Mtundu wokhwima komanso waulere mu polyphony

Polyphony ndi mtundu wa polyphony yozikidwa pa kuphatikizika ndi kukula munthawi imodzi ya nyimbo ziwiri kapena kupitilira apo. Mu polyphony, pakukula kwake, mitundu iwiri idapangidwa ndikupangidwa: yolimba komanso yaulere.

Mtundu wokhwima kapena kulemba mosamalitsa mu polyphony

Mawonekedwe okhwima adakwaniritsidwa bwino mu nyimbo zamawu ndi kwaya zazaka za 15th-16th (ngakhale polyphony yokha, inde, idayamba kale kwambiri). Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti kamangidwe kake ka nyimboyo kanadalira kwambiri luso la mawu a munthu.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa nyimboyo kunatsimikiziridwa ndi tessitura ya mawu omwe nyimboyo imapangidwira (nthawi zambiri mtunduwo sunapitirire nthawi ya duodecimus). Apa, kulumpha pazing'ono ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zazikulu, kuchepetsedwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwapakati, zomwe zinkaonedwa kuti ndizovuta kuimba, sizinaphatikizidwe. Kukula kwa melodic kunali koyendetsedwa ndi kuyenda kosalala komanso pang'onopang'ono pamlingo wa diatonic.

Pansi pazimenezi, bungwe la rhythmic la dongosolo limakhala lofunika kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kusiyanasiyana kwanyimbo m'ntchito zingapo ndiko mphamvu yokhayo yomwe imapangitsa kukula kwa nyimbo.

Oimira okhwima kalembedwe polyphony ndi Mwachitsanzo, O. Lasso ndi G. Palestrina.

Mtundu waulere kapena zolemba zaulere mu polyphony

Mawonekedwe aulere mu polyphony adapangidwa mu nyimbo zoyimba ndi zida kuyambira zaka za zana la 17. Kuchokera apa, ndiye kuti, kuchokera ku kuthekera kwa nyimbo zoimbira, kumabwera phokoso laulere komanso lomasuka la mutu wanyimbo, popeza sizitengeranso kuchuluka kwa mawu oimba.

Mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe okhwima, kulumpha kwakukulu kwapakati kumaloledwa apa. Kusankhidwa kwakukulu kwa ma rhythmic units, komanso kufalikira kwa mawu a chromatic ndi osinthidwa - zonsezi mu polyphony zimasiyanitsa kalembedwe kaulere ndi kolimba.

Ntchito ya oimba otchuka Bach ndi Handel ndiye pachimake cha mawonekedwe aulere mu polyphony. Pafupifupi onse olemba pambuyo pake anatsatira njira yomweyo, mwachitsanzo, Mozart ndi Beethoven, Glinka ndi Tchaikovsky, Shostakovich (mwa njira, iyenso anayesa polyphony okhwima) ndi Shchedrin.

Chifukwa chake, tiyeni tiyese kufananiza masitayelo awa 2:

• Ngati mumayendedwe okhwima mutuwo ndi wosalowerera ndale komanso wovuta kukumbukira, ndiye kuti mwaulere mutuwo ndi nyimbo yowala yomwe ndi yosavuta kukumbukira.
• Ngati njira yolembera mosamalitsa imakhudza makamaka nyimbo zamawu, ndiye kuti munjira yaulere mitunduyo ndi yosiyana: kuchokera kumagulu anyimbo zoimbira komanso nyimbo zoyimba.
• Nyimbo zama polyphonic zolimba m'machitidwe ake zidadalira machitidwe akale a tchalitchi, ndipo mwaulere olemba nyimbo zama polyphonic amagwira ntchito mwamphamvu komanso yayikulu pazoyambira zazikulu ndi zazing'ono ndi machitidwe awo ogwirizana.
• Ngati kalembedwe kokhwima kumadziwika ndi kusatsimikizika kogwira ntchito komanso kumveka bwino kumabwera kokha m'ma cadences, ndiye kuti mumayendedwe aulere kutsimikizika kwa magwiridwe antchito a harmonic kumawonetsedwa bwino.

M'zaka za m'ma 17 mpaka 18, olemba nyimbo adapitilizabe kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mitundu yanthawi yanthawi yayitali. Izi ndi motet, kusiyanasiyana (kuphatikiza zozikidwa pa ostinato), ricercar, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yotsanzira yakwaya. Mtundu waulere umaphatikizapo fugue, komanso mitundu ingapo yomwe ma polyphonic ulaliki amalumikizana ndi mawonekedwe a homophonic.