Alfred Garrievich Schnittke |

Alfred Schnittke

Luso ndizovuta ku filosofi. World Congress of Philosophy 1985

A. Schnittke ndi m'modzi mwa oimba akulu aku Soviet otchedwa m'badwo wachiwiri. Ntchito ya Schnittke imadziwika ndi chidwi chambiri pazovuta zamasiku ano, tsogolo la anthu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Amadziwika ndi malingaliro akuluakulu, masewero osiyanitsa, kufotokoza kwakukulu kwa mawu a nyimbo. M’zolemba zake, tsoka la kuphulitsidwa kwa mabomba a atomiki, kulimbana ndi kuipa kosalekeza kwapadziko lapansi, tsoka la makhalidwe oipa la kusakhulupirika kwa anthu, ndi kukopa kwa ubwino wa umunthu wa munthu zinamveka.

Mitundu yayikulu ya ntchito ya Schnittke ndi symphonic ndi chipinda. Wolembayo adapanga ma symphonies 5 (1972, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1988); 4 concerto for violin ndi orchestra (1957, 1966, 1978, 1984); ma concerto a obo ndi zeze (1970), piyano (1979), viola (1965), cello (1986); zidutswa za orchestral Pianissimo… (1968), Passacaglia (1980), Ritual (1984), (K) ein Sommernachtstraum (Osati Shakespearean, 1985); 3 concerti grossi (1977, 1982, 1985); Serenade kwa oimba 5 (1968); piyano quintet (1976) ndi nyimbo zake za orchestra - "In memoriam" (1978); "Biography" ya percussion (1982), Anthems for Ensemble (1974-79), String Trio (1985); 2 sonatas ya violin ndi piyano (1963, 1968), Sonata ya cello ndi piyano (1978), "Kudzipereka kwa Paganini" kwa solo ya violin (1982).

Ntchito zingapo za Schnittke zimapangidwira siteji; The ballets Labyrinths (1971), Sketches (1985), Peer Gynt (1987) ndi siteji nyimbo The Yellow Sound (1974).

Pamene kalembedwe ka wolembayo adasinthika, nyimbo zamawu ndi zoimba zinakhala zofunikira kwambiri mu ntchito yake: Ndakatulo Zitatu za Marina Tsvetaeva (1965), Requiem (1975), Three Madrigals (1980), "Minnesang" (1981), "Nkhani ya Dr. Johann Faust" (1983), Concerto ya kwaya ku St. G. Narekatsi (1985), “Ndakatulo za kulapa” (1988, mpaka chaka cha 1000 cha ubatizo wa Russia).

Zowonadi zatsopano ndi ntchito yosangalatsa kwambiri ya Schnittke pa nyimbo za kanema: "Agony", "Glass Harmonica", "Pushkin's Drawings", "Ascent", "Farewell", "Little Tragedies", "Dead Souls", etc.

Pakati pa oimba nthawi zonse a nyimbo za Schnittke ndi oimba akuluakulu a Soviet: G. Rozhdestvensky, O. Kagan, Yu. Bashmet, N. Gutman, L. Isakadze. V. Polyansky, ma quartets a Mosconcert, iwo. L. Beethoven ndi ena. Ntchito ya mbuye wa Soviet imadziwika padziko lonse lapansi.

Schnittke anamaliza maphunziro awo ku Moscow Conservatory (1958) ndi maphunziro apamwamba (ibid., 1961) m'kalasi la nyimbo za E. Golubev. Mu 1961-72. ntchito monga mphunzitsi pa Moscow Conservatory, ndiyeno monga wojambula paokha.

Ntchito yoyamba yomwe inatsegula "Schnittke okhwima" ndikudziwiratu mbali zambiri za chitukuko china chinali Concerto Yachiwiri ya Violin. Mitu yamuyaya ya kuzunzika, kuperekedwa, kugonjetsa imfa ikuphatikizidwa pano mu sewero lowoneka bwino, pomwe mzere wa "otchulidwa bwino" unapangidwa ndi violin ya solo ndi gulu la zingwe, mzere wa "zoyipa" - kugawanika kwa bass kawiri. kuchoka ku gulu la zingwe, mphepo, zoimbaimba, piyano.

Imodzi mwa ntchito zapakati Schnittke anali Symphony Woyamba, lingaliro lalikulu limene linali tsogolo la luso, monga chiwonetsero cha vicissitudes wa munthu mu dziko lamakono.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu nyimbo za Soviet, mu ntchito imodzi, nyimbo zazikuluzikulu zamitundu yonse, mitundu ndi malangizo zidawonetsedwa: nyimbo zachikale, nyimbo za avant-garde, nyimbo zakale, ma waltzes amasiku onse, polkas, maulendo, nyimbo, nyimbo za gitala, jazi. , etc. Wolembayo adagwiritsa ntchito njira za polystylistics apa ndi collage, komanso njira za "instrumental theatre" (kuyenda kwa oimba pa siteji). Sewero lomveka bwino lidapereka chitsogozo cholunjika ku chitukuko cha zinthu zokongola kwambiri, kusiyanitsa pakati pa zaluso zenizeni ndi zolimbikitsa, ndipo zotsatira zake zidatsimikizira zabwino zokwezeka.

Schnittke adagwiritsa ntchito polystylistics ngati njira yowonekera bwino yowonetsera mkangano pakati pa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kupitilira muyeso wamakono muzolemba zake zina zambiri - Second Violin Sonata, Second and Third Symphonies, the Third and Fourth Violin Concertos, Viola Concerto, "Kudzipereka kwa Paganini", etc.

Schnittke adawulula zatsopano za talente yake panthawi ya "retro", "kuphweka kwatsopano", komwe kunawonekera mwadzidzidzi mu nyimbo za ku Ulaya m'zaka za m'ma 70. Pokhala wosasangalala ndi nyimboyo, adapanga nyimbo yanyimbo yomvetsa chisoni, Piano Quintet - amagwira ntchito zokhudzana ndi imfa ya amayi ake, kenako abambo ake. Ndipo mu nyimbo yotchedwa "Minnesang" ya mawu 52 okha, nyimbo zingapo zenizeni za oimba migodi aku Germany m'zaka za XII-XIII. iye anaphatikizira m’gulu lamakono la “mawu apamwamba” (analingalira magulu akuimba pamakonde amizinda yakale ya ku Ulaya). Munthawi ya "retro", Schnittke adatembenukiranso ku mitu yanyimbo yaku Russia, pogwiritsa ntchito nyimbo zakale zaku Russia mu Hymns for the Ensemble.

Zaka za m'ma 80 zidakhala gawo la wolemba nyimbo pophatikizira mfundo zanyimbo ndi zoyimba, zomwe zidakula mu "retro", ndi malingaliro ochulukirapo a nthawi yapitayi. Mu Symphony Yachiwiri, ku nsalu yovuta ya orchestral, adawonjezera ndondomeko yosiyana mu mawonekedwe a nyimbo zenizeni za Gregorian monophonic - "pansi pa dome" la symphony yamakono, misa yakale inamveka. Mu Third Symphony, yolembedwa kuti atsegule holo yatsopano ya konsati Gewandhaus (Leipzig), mbiri ya nyimbo za ku Germany (Austro-German) kuyambira Middle Ages mpaka lero zimaperekedwa mwanjira ya malingaliro a stylistic, mitu yopitilira 30. amagwiritsidwa ntchito - monograms wa olemba. Nyimboyi imamaliza ndi mawu omaliza anyimbo ochokera pansi pamtima.

Chingwe chachiwiri cha quartet chinali kaphatikizidwe ka nyimbo zakale zaku Russia komanso lingaliro lodabwitsa la pulani ya symphonic. Nyimbo zake zonse zoimbira zimapangidwa ndi mawu ochokera m'buku la N. Uspensky "Samples of Old Russian Singing Art" - miseche monophonic, stichera, nyimbo zitatu zomveka. Nthawi zina, phokoso lapachiyambi limasungidwa, koma makamaka limasinthidwa mwamphamvu - limapatsidwa dissonance yamakono ya harmonic, kutentha kwa kutentha kwa kuyenda.

Kumapeto kwa ntchitoyi, seweroli likukulitsidwa mpaka kuyambitsa kulira kwachilengedwe, kubuula. Pomaliza, pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe cha quartet, chinyengo cha phokoso la kwaya yosaoneka yomwe ikuimba nyimbo yakale imapangidwa. Pankhani ya zomwe zili ndi mitundu, quartet iyi ikugwirizana ndi zithunzi za mafilimu a L. Shepitko "Ascent" ndi "Farewell".

Imodzi mwa ntchito zochititsa chidwi za Schnittke inali cantata yake "Mbiri ya Dr. Johann Faust" yochokera ku "Buku la Anthu" mu 1587. Chithunzi cha warlock, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya, amene anagulitsa moyo wake kwa satana moyo wabwino m'moyo, unawululidwa ndi wolemba pa nthawi yochititsa chidwi kwambiri ya mbiri yake - mphindi ya chilango cha zomwe achita, chilungamo koma chowopsya.

Wopeka nyimboyo adapereka mphamvu zokopa ku nyimbo mothandizidwa ndi njira yochepetsera masitayilo - kuyambitsa mtundu wa tango (Mephistopheles' aria, wopangidwa ndi pop contralto) mu gawo lomaliza la kupha anthu.

Mu 1985, m'nthawi yochepa kwambiri, Schnittke adalemba 2 mwazolemba zake zazikulu komanso zofunika kwambiri - Concerto yakwaya pa ndakatulo ya woganiza komanso wolemba ndakatulo waku Armenia wazaka za zana la XNUMX. G. Narekatsi and viola concert. Ngati kwaya Concerto cappella yodzaza ndi kuwala kwa mapiri, ndiye kuti Viola Concerto inakhala tsoka lomveka bwino, lomwe linali loyenera kokha ndi kukongola kwa nyimbo. Kutopa kwambiri chifukwa cha ntchito kunachititsa kuti woimbayo alephere kwambiri. Kubwerera ku moyo ndi zilandiridwenso zinasindikizidwa mu Cello Concerto, yomwe pa mimba yake ndi galasi-symmetrical kwa viola imodzi: mu gawo lomaliza, cello, yokulitsidwa ndi zamagetsi, imatsimikizira mwamphamvu "chifuniro cha luso".

Popanga nawo mafilimu, Schnittke adakulitsa mphamvu zamaganizidwe athunthu, ndikupanga ndege yowonjezera yamalingaliro ndi semantic ndi nyimbo. Nyimbo za mafilimu zinkagwiritsidwanso ntchito mwakhama ndi iye muzochita zamakonsati: mu Symphony Yoyamba ndi Suite mumayendedwe akale a violin ndi piyano, nyimbo za filimu yotchedwa World "Today" ("Komabe ndikukhulupirira") inamveka mu Concerto Yoyamba. grosso - tango yochokera ku "Agony" ndi mitu yochokera ku "Gulugufe", mu "Zithunzi Zitatu" zamawu ndi kumenya - nyimbo zochokera ku "Little Tragedies", ndi zina zambiri.

Schnittke ndi mlengi wobadwa wa zinsalu zazikulu zanyimbo, malingaliro mu nyimbo. Zovuta za dziko ndi chikhalidwe, zabwino ndi zoipa, chikhulupiriro ndi kukayikira, moyo ndi imfa, zomwe zimadzaza ntchito yake, zimapangitsa ntchito za mbuye wa Soviet kukhala filosofi yosonyeza maganizo.

V. Kholopova