Béla Bartók (Béla Bartók) |

Béla Bartók

Ngati anthu am'tsogolo amafuna kudziwa momwe munthu wa nthawi yathu anamenyera nkhondo ndikuzunzika ndi momwe adapezera njira yopita ku kumasulidwa kwauzimu, mgwirizano ndi mtendere, adapeza chikhulupiriro mwa iye yekha ndi moyo, ndiye, ponena za chitsanzo cha Bartok. , adzapeza ubwino wosasunthika wosagwedezeka ndi chitsanzo cha chitukuko cha ngwazi cha moyo wa munthu. B. Sabolchi

B. Bartok, woimba nyimbo wa ku Hungary, woyimba piyano, mphunzitsi, katswiri wanyimbo ndi folklorist, ali m'gulu la mlalang'amba wa oimba odziwika bwino azaka za m'ma 3. pamodzi ndi C. Debussy, M. Ravel, A. Scriabin, I. Stravinsky, P. Hindemith, S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich. Zoyambira zaluso za Bartok zimalumikizidwa ndi kuphunzira mozama komanso chitukuko cha anthu olemera kwambiri aku Hungary ndi anthu ena aku Eastern Europe. Kumizidwa mozama m'zinthu za moyo waumphawi, kumvetsetsa zaluso zaluso ndi zamakhalidwe komanso zamakhalidwe abwino zaluso la anthu, kumvetsetsa kwawo kwanzeru m'njira zambiri kunapanga umunthu wa Bartok. Anakhala chitsanzo cha kukhulupirika molimba mtima ku zolinga zaumunthu, demokarasi ndi mayiko, kusamvera ku umbuli, kusamvana ndi chiwawa, kwa anthu a m'nthawi ndi mbadwa. Ntchito ya Bartok inasonyeza kugunda komvetsa chisoni ndi koopsa kwa nthawi yake, zovuta ndi zosagwirizana za dziko lauzimu la m'nthawi yake, kukula mofulumira kwa chikhalidwe cha luso la nthawi yake. Cholowa cha Bartók monga wolemba nyimbo ndichabwino kwambiri ndipo chimaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri: 2 siteji ntchito (sewero limodzi la opera ndi 3 ballet); Symphony, symphonic suites; Cantata, 2 nyimbo za piyano, 1 za violin, 6 za viola (zosamalizidwa) ndi okhestra; kuchuluka kwa nyimbo za zida zosiyanasiyana zapayekha ndi nyimbo zamagulu am'chipinda (kuphatikiza ma quartets a zingwe XNUMX).

Bartok anabadwira m'banja la mkulu wa sukulu yaulimi. Ubwana wake unadutsa mu chikhalidwe cha kupanga nyimbo za banja, ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi amayi ake anayamba kumuphunzitsa kuimba piyano. M’zaka zotsatira, aphunzitsi a mnyamatayo anali F. Kersh, L. Erkel, I. Hirtle, kukula kwake kwa nyimbo paunyamata kunasonkhezeredwa ndi ubwenzi ndi E. Donany. Bela adayamba kupanga nyimbo ali ndi zaka 9, patatha zaka ziwiri adayamba kuchita bwino kwambiri pamaso pa anthu. Mu 1899-1903. Bartok ndi wophunzira ku Budapest Academy of Music. Mphunzitsi wake wa piyano anali I. Toman (wophunzira wa F. Liszt), mu nyimbo - J. Kessler. M’zaka zake za ophunzira, Bartok anachita zambiri ndipo anachita bwino kwambiri monga woimba piyano, ndipo anapanganso nyimbo zambiri zimene anthu ankakonda kwambiri oimba nyimbo pa nthawiyo – I. Brahms, R. Wagner, F. Liszt, R. Strauss. Atamaliza maphunziro ake ku Academy of Music, Bartok anayenda maulendo angapo opita ku Western Europe. Kupambana koyamba kwa Bartók monga wolemba nyimbo kudabweretsedwa ndi symphony yake Kossuth, yomwe idayamba ku Budapest (1904). Symphony ya Kossuth, youziridwa ndi chifaniziro cha ngwazi ya chiwonongeko cha dziko la Hungary la 1848, Lajos Kossuth, inali ndi malingaliro okonda dziko la wolemba wachinyamatayo. Ali mnyamata, Bartok anazindikira udindo wake wa tsogolo la dziko lakwawo ndi luso la dziko. M’kalata yake ina yopita kwa amayi ake, iye analemba kuti: “Munthu aliyense akafika msinkhu, ayenera kupeza njira yabwino yoti alipirire, apereke mphamvu zake zonse ndi zochita zake. Koma ine, moyo wanga wonse, kulikonse, nthawi zonse ndi njira zonse, ndidzakhala ndi cholinga chimodzi: ubwino wa dziko la amayi ndi anthu a ku Hungary "(1903).

Udindo wofunikira pa tsogolo la Bartok unaseweredwa ndi ubwenzi wake ndi mgwirizano wolenga ndi Z. Kodaly. Atadziwa njira zake zosonkhanitsira nyimbo zamtundu, Bartok adachita ulendo wamtundu wa anthu m'chilimwe cha 1906, akujambula nyimbo zachi Hungary ndi Slovakia m'midzi ndi m'midzi. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ntchito ya Bartók ya sayansi ndi folkloristic inayamba, yomwe inapitirira moyo wake wonse. Kuphunzira za nthano zakale za anthu wamba, zomwe zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi kalembedwe kotchuka ka ku Hungarian-gypsy ka verbunkos, kunasintha kwambiri pakusintha kwa Bartók monga wolemba nyimbo. Kutsitsimuka kwakale kwa nyimbo yachikale ya ku Hungary kunam'limbikitsa kukonzanso kamvekedwe ka nyimbo, kamvekedwe kake, ndi kamvekedwe ka nyimbo. Ntchito yosonkhanitsa ya Bartók ndi Kodály inalinso yofunika kwambiri pagulu. Kusiyanasiyana kwa zokonda za Bartók ndi malo a maulendo ake kunakula pang'onopang'ono. Mu 1907, Bartók anayambanso ntchito yake yophunzitsa monga pulofesa pa Budapest Academy of Music (kalasi ya piano), yomwe inapitirira mpaka 1934.

Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20. mu ntchito ya Bartok, nthawi yofufuza kwambiri imayamba, yokhudzana ndi kukonzanso chinenero cha nyimbo, kupanga kalembedwe kake. Zinali zozikidwa pa kaphatikizidwe ka nthano zamitundumitundu ndi zotsogola zamakono pankhani ya mode, mgwirizano, nyimbo, nyimbo, ndi nyimbo zokongola. Zokonda zatsopano zopanga zidaperekedwa podziwa ntchito ya Debussy. Ma opuses angapo a piyano adakhala mtundu wa labotale ya njira ya wolemba (14 bagatelles op. 6, chimbale chosinthidwa ndi nyimbo zachi Hungary ndi Slovak - "Kwa Ana", "Allegro barbare", ndi zina zotero). Bartók amatembenukiranso ku nyimbo za okhestra, chipinda, ndi siteji (2 zoimbaimba, zojambula 2 za okhestra, opera The Castle of Duke Bluebeard, ballet The Wooden Prince, ballet ya pantomime The Wonderful Mandarin).

Nthawi za ntchito zamphamvu komanso zosunthika zinasinthidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi zovuta zosakhalitsa za Bartók, chifukwa chake chinali makamaka kusayanjanitsika kwa anthu onse ku ntchito zake, kuzunzidwa kwa kutsutsidwa kosagwira ntchito, komwe sikunagwirizane ndi kufufuza molimba mtima kwa wolembayo - mochulukirapo komanso koyambirira komanso koyambirira. zatsopano. Chidwi cha Bartók pa chikhalidwe cha nyimbo cha anthu oyandikana nawo chinapangitsa kuti atolankhani a ku Hungary ayambe kumuukira koopsa. Monga ziwerengero zambiri zomwe zikupita patsogolo pachikhalidwe cha ku Europe, Bartok adatengapo gawo lodana ndi nkhondo pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi. Pa mapangidwe Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919), pamodzi ndi Kodaly ndi Donany, iye anali membala wa Musical Directory (motsogoleredwa ndi B. Reinitz), amene anakonza kusintha demokalase wa chikhalidwe nyimbo ndi maphunziro mu dziko. Chifukwa cha ntchito imeneyi pansi pa ulamuliro Horthy Bartok, monga anzake, anazunzidwa ndi boma ndi utsogoleri wa Academy of Music.

Mu 20s. Mawonekedwe a Bartok akusintha momveka bwino: zovuta za constructivist, kukangana ndi kusasunthika kwa chilankhulo cha nyimbo, mawonekedwe a ntchito ya 10s - koyambirira kwa 20s, kuyambira pakati pazaka khumi izi zimapereka njira yogwirizana kwambiri, kufunitsitsa kumveka bwino, kupezeka. ndi laconism ya mawu; mbali yofunika apa idaseweredwa ndi kukopa kwa woimbayo ku luso la ambuye a baroque. Mu 30s. Bartok amabwera pakukula kwapamwamba kwambiri, kaphatikizidwe ka stylistic; ino ndi nthawi yopangira ntchito zake zabwino kwambiri: Secular Cantata ("Nine Magic Deer"), "Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta", Sonatas for Two Pianos and Percussion, Piano and Violin Concertos, String Quartets (Nos. 3- 6), kuzungulira kwa piyano zophunzitsa "Microcosmos", ndi zina. Nthawi yomweyo, Bartok amapanga maulendo angapo opita ku Western Europe ndi USA. Mu 1929, Bartok anapita ku USSR, kumene nyimbo zake zinali ndi chidwi chachikulu. Ntchito ya sayansi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ikupitirira ndipo imakhala yogwira ntchito; Kuyambira m’chaka cha 1934, Bartók wakhala akugwira ntchito yofufuza za nthano za anthu pasukulu ina ya zasayansi ya ku Hungary. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1930, zochitika zandale zinapangitsa kuti Bartók asakhalebe kudziko lakwawo: zolankhula zake zotsutsana ndi tsankho komanso zachifano poteteza chikhalidwe ndi demokalase zidakhala chifukwa chopitirizira kuzunzidwa kwa wojambula wachibadwidwe ku Hungary. Mu 1940 Bartok anasamukira ku USA ndi banja lake. Nthawi imeneyi ya moyo imadziwika ndi zovuta zamaganizo ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito yolenga chifukwa cha kulekana ndi dziko lakwawo, zosowa zakuthupi, komanso kusowa chidwi ndi ntchito ya woimbayo kuchokera ku gulu loimba. Mu 1941, Bartok anagwidwa ndi matenda aakulu amene anachititsa kuti afe msanga. Komabe, ngakhale panthawi yovutayi ya moyo wake, adapanga nyimbo zingapo zochititsa chidwi, monga Concerto for Orchestra, Third Piano Concerto. Chikhumbo champhamvu chobwerera ku Hungary sichinakwaniritsidwe. Zaka khumi pambuyo pa imfa ya Bartók, anthu opita patsogolo padziko lonse lapansi adalemekeza kukumbukira woyimba wodziwika bwino - World Peace Council inamulemekeza atamwalira ndi Mphotho Yamtendere Yapadziko Lonse. Mu July 10, phulusa la mwana wokhulupirika wa Hungary linabwezedwa kudziko lakwawo; Mabwinja a woimba wamkulu adayikidwa kumanda a Farkasket ku Budapest.

Luso la Bartok limagunda ndi kuphatikiza kwa mfundo zosiyana kwambiri: mphamvu zoyambira, kumasuka kwamalingaliro ndi luntha lolimba; dynamism, lakuthwa expressiveness ndi anaikira gulu; zongopeka amphamvu, impulsiveness ndi kumveka bwino, chilango mu gulu la nyimbo nyimbo. Chifukwa chokokera ku sewero la mikangano, Bartók sakhala wachilendo kunyimbo zanyimbo, nthawi zina amatsutsa kuphweka kopanda luso kwa nyimbo zamtundu, nthawi zina amakokera kumalingaliro abwino, kuzama kwanzeru. Bartok woyimbayo adasiya chizindikiro chowala pachikhalidwe cha piyano chazaka za zana la XNUMX. Kusewera kwake kunakopa omvera ndi mphamvu, panthawi imodzimodziyo, chilakolako chake ndi mphamvu zake nthawi zonse zinali pansi pa chifuniro ndi nzeru. Malingaliro a maphunziro ndi mfundo zophunzitsira za Bartok, komanso zodziwika bwino za piyano yake, zidawonetsedwa bwino ndi ntchito za ana ndi achinyamata, zomwe zidapanga gawo lalikulu la cholowa chake.

Ponena za kufunika kwa Bartók pazaluso zaluso zapadziko lonse, bwenzi lake ndi mnzake Kodály anati: “Dzina la Bartók, mosasamala kanthu za tsiku lachikumbukiro, ndi chizindikiro cha malingaliro abwino. Yoyamba mwa izi ndi kufunafuna chowonadi chotheratu muzojambula ndi sayansi, ndipo chimodzi mwamikhalidwe ya ichi ndi kuzama kwamakhalidwe komwe kumakwera pamwamba pa zofooka zonse zaumunthu. Lingaliro lachiwiri ndilopanda tsankho pokhudzana ndi makhalidwe a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, anthu, ndipo chifukwa cha izi - kumvetsetsana, ndiyeno ubale pakati pa anthu. Komanso, dzina lakuti Bartok limatanthauza mfundo yokonzanso zaluso ndi ndale, kutengera mzimu wa anthu, komanso kufuna kukonzanso koteroko. Pomaliza, zikutanthawuza kufalitsa chikoka chopindulitsa cha nyimbo kumagulu ambiri a anthu.

A. Malinkovsky