Olivier Messiaen (Olivier Messiaen) |

Olivier Messiaen

… sakramenti, Miyezi ya kuwala usiku Chinyeziro cha chisangalalo Mbalame Zachete... O. Mesiya

Wolemba nyimbo wa ku France O. Messiaen moyenerera ali ndi malo amodzi olemekezeka m'mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo cha zaka za zana la 11. Anabadwira m’banja lanzeru. Bambo ake ndi katswiri wa zilankhulo za ku Flemish, ndipo amayi ake ndi wolemba ndakatulo wotchuka waku South French Cecile Sauvage. Ali ndi zaka za 1930, Messiaen adachoka mumzinda wa kwawo ndikupita kukaphunzira ku Paris Conservatory - kuimba limba (M. Dupre), kupeka (P. Dukas), mbiri ya nyimbo (M. Emmanuel). Atamaliza maphunziro a Conservatory (1936), Messiaen anatenga malo a organ wa Parisian Church of the Holy Trinity. Mu 39-1942. adaphunzitsa ku Ecole Normale de Musique, ndiye ku Schola cantorum, kuyambira 1966 wakhala akuphunzitsa ku Paris Conservatory (kugwirizana, kusanthula nyimbo, kusangalatsa kwa nyimbo, psychology yanyimbo, kuyambira 1936 pulofesa wa zolemba). Mu 1940, Messiaen, pamodzi ndi I. Baudrier, A. Jolivet ndi D. Lesure, adapanga gulu la Young France, lomwe linayesetsa kupititsa patsogolo miyambo ya dziko, chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwachindunji ndi kukhudzika kwa nyimbo. "Young France" inakana njira za neoclassicism, dodecaphony, ndi folklorism. Ndi kuwuka kwa nkhondo, Messiaen anapita monga msilikali kutsogolo, mu 41-1941. anali mumsasa wa POW waku Germany ku Silesia; kumeneko "Quartet for the End of Time" inapangidwira violin, cello, clarinet ndi piano (XNUMX) ndipo ntchito yake yoyamba inachitika kumeneko.

Mu nthawi ya nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo, Messiaen amakwaniritsa kuzindikirika padziko lonse lapansi monga wolemba nyimbo, amachita ngati oimba komanso woyimba piyano (nthawi zambiri pamodzi ndi woyimba piyano Yvonne Loriot, wophunzira wake ndi bwenzi lake la moyo), amalemba ntchito zingapo pa chiphunzitso cha nyimbo. Ena mwa ophunzira a Messiaen ndi P. Boulez, K. Stockhausen, J. Xenakis.

Kukongola kwa Messiaen kumapanga mfundo yaikulu ya gulu la "Young France", lomwe linafuna kuti abwerere ku nyimbo mwamsanga kufotokoza zakukhosi. Pakati pa magwero a stylistic a ntchito yake, wolemba mwiniwakeyo amatchula mayina, kuwonjezera pa ambuye a ku France (C. Debussy), nyimbo ya Gregorian, nyimbo za Chirasha, nyimbo za kummawa (makamaka India), mbalame. Nyimbo za Mesiya zadzaza ndi kuwala, kunyezimira kodabwitsa, zonyezimira ndi kunyezimira kwamitundu yowoneka bwino ya mawu, kusiyanitsa kwa nyimbo zosavuta koma zotsogola komanso kutchuka kwa "zachilengedwe", kuphulika kwamphamvu, mawu abata a mbalame, ngakhale magulu oimba a mbalame. ndi kukhala chete kosangalatsa kwa mzimu. M'dziko la Mesiya mulibe malo a prosaism tsiku ndi tsiku, mikangano ndi mikangano ya masewero a anthu; ngakhale zithunzi zowopsya, zowopsya za nkhondo zazikulu kwambiri zomwe sizinayambe zajambulidwa mu nyimbo za End Time Quartet. Pokana mbali yotsika, ya tsiku ndi tsiku, Messiaen akufuna kutsimikizira zikhalidwe za kukongola ndi mgwirizano, chikhalidwe chauzimu chapamwamba chomwe chimatsutsana nacho, osati "kuwabwezeretsa" mwa mtundu wina wa kalembedwe, koma mowolowa manja pogwiritsa ntchito mawu amakono ndi oyenera. njira za chinenero cha nyimbo. Messiaen amaganiza mu zithunzi "zamuyaya" za chiphunzitso cha Katolika ndi cosmologism yamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Potsutsana ndi cholinga chachinsinsi cha nyimbo ngati "chikhulupiriro", Messiaen akupereka nyimbo zake mayina achipembedzo: "Masomphenya a Amen" a piano awiri (1943), "Three Little Liturgy to the Divine Presence" (1944), "Mawonedwe makumi awiri. wa Mwana Yesu” wa piano (1944), “Misa pa Pentekoste” (1950), oratorio “The Transfiguration of Our Lord Jesus Christ” (1969), “Tea for the Resurrection of the Dead” (1964, pa chaka cha 20 kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II). Ngakhale mbalame ndi kuyimba kwawo - liwu la chilengedwe - amatanthauziridwa ndi Mesiya mwachinsinsi, iwo ali "antchito a zinthu zosaoneka"; ndilo tanthauzo la nyimbo za mbalame m’nyimbo za “Kudzutsidwa kwa Mbalame” za piyano ndi okhestra (1953); "Mbalame Zachilendo" za piyano, zoimbaimba ndi zoimbaimba (1956); "Catalogue of Birds" ya piano (1956-58), "Blackbird" ya chitoliro ndi piyano (1951). Kalembedwe ka "mbalame" kamvekedwe kake kamapezekanso m'magulu ena.

Mesiya nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zizindikiro za manambala. Kotero, "utatu" umalowa mu "Mapemphero Atatu ang'onoang'ono" - magawo atatu a kuzungulira, magawo atatu, atatu a timbre-instrumental katatu katatu, kwaya ya Unison ya amayi nthawi zina imagawidwa m'magulu atatu.

Komabe, mawonekedwe a nyimbo za Messiaen, kumveka kwachifalansa kwa nyimbo zake, nthawi zambiri mawu akuti "zakuthwa, otentha", mawerengedwe aukadaulo a wopeka wamakono yemwe amakhazikitsa nyimbo zodziyimira pawokha za ntchito yake - zonsezi zimalowa m'kutsutsana kwina. ndi chizolowezi cha mitu ya nyimbo. Ndiponso, nkhani zachipembedzo zimapezeka kokha m’zolembedwa zina za Mesiya (iye mwiniyo akupeza mwa iye yekha kusinthana kwa nyimbo “zoyera, zachipembedzo ndi zaumulungu”). Zina za dziko lake lophiphiritsa zimajambulidwa m'nyimbo monga symphony "Turangalila" ya piyano ndi mafunde a Martenot ndi orchestra ("Song of Love, Hymn to the Joy of Time, Movement, Rhythm, Life and Death", 1946-48 ); "Chronochromia" kwa oimba (1960); "Kuchokera ku Gorge mpaka Nyenyezi" kwa piyano, lipenga ndi orchestra (1974); "Seven Haiku" ya piyano ndi orchestra (1962); Maphunziro Anayi a Rhythmic (1949) ndi Eight Preludes (1929) a piyano; Mutu ndi Kusiyana kwa Violin ndi Piano (1932); mawu oti "Yaravi" (1945, mu chikhalidwe cha ku Peru, yaravi ndi nyimbo yachikondi yomwe imatha kokha ndi imfa ya okonda); "Phwando la Madzi Okongola" (1937) ndi "Two monodies in quartertones" (1938) kwa mafunde a Martenot; "Makwaya awiri okhudza Joan waku Arc" (1941); Kanteyojaya, rhythmic study for piyano (1948); “Timbres-duration” (nyimbo za konkire, 1952), opera “Francis Woyera wa ku Assisi” (1984).

Monga katswiri wanyimbo, Messiaen adadalira kwambiri ntchito yake, komanso ntchito ya olemba ena (kuphatikizapo anthu a ku Russia, makamaka, I. Stravinsky), pa nyimbo ya Gregorian, nthano za Chirasha, komanso maganizo a Indian theorist of theory. Zaka za m'ma 1944. Sharngadevs M'buku lakuti "The Technique of My Musical Language" (XNUMX), adalongosola chiphunzitso cha ma modal modes osinthika pang'ono komanso makina apamwamba kwambiri, ofunikira pa nyimbo zamakono. Nyimbo za Messiaen zimagwirizanitsa nthawi zonse (mpaka ku Middle Ages) komanso kaphatikizidwe ka zikhalidwe za Kumadzulo ndi Kummawa.

Y. Kholopov

Zolemba:

za kwaya -Mapemphero ang'onoang'ono atatu a kukhalapo kwaumulungu (Trois petites liturgy de la presence divine, kwaya yamagulu achikazi, piyano ya solo, mafunde a Martenot, zingwe, orc., ndi percussion, 1944), Reshans asanu (Cinq rechants, 1949), Utatu Misa ya Tsiku (La Messe de la Pentecote, 1950), oratorio The Transfiguration of Our Lord (La transfiguration du Notre Seigneur, for choir, orchestra and solo instruments, 1969); za orchestra - Zopereka zoiwalika (Les offrandes oubliees, 1930), Anthem (1932), Ascension (L'Ascension, 4 symphonic plays, 1934), Chronochromia (1960); za zida ndi okhestra - Turangalila Symphony (fp., waves of Martenot, 1948), Awakening of the Birds (La reveil des oiseaux, fp., 1953), Exotic Birds (Les oiseaux exotiques, fp., percussion and chamber orchestra, 1956), Seven Haiku ( Sept Hap-kap, fp., 1963); kwa nyimbo zamkuwa ndi zovina - Ndili ndi tiyi wa kuuka kwa akufa (Et expecto riseem mortuorum, 1965, yolamulidwa ndi boma la France pa tsiku la 20 la kutha kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse); ma ensembles a chipinda - Mutu wokhala ndi zosiyana (za skr. ndi fp., 1932), Quartet kumapeto kwa nthawi (Quatuor pour la fin du temps, for skr., clarinet, vlch., fp., 1941), Blackbird (Le merle noir, kwa chitoliro i fp., 1950); za piyano - kuzungulira kwa mawonedwe makumi awiri a mwana Yesu (Vingt amalemekeza sur l'enfant Jesus, 19444), maphunziro a rhythmic (Quatre etudes de rythme, 1949-50), Catalogue of birds (Catalogue d'oiseaux, 7 notebooks, 1956-59) ); kwa piano 2 - Masomphenya a Amen (Visions de l'Amen, 1943); kwa organ - Mgonero Wakumwamba (Le banquet celeste, 1928), organ suites, incl. Tsiku la Khrisimasi (La nativite du Seigneur, 1935), Organ Album (Livre d'Orgue, 1951); kwa mawu ndi piyano - Nyimbo zapadziko lapansi ndi zakumwamba (Chants de terre et de ciel, 1938), Haravi (1945), etc.

Mabuku ndi zolemba: Maphunziro 20 mu Solfeges amakono, P., 1933; Maphunziro makumi awiri mu Harmony, P., 1939; Njira yachilankhulo changa choyimba, c. 1-2, P., 1944; Treatise on Rhythm, v. 1-2, P., 1948.

Ntchito zamalemba: Msonkhano wa ku Brussels, P., 1960.