Alban Berg |

Alban Berg

Moyo, momwe mumakhalira wokongola kwambiri, mozama pambuyo pa mvula yamkuntho. P. Altenberg

A. Berg ndi amodzi mwa nyimbo zapamwamba kwambiri zazaka za zana la XNUMX. - anali a sukulu yotchedwa Novovensk, yomwe inayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma A. Schoenberg, yomwe inaphatikizapo A. Webern, G. Eisler ndi ena. Berg, monga Schoenberg, nthawi zambiri amachokera ku chitsogozo cha Austro-German expressionism (komanso, ku nthambi zake zazikulu kwambiri) chifukwa cha kufufuza kwake kwa chilankhulo cha nyimbo. Pachifukwa ichi, masewero a Berg amatchedwa "sewero lofuula".

Berg anali m'modzi mwa odziwika bwino kwambiri munthawi yake - zovuta zomvetsa chisoni za anthu amtundu wa bourgeois pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse komanso zaka zisanachitike kuyambika kwa chipanicho ku Europe. Ntchito yake imadziwika ndi malingaliro otsutsa anthu, kutsutsa kukayikira kwa ma bourgeois mores, monga mafilimu a Ch. Chaplin, chifundo chachikulu kwa "munthu wamng'ono". Kudzimva wopanda chiyembekezo, nkhawa, tsoka ndizofanana ndi mawonekedwe amalingaliro a ntchito zake. Nthawi yomweyo, Berg ndi wolemba nyimbo wouziridwa yemwe adasunga m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. chikondi kupembedza kumverera, monga momwe zapita zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi. Mafunde anyimbo akukwera ndi kugwa, kupuma kwakukulu kwa gulu lalikulu la oimba, mawu omveka bwino a zida za zingwe, kusagwirizana kwa mayiko, kuimba, zodzaza ndi mawu ambiri omveka bwino, zimapanga kumveka kwa phokoso la nyimbo zake, ndipo kudzaza kwa mawu uku kumatsutsana ndi kusowa chiyembekezo, grotesque ndi tsoka.

Berg anabadwira m'banja limene ankakonda mabuku, ankakonda kuimba limba, kuimba. Mkulu wake wa Charlie anali wokonda kuyimba, ndipo izi zidapangitsa Alban wachichepere kuti alembe nyimbo zambiri motsagana ndi piyano. Pofuna kupeza maphunziro apamwamba mu nyimbo, Berg anayamba kuphunzira motsogozedwa ndi Schoenberg, yemwe anali ndi mbiri ya mphunzitsi waluso. Anaphunzira kuchokera ku zitsanzo zachikale, pamene panthawi imodzimodziyo akupeza luso logwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano za mitundu yatsopano ya mawu. Kwenikweni, maphunzirowo unatha kuyambira 1904 mpaka 1910, kenako kulankhulana uku kunakula kukhala ubwenzi wapamtima kulenga moyo.

Pakati pa nyimbo zoyamba zodziyimira pawokha za Berg ndi Piano Sonata, yojambulidwa ndi nyimbo zachisoni (1908). Komabe, machitidwe oyamba a nyimbozo sanadzutse chifundo cha omvera; Berg, monga Schoenberg ndi Webern, adapanga kusiyana pakati pa zofuna zawo zamanzere ndi zokonda zapagulu.

Mu 1915-18. Berg ankagwira ntchito ya usilikali. Atabwerera, adagwira nawo ntchito ya Society for Private Performances, analemba nkhani, anali wotchuka monga mphunzitsi (anafikira, makamaka, ndi wafilosofi wotchuka wa ku Germany T. Adorno).

Ntchito yomwe inachititsa kuti wolemba nyimboyo adziwike padziko lonse inali opera Wozzeck (1921), yomwe inayamba (pambuyo pa kubwereza maulendo 137) mu 1925 ku Berlin. Mu 1927 opera unachitikira ku Leningrad, ndi wolemba anabwera koyamba. Kudziko lakwawo, ntchito ya Wozzeck posakhalitsa inaletsedwa - mlengalenga wachisoni wopangidwa ndi kukula kwa Germany fascism unali wovuta kwambiri. Akugwira ntchito ya opera ya "Lulu" (yochokera ku masewero a F. Wedekind "Mzimu wa Dziko Lapansi" ndi "Bokosi la Pandora"), adawona kuti zinali zovuta kuyipanga pa siteji, ntchito inali isanathe. Pomva kudana ndi dziko lozungulira, Berg analemba "nyimbo yake ya swan" m'chaka cha imfa yake - Violin Concerto "In Memory of an Angel".

Pazaka 50 za moyo wake, Berg adapanga ntchito zochepa. Zotchuka kwambiri mwa izi zinali opera Wozzeck ndi Concerto ya Violin; opera "Lulu" imachitikanso kwambiri; "Lyrical Suite kwa Quartet" (1926); Sonata kwa piyano; Chamber concerto kwa piyano, violin ndi 13 zoimbira mphepo (1925), konsati aria "Vinyo" (pa siteshoni ndi C. Baudelaire, lomasuliridwa ndi S. George - 1929).

Mu ntchito yake, Berg adapanga mitundu yatsopano yamasewera a opera ndi zida. Opera "Wozzeck" inalembedwa kutengera sewero "Woizeck" ndi H. Buchner. "Panalibe chitsanzo cha zikuchokera mu mabuku opera dziko, ngwazi amene anali wamng'ono, woponderezedwa munthu akuchita zochitika tsiku ndi tsiku, kukopeka ndi mpumulo wodabwitsa" (M. Tarakanov). Wozzeck womenyera nkhondo, yemwe kapitawo wake akugwedezeka, amayesa kuyesa kwacharlatan ndi dokotala wamisala, amasintha cholengedwa chokha chodula - Marie. Popanda chiyembekezo chomaliza m'moyo wake wosauka, Wozzeck amapha Marie, pambuyo pake iye mwini amafa m'dambo. Chiwonetsero cha chiwembu choterocho chinali mchitidwe wodzudzula kwambiri anthu. Kuphatikizika kwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi, zachilengedwe, mawu olimbikitsa, zomveka zomvetsa chisoni mu opera zimafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitundu yatsopano ya mawu omveka - mitundu yosiyanasiyana yobwerezabwereza, njira yapakatikati pakati pa kuyimba ndi kulankhula (Sprechstimme), kusweka kwamatchulidwe munyimboyo. ; hypertrophy ya nyimbo zamtundu wa tsiku ndi tsiku - nyimbo, maulendo, waltzes, polkas, ndi zina zotero, pamene akusunga kudzaza kwakukulu kwa oimba. B. Asafiev analemba za kugwirizana kwa njira yothetsera nyimbo ku Wozzeck ndi lingaliro lamalingaliro: "... Sindikudziwa za opera ina iliyonse yamasiku ano yomwe, kuposa Wozzeck, idzalimbitsa cholinga cha chikhalidwe cha nyimbo monga chinenero chachindunji cha kumverera, makamaka ndi chiwembu chodabwitsa chotere monga sewero la Buechner, komanso mochenjera komanso mwanzeru kuphimba chiwembucho ndi nyimbo, monga Berg adatha kuchita.

Violin Concerto inakhala gawo latsopano m'mbiri ya mtundu uwu - inapatsidwa khalidwe lomvetsa chisoni la requiem. Concerto inalembedwa ndi imfa ya msungwana wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, kotero adalandira kudzipereka kwa "In Memory of an Angel". Magawo a concerto amawonetsa zithunzi za moyo waufupi wamunthu wachinyamatayo komanso kufa mwachangu. Chiyambicho chimapereka kumverera kwa fragility, fragility ndi gulu lina; Scherzo, kuimira chisangalalo cha moyo, wamangidwa pa maukonde a waltzes, landnders, lili wowerengeka Carinthian nyimbo; Cadenza imaphatikizapo kugwa kwa moyo, kumatsogolera ku chimake chowoneka bwino cha ntchito; Kusiyana kwakwaya kumatsogolera ku catharsis yoyeretsa, yomwe imaimiridwa ndi mawu a JS Bach's chorale (kuchokera ku cantata yauzimu No. 60 Es ist genug).

Ntchito ya Berg idakhudza kwambiri olemba azaka za zana la XNUMX. ndipo, makamaka, pa Soviet - D. Shostakovich, K. Karaev, F. Karaev, A. Schnittke ndi ena.

V. Kholopova

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