Charles Ives |

Charles Ives

Mwina, ngati oimba oyambirira XX atumwi. ndipo madzulo a Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, adaphunzira kuti wolemba nyimbo C. Ives amakhala ku America ndipo adamva ntchito zake, akadawachitira ngati mtundu woyesera, chidwi, kapena sakanazindikira konse: iye iye mwini ndi nthaka imene anamerapo. Koma palibe amene adadziwa Ives - kwa nthawi yayitali sanachite chilichonse kuti alimbikitse nyimbo zake. "Kupeza" kwa Ives kudachitika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 30, pomwe zidapezeka kuti njira zambiri (ndiponso, zosiyana kwambiri) zolembera nyimbo zatsopano zidayesedwa kale ndi wolemba waku America wakale mu nthawi ya A. Scriabin, C. Debussy ndi G. Mahler. Pamene Ives anatchuka, anali asanapenge nyimbo kwa zaka zambiri ndipo, atadwala kwambiri, anasiya kucheza ndi anthu akunja. "Tsoka la ku America" ​​linatcha tsogolo la Ives mmodzi wa anthu a m'nthawi yake. Ives anabadwira m'banja la wotsogolera asilikali. Bambo ake anali oyesera mosatopa - khalidweli linaperekedwa kwa mwana wake, (Mwachitsanzo, adalangiza oimba awiri kupita kwa wina ndi mzake kuti azisewera ntchito zosiyanasiyana.) "Kutseguka" kwa ntchito yake, yomwe inatenga, mwinamwake, chirichonse chomwe chinamveka pozungulira. M'nyimbo zake zambiri, mumamvekanso nyimbo zachipembedzo za Puritan, jazi, nyimbo za oimba nyimbo. Ali mwana, Charles analeredwa pa nyimbo za oimba awiri - JS Bach ndi S. Foster (mnzake wa abambo a Ives, "bard" wa ku America, wolemba nyimbo zodziwika bwino ndi ma ballads). Zowopsa, zachilendo ku malingaliro aliwonse achabechabe ku nyimbo, mawonekedwe apamwamba amalingaliro ndi malingaliro, Ives pambuyo pake adzafanana ndi Bach.

Ives analemba ntchito zake zoyamba za gulu lankhondo (ankaimba zida zoimbira mmenemo), ali ndi zaka 14 anakhala woimba tchalitchi kumudzi kwawo. Koma iye ankaimba limba mu zisudzo, improvising ragtime ndi zidutswa zina. Atamaliza maphunziro awo ku yunivesite ya Yale (1894-1898), komwe adaphunzira ndi X. Parker (zolemba) ndi D. Buck (organ), Ives amagwira ntchito monga wotsogolera tchalitchi ku New York. Ndiye kwa zaka zambiri adagwira ntchito ngati kalaliki mukampani ya inshuwaransi ndipo adazichita ndi chidwi chachikulu. Pambuyo pake, m'zaka za m'ma 20, kuchoka ku nyimbo, Ives anakhala wochita bizinesi wopambana komanso katswiri wodziwika (wolemba ntchito zodziwika) pa inshuwalansi. Ntchito zambiri za Ives ndi zamitundu yanyimbo za orchestral ndi chamber. Iye ndi mlembi wa ma symphonies asanu, ma overtures, pulogalamu amagwira ntchito ku orchestra (Midzi itatu ku New England, Central Park mu Mdima), ma quartet a zingwe ziwiri, ma sonata asanu a violin, awiri a pianoforte, zidutswa za organ, kwaya ndi zoposa 100. nyimbo. Ives adalemba ntchito zake zambiri zazikulu kwa nthawi yayitali, zaka zingapo. Mu Piano Yachiwiri Sonata (1911-15), wolembayo adapereka msonkho kwa omwe adatsogolera ake auzimu. Chigawo chake chilichonse chimasonyeza chithunzi cha mmodzi wa anthanthi Achimereka: R. Emerson, N. Hawthorne, G. Topo; sonata yonse imakhala ndi dzina la malo omwe akatswiriwa ankakhala (Concord, Massachusetts, 1840-1860). Malingaliro awo adapanga maziko a dziko la Ives (mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la kuphatikiza moyo wa munthu ndi moyo wa chilengedwe). Zojambula za Ives zimadziwika ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba, zomwe adapeza sizinali zachizolowezi, koma zinali zoyesayesa zowululira zobisika zomwe zili mumtundu wa mawu.

Olemba ena asanakhalepo, Ives anafika ku njira zambiri zamakono zofotokozera. Kuchokera pakuyesa kwa abambo ake ndi oimba osiyanasiyana, pali njira yachindunji yopita ku polytonality (kumvekera munthawi yomweyo mafungulo angapo), kuzungulira, mawu a "stereoscopic" ndi ma aleatorics (pamene nyimbo sizimakhazikika, koma zimachokera kuzinthu zosakanikirana nthawi zonse. mwatsopano, ngati mwamwayi). Ntchito yaikulu yomaliza ya Ives (nyimbo yanyimbo yosamalizidwa ya “Dziko”) inakhudza makonzedwe a oimba ndi kwaya pabwalo, m’mapiri, m’malo osiyanasiyana mumlengalenga. Magawo awiri a symphony (Music of the Earth and Music of the Sky) adayenera kumveka ... nthawi imodzi, koma kawiri, kuti omvera athe kuyika chidwi chawo pa chilichonse. Muzolemba zina, Ives adayandikira gulu lachiwonetsero la nyimbo za atonal kale kuposa A. Schoenberg.

Chikhumbo cholowera m'matumbo a mawu omveka chinatsogolera Ives ku dongosolo la kotala la toni, losadziwika kotheratu ku nyimbo zachikale. Amalemba Zigawo Zitatu za Quarter Tone za Ma Piano Awiri (zokonzedwa bwino) ndi nkhani yakuti "Quarter Tone Impressions".

Ives anathera zaka zoposa 30 kupanga nyimbo, ndipo kokha mu 1922 anasindikiza ntchito zingapo ndi ndalama zake. Kwa zaka zomaliza za 20 za moyo wake, Ives adasiya ntchito zonse, zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa khungu, matenda a mtima ndi dongosolo lamanjenje. Mu 1944, polemekeza kubadwa kwa Ives kwa zaka 70, konsati ya jubilee idakonzedwa ku Los Angeles. Nyimbo zake zinkayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi oimba akuluakulu a m’zaka za zana lathu. I. Stravinsky ananenapo kuti: “Nyimbo za Ives zinandiuza zambiri kuposa olemba mabuku ofotokoza za kumadzulo kwa America…

K. Zenkin