mbiri yakale yodziwika bwino, komanso nkhani zingapo zosangalatsa za akatswiri oimba nyimbo a ku America ndi Chingerezi pa nkhani zapadera za ntchito ya wolembayo, munthu akhoza kutchula nambala yokha. za ntchito za katswiri wamkulu waku Western Rimsky-Korsakov, Gerald Abraham. Zotsatira zamaphunziro ake azaka zambiri zinali, mwachiwonekere, nkhani yokhudza wolemba buku latsopano la Grove's Encyclopedic Dictionary (1980). Zopereka zake zazikulu ndi izi: monga woimba nyimbo za opera, Rimsky-Korsakov anavutika ndi kusowa kodabwitsa, kulephera kupanga zilembo; m’malo mwa seŵero lanyimbo, iye analemba nthano zosangalatsa zanyimbo ndi siteji; m'malo mwa zilembo, zidole zokongola zokongola zimachita mwa iwo; ntchito zake za symphonic sizinali kanthu koma "zojambula zamitundu yowala kwambiri", pomwe samadziwa nkomwe kulemba mawu.

M'mabuku ake a Glinka, OE Levasheva amawonanso chodabwitsa chofanana cha kusamvetsetsana kokhudzana ndi nyimbo za Glinka, zogwirizana kwambiri, zosonkhanitsidwa komanso zodzaza ndi zoletsa zabwino, kutali kwambiri ndi malingaliro akale za "Russian exoticism" ndikuwoneka ngati "osakwanira dziko" kwa otsutsa akunja. . Malingaliro apakhomo okhudza nyimbo, kupatulapo pang'ono, sikuti amangolimbana ndi malingaliro otere okhudza Rimsky-Korsakov - omwe amapezekanso ku Russia - koma nthawi zambiri amakulitsa, kugogomezera chiphunzitso chongoyerekeza cha Rimsky-Korsakov ndikukulitsa zabodza. kutsutsana ndi luso la Mussorgsky.

Mwina nthawi ya kuzindikira dziko luso la Rimsky-Korsakov akadali patsogolo, ndipo nthawi idzafika pamene ntchito za wojambula, amene analenga yofunika, mabuku chithunzi cha dziko anakonza malinga ndi malamulo a rationality, mgwirizano ndi kukongola. , adzapeza yawo yawo, Russian Bayreuth, imene anthu a m’nthaŵi ya Rimsky-Korsakov ankalota madzulo a 1917.

M. Rakhmanova

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