Gian Carlo Menotti |

Gian Carlo Menotti

Ntchito ya G. Menotti ndi imodzi mwa zochitika zodziwika kwambiri mu opera ya ku America ya zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pa nkhondo. Wolemba uyu sangatchulidwe kuti ndi wotulukira dziko latsopano la nyimbo, mphamvu zake zimakhala mu kutha kumva zomwe izi kapena chiwembucho chimapanga nyimbo ndipo, makamaka chofunika kwambiri, momwe nyimboyi idzazindikiridwe ndi anthu. Menotti amachita mwaluso luso la zisudzo zonse za zisudzo: nthawi zonse amalemba yekha libretto ya zisudzo zake, nthawi zambiri amazipanga ngati wotsogolera ndikuwongolera sewerolo ngati wochititsa wanzeru.

Menotti anabadwira ku Italy (iye ndi Chiitaliya mwa fuko). Bambo ake anali wochita bizinesi ndipo amayi ake anali woimba piyano amateur. Ali ndi zaka 10, mnyamatayo analemba opera, ndipo ali ndi zaka 12 adalowa ku Milan Conservatory (kumene adaphunzira kuchokera mu 1923 mpaka 1927). Moyo wina wa Menotti (kuyambira 1928) umagwirizana ndi America, ngakhale kuti woimbayo adakhalabe nzika yaku Italy kwa nthawi yayitali.

Kuchokera ku 1928 mpaka 1933 adasintha njira yake yopangira nyimbo motsogoleredwa ndi R. Scalero ku Curtis Institute of Music ku Philadelphia. Mkati mwa makoma ake, ubwenzi wapamtima unayambika ndi S. Barber, pambuyo pake wolemba nyimbo wotchuka wa ku America (Menotti anakhala mlembi wa libretto ya imodzi mwa zisudzo za Barber). Nthawi zambiri, patchuthi chachilimwe, abwenzi ankayenda limodzi ku Ulaya, kukayendera nyumba za opera ku Vienna ndi Italy. Mu 1941, Menotti anabweranso ku Curtis Institute - tsopano monga mphunzitsi wa zolemba ndi luso la sewero la nyimbo. Kugwirizana ndi moyo wanyimbo wa Italy sikunasokonezedwenso, kumene Menotti mu 1958 adakonza "Chikondwerero cha Dziko Lachiwiri" (ku Spoleto) kwa oimba aku America ndi Italy.

Menotti monga wolemba nyimbo adayamba ku 1936 ndi opera Amelia Goes to the Ball. Linalembedwa poyambirira mu mtundu wa opera wa buffa wa ku Italy ndipo kenako linamasuliridwa m’Chingelezi. Kupambana kopambana kudapangitsa kuti pakhale ntchito ina, nthawi ino yochokera ku NBC, ya opera ya wailesi ya The Old Maid and the Thief (1938). Atayamba ntchito yake ngati woyimba opera wokhala ndi mapulani osangalatsa a nthano, Menotti posakhalitsa adatembenukira ku mitu yochititsa chidwi. Zowona, kuyesa kwake koyamba kwamtunduwu (sewero la The God of the Island, 1942) sikunapambane. Koma kale mu 1946 anaonekera opera-tsoka Medium (zaka zingapo kenako anajambula ndi anapambana mphoto pa Cannes Film Chikondwerero).

Ndipo potsiriza, mu 1950, ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya Menotti, sewero lanyimbo la Consul, opera yake yoyamba "yaikulu", adawona kuwala kwa tsiku. Zochita zake zikuchitika mu nthawi yathu m'modzi mwa mayiko aku Europe. Kupanda mphamvu, kusungulumwa komanso kusowa chitetezo pamaso pa zida zamphamvu zonse zotsogola kumapangitsa heroine kudzipha. Kuvuta kwa zochitikazo, kukhudzika kwa nyimbo, kuphweka kwachibale ndi kupezeka kwa chinenero choyimba kumabweretsa opera iyi pafupi ndi ntchito ya Italy yotsiriza (G. Verdi, G. Puccini) ndi olemba verist (R. Leoncavallo , P. Mascagni). Chikoka cha kubwereza nyimbo kwa M. Mussorgsky chimamvekanso, ndipo mawu a jazi omwe amamveka apa ndi apo amasonyeza kuti nyimbo ndi za zaka za zana lathu. Eclecticism ya opera (kusiyana kwa kalembedwe kake) imasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi malingaliro abwino a zisudzo (nthawi zonse amakhala mu Menotti) komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonetsera ndalama: ngakhale okhestra m'masewera ake amasinthidwa ndi gulu la anthu angapo. zida. Makamaka chifukwa cha mutu wa ndale, Kazembe adapeza kutchuka kodabwitsa: idayenda pa Broadway 8 pa sabata, idachitika m'maiko 20 padziko lapansi (kuphatikiza USSR), ndipo idamasuliridwa m'zilankhulo 12.

Wopeka kachiwiri anatembenukira kwa tsoka la anthu wamba mu zisudzo "The Saint of Bleecker Street" (1954) ndi Maria Golovina (1958).

Chochita cha opera Munthu Wofunika Kwambiri (1971) chikuchitika kum'mwera kwa Africa, ngwazi yake, wasayansi wachinyamata wachinegro, amamwalira ndi anthu osankhana mitundu. Opera ya Tamu-Tamu (1972), yomwe mu Indonesian imatanthauza alendo, imathera ndi imfa yachiwawa. Opera iyi inalembedwa ndi dongosolo la okonza International Congress of Anthropologists ndi Ethnologists.

Komabe, mutu womvetsa chisoni suthetsa ntchito ya Menotti. Mwamsanga pambuyo pa opera "Medium" mu 1947, sewero lanthabwala mokondwera "Telephone" linalengedwa. Iyi ndi opera yayifupi kwambiri, pomwe pali zisudzo zitatu zokha: Iye, Iye ndi Telefoni. Nthawi zambiri, ziwembu zamasewera a Menotti ndizosiyana kwambiri.

Teleopera "Amal ndi Alendo a Usiku" (1951) inalembedwa potengera zojambula za I. Bosch "The Adoration of the Magi" (mwambo wa chiwonetsero chake chapachaka pa Khrisimasi chachitika). Nyimbo za opera iyi ndizosavuta kwambiri kotero kuti zimatha kupangidwa kuti azingochita masewera.

Kuphatikiza pa opera, mtundu wake waukulu, Menotti adalemba ma ballet atatu (kuphatikiza nyimbo zoseketsa za ballet-madrigal Unicorn, Gorgon ndi Manticore, zopangidwa ndi mzimu wa zisudzo za Renaissance), cantata Imfa ya Bishopu pa Brindisi (3), ndakatulo ya symphonic. kwa oimba "Apocalypse" (1963), concertos for limba (1951), violin (1945) ndi orchestra ndi Triple Concerto kwa oimba atatu (1952), chipinda ensembles, Zisanu ndi ziwiri nyimbo pa malemba ake kwa woyimba kwambiri E. Schwarzkopf. Kusamala kwa munthuyo, kuyimba kwachilengedwe, kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochititsa chidwi a zisudzo kunapangitsa Menotti kukhala wodziwika bwino mu nyimbo zamakono zaku America.

K. Zenkin

Zolemba:

machitidwe - Wantchito wakale ndi wakuba (Mkazi wakale ndi wakuba, 1st ed. for radio, 1939; 1941, Philadelphia), Island God (The Island God, 1942, New York), Medium (The medium, 1946, New York ), Telefoni (The telefoni, New York, 1947), Consul (The consul, 1950, New York, Pulitzer Ave.), Amal ndi alendo a usiku (Amahl ndi usiku alendo, teleopera, 1951), Holy with Bleecker Street ( The Saint of Bleecker Street, 1954, New York), Maria Golovina (1958, Brussels, International Exhibition), The savage Last (The Last Savage, 1963), TV Opera Labyrinth (Labyrinth, 1963), Bodza la Martin ( bodza la Martin, 1964 , Bath, England), Munthu wofunika kwambiri (The most important man, New York, 1971); ballet - Sebastian (1943), Ulendo wopita ku maze (Errand into the maze, 1947, New York), ballet-madrigal Unicorn, Gorgon ndi Manticore (The unicorn, Gorgon ndi Manticore, 1956, Washington); cantata - Imfa ya bishopu wa Brindisi (1963); za orchestra - ndakatulo ya symphonic Apocalypse (Apocalypse, 1951); zoimbaimba ndi orchestra - piyano (1945), violin (1952); konsati katatu kwa oimba atatu (3); Ubusa wa piyano ndi zingwe zoimbaimba (1970); ma ensembles a chipinda - 4 zidutswa za zingwe. quartet (1936), Trio ya phwando la nyumba (Trio ya phwando la kutentha kwa nyumba; kwa chitoliro, vlch., fp., 1936); za piyano - kuzungulira kwa ana "ndakatulo Yaing'ono ya Maria Rosa" (Poemetti pa Maria Rosa).

Zolemba zolembalemba: Sindikhulupirira avant-gardism, "MF", 1964, No4, p. 16.