Gaetano Donizetti (Gaetano Donizetti) |

Gaetano donizetti

Nyimbo za Donizetti zimakondweretsa dziko lapansi ndi chisangalalo chawo. Hein

Donizetti ndi talente yopita patsogolo kwambiri yemwe amazindikira zizolowezi za Renaissance. G. Mazzini

Nyimbo Donizetti zodabwitsa, zokongola, zodabwitsa! V. Bellini

G. Donizetti - woimira sukulu ya opera yachikondi ya ku Italy, fano la mafani a bel canto - adawonekera pamtunda wa opera ku Italy panthawi yomwe "Bellini anali kufa ndipo Rossini anali chete." Mwiniwake wa mphatso yanyimbo yosatha, talente yakuya ya ndakatulo komanso chidziwitso cha zisudzo, Donizetti adapanga ma opera 74, omwe adawonetsa kukula ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa talente yake yolemba nyimbo. Ntchito za opereshoni za Donizetti ndizosiyana modabwitsa m'mitundu: awa ndi ma socio-psychological melodramas ("Linda di Chamouni" - 1842, "Gemma di Vergi" - 1834), sewero la mbiri yakale ndi ngwazi ("Velisario" - 1836, "The Siege of Calais" - 1836, "Torquato Tasso" - 1833, "Mary Stuart" - 1835, "Marina Faliero" - 1835), nyimbo zochititsa chidwi ("Lucia di Lammermoor" - 1835, "The Favorite" - 1840, "Maria di Rogan" - 1843), nyimbo zomvetsa chisoni ("Lucretia Borgia" - 1833, "Anne Boleyn" - 1830). Makamaka osiyanasiyana ndi ma opera olembedwa mu mtundu wa buffa, nyimbo zoimbira ("Castle of the Invalids" - 1826, "New Pursonyak" - 1828, "Crazy by Order" - 1830), zisudzo ("Love's Potion" - 1832, "Don Pasquale "- 1843), zisudzo zoseketsa ndi zokambirana (Mwana wamkazi wa Regiment - 1840, Rita - anachita mu 1860) ndi buffa operas yoyenera (The Governor in Difficulty - 1824, The Night Bell - 1836).

Zoimbaimba za Donizetti ndi zipatso za ntchito yosamala kwambiri ya woimbayo pa nyimbo ndi libretto. Pokhala woimba wophunzira kwambiri, anagwiritsira ntchito ntchito za V. Hugo, A. Dumas-bambo, V. Scott, J. Byron ndi E. Scribe, iye mwiniyo anayesa kulemba libretto, ndipo analemba ndakatulo zoseketsa mwangwiro.

M'ntchito ya Donizetti, nthawi ziwiri zimatha kusiyanitsa. Mu ntchito zoyamba (1818-30), chikoka cha G. Rossini chikuwonekera kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti ma opera sali ofanana muzinthu, luso ndi maonekedwe a wolemba payekha, mwa iwo Donizetti amawoneka ngati woyimba kwambiri. Nthawi ya kukhwima kwa kulenga kwa wolembayo imagwera pa 30s - theka loyamba la 40s. Panthawiyi, amapanga zojambulajambula zomwe zalowa m'mbiri ya nyimbo. Izi ndizo "zatsopano nthawi zonse, zokongola nthawi zonse" (A. Serov) opera "Love Potion"; "imodzi mwa diamondi zoyera kwambiri za opera ya ku Italy" (G. Donati-Petteni) "Don Pasquale"; "Lucia di Lammermoor", pomwe Donizetti adawulula zobisika zonse zamalingaliro amunthu wachikondi (De Valori).

Kulimba kwa ntchito ya wolembayo ndi wapadera kwambiri: "Kumasuka komwe Donizetti adalemba nyimbo, luso lotha kumva maganizo a nyimbo, kumapangitsa kuti tifanizire ndondomeko ya ntchito yake ndi fruiting yachilengedwe ya mitengo ya zipatso" (Donati- Petteni). Mosavuta, wolembayo adadziwa masitayelo osiyanasiyana amitundu ndi mitundu ya zisudzo. Kuwonjezera pa masewero, Donizetti analemba oratorios, cantatas, symphonies, quartets, quintets, nyimbo zauzimu ndi mawu.

Kunja, moyo wa Donizetti unkawoneka wopambana mosalekeza. Ndipotu izi sizinali choncho. Wolemba nyimboyo analemba kuti: “Kubadwa kwanga n’kovuta kumvetsa chifukwa ndinabadwira pansi pa nthaka, m’munsi mwa Ngalande ya Borgo, kumene dzuŵa silinaloŵepo.” Makolo a Donizetti anali anthu osauka: bambo ake anali mlonda, amayi ake anali woluka nsalu. Ali ndi zaka 9, Gaetano amalowa ku Simon Mayr Charitable Music School ndipo amakhala wophunzira wabwino kwambiri kumeneko. Ali ndi zaka 14, adasamukira ku Bologna, komwe adaphunzira ku Lyceum of Music ndi S. Mattei. Luso lapadera la Gaetano linawululidwa koyamba pa mayeso mu 1817, pomwe ntchito zake za symphonic ndi cantata zidachitika. Ngakhale ku Lyceum, Donizetti adalemba ma opera atatu: Pygmalion, Olympias ndi The Wrath of Achilles, ndipo kale mu 3 opera yake ya Enrico, Count of Burgundy idakonzedwa bwino ku Venice. Ngakhale kupambana kwa opera, inali nthawi yovuta kwambiri m'moyo wa woimbayo: mapangano a kupeka sakanatha, banja linkafunika thandizo la ndalama, ndipo omwe anali pafupi naye sanamumvetse. Simon Mayr anakonza zoti Donizetti achite mgwirizano ndi gulu lachiwonetsero la Rome Opera kuti apange opera yotchedwa Zoraida ya ku Granata. Kupanga kwake kunali kopambana, koma kudzudzula komwe kunagwera kwa woyimba wachinyamatayo kunali kwankhanza kwambiri. Koma izi sizinaphwanye Donizetti, koma zinangowonjezera mphamvu zake pofuna kupititsa patsogolo luso lake. Koma tsoka limatsatira limodzi ndi linzake: choyamba mwana wa woimbayo amamwalira, kenako makolo ake, mkazi wake wokondedwa Virginia, yemwe sanafikeko zaka 1818: “Ndili ndekha padziko lapansi, ndipo ndidakali moyo!” Donizetti analemba motaya mtima. Zojambulajambula zidamupulumutsa kuti asadziphe. Kuyitanira ku Paris kukubwera posachedwa. Kumeneko amalemba zachikondi, zokongola, "Mwana wamkazi wa Regiment", "Wokondedwa" wokongola. Ntchito zonsezi, komanso aluntha Polievkt, analandiridwa ndi chidwi. Opera yomaliza ya Donizetti ndi Catarina Cornaro. Idachitikira ku Vienna, komwe mu 30 Donizetti adalandira dzina la wopeka wa khothi la Austria. Pambuyo pa 1842, matenda amisala adakakamiza Donizetti kusiya kupeka ndikumupha.

Zojambula za Donizetti, zomwe zimayimira kalembedwe kokongoletsa, zinali zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe. "Donizetti adatenga chisangalalo ndi zisoni zonse, nkhawa ndi nkhawa, zokhumba zonse za anthu wamba za chikondi ndi kukongola, ndiyeno adazifotokoza m'nyimbo zabwino zomwe zikukhalabe m'mitima ya anthu" (Donati-Petteni).

M. Dvorkina

• Opera ya ku Italy pambuyo pa Rossini: ntchito ya Bellini ndi Donizetti →

Mwana wa makolo osauka, amapeza mphunzitsi woyamba ndi wopindula mwa Mayr, kenako amaphunzira ku Bologna Musical Lyceum motsogoleredwa ndi Padre Mattei. Mu 1818, opera yake yoyamba, Enrico, Count of Burgundy, inachitikira ku Venice. Mu 1828 anakwatira woyimba komanso woyimba piyano Virginia Vasselli. Mu 1830, sewero la Anna Boleyn lidachitika mwachipambano ku Carcano Theatre ku Milan. Ku Naples, ali ndi udindo woyang'anira zisudzo ndi udindo wa mphunzitsi ku Conservatory, pomwe amalemekezedwa kwambiri; Komabe, mu 1838, Mercadante anakhala mtsogoleri wa Conservatory. Izi zinali zopweteka kwambiri kwa wolemba nyimboyo. Makolo ake atamwalira, ana atatu aamuna ndi aakazi, iye (ngakhale nkhani zambiri zachikondi) amakhala yekha, thanzi lake likugwedezeka, kuphatikizapo chifukwa cha ntchito yodabwitsa, yodabwitsa. Pambuyo pake kukhala wolemba komanso wotsogolera ma concert achinsinsi ku Khothi la Vienna, akuwonetsanso kuthekera kwake kwakukulu. Mu 1845 anadwala kwambiri.

"Ndinabadwira mumtsinje wa Borgo mobisa: kuwala kwa kuwala sikunalowe m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba, kumene ndinatsika masitepe. Ndipo, ngati kadzidzi, ndikuwuluka m'chisa, nthawi zonse ndimakhala ndi malingaliro oyipa kapena osangalatsa. Mawu awa ndi a Donizetti, yemwe adafuna kudziwa komwe adachokera, tsogolo lake, lomwe limadziwika ndi kuphatikizika kwa zochitika, zomwe, komabe, sizinamulepheretse kusinthana ziwembu zazikulu, ngakhale zomvetsa chisoni komanso zomvetsa chisoni mu ntchito yake yochita masewera oseketsa komanso yowona. zithunzi zamatsenga. "Nyimbo zamasewera zikabadwa m'mutu mwanga, ndimamva kubowola movutikira kumanzere kwake, ndikakhala mozama, ndimamva kubowola komweko kumanja," wopekayo adatsutsana ndi kukhazikika kopanda chidwi, ngati kuti akufuna kuwonetsa momwe malingaliro amayambira mosavuta. malingaliro ake. . “Kodi mukudziwa mawu anga? Mofulumira! Mwina izi sizoyenera kuvomerezedwa, koma zomwe ndidachita bwino nthawi zonse zidachitika mwachangu, "adalembera Giacomo Sacchero, m'modzi mwa omasulira ake, ndipo zotsatira zake, ngakhale sizinali nthawi zonse, zidatsimikizira kutsimikizika kwa mawu awa. Carlo Parmentola akulemba molondola kuti: “Kusafanana kwa zolemba za Donizetti tsopano kuli malo ofala osuliza, limodzinso ndi ntchito yake ya kulenga yopaka laimu, zifukwa zake zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimafunidwa m’chenicheni chakuti iye nthaŵi zonse anali wosonkhezeredwa ndi nthaŵi zosasinthika. Komabe, chowonadi ndi chakuti ngakhale monga wophunzira ku Bologna, pamene palibe chinamuthamangitsa, iye ankagwira ntchito feverishly ndi kupitiriza ntchito pa liwiro lomwelo ngakhale pamene potsiriza akwaniritsa bwino, iye anachotsa kufunika mosalekeza kulemba. Mwinamwake izi zimafunika kulenga mosalekeza, mosasamala kanthu za zochitika zakunja, pamtengo wofooketsa kulamulira kwa kukoma, chinali mbali ya umunthu wake wosakhazikika monga woimba wachikondi. Ndipo, ndithudi, iye anali mmodzi mwa anthu olemba omwe, atasiya mphamvu ya Rossini, anali otsimikiza za kufunika kotsatira kusintha kwa kukoma.

Piero Mioli analemba kuti: “Kwa zaka zoposa 30, luso la Donizetti lokhala ndi mbali zambiri lakhala likusonyezedwa momasuka ndiponso mosiyanasiyana m’masewero a zisudzo a ku Italy opitirira theka la zaka za m’ma XNUMX, omwe panthaŵiyo ankadziwika kuti ndi munthu. m'chifanizo cha Rossini wosawoneka bwino, kuyambira m'ma XNUMXs XNUMXs, kupanga mumtundu waukulu kumapeza mwayi wochulukirapo, monga, komabe, izi zidafunikira nthawi yomwe ikubwera yachikondi komanso chitsanzo cha munthu wanthawi yayitali monga Bellini, yemwe anali. ngati bwalo la zisudzo la Rossini lidakhazikika ku Italy mzaka zachiwiri ndi zachitatu zazaka za zana la XNUMX, ngati bwalo lamasewera la Verdi litapitilira lachisanu, lachinayi ndi la Donizetti.

Kutenga udindo waukulu umenewu, Donizetti, ndi khalidwe lake ufulu kudzoza, anathamangira kwa chimake cha zokumana nazo zoona, amene anapereka kukula chomwecho, kumasula iwo, ngati n'koyenera, ku zolinga ndi zothandiza zofunika zinayendera kwambiri. Kufufuza koopsa kwa wolemba nyimboyo kunamupangitsa kuti azikonda zomaliza za nyimbo za opera monga chowonadi chokha chofunikira kuti amvetsetse chiwembucho. Chilakolako ichi cha chowonadi ndi chomwe chinadyetsa nthawi yomweyo kudzoza kwake koseketsa, chifukwa chake, popanga zojambulajambula ndi zojambula, adakhala wolemba wamkulu kwambiri wanyimbo zanyimbo pambuyo pa Rossini, ndipo adatsimikiza nthawi yake yokhwima kuti apange ziwembu zoseketsa zomwe sizimangodziwika ndi nthabwala zachisoni. , koma mwa chifatso ndi umunthu. . Francesco Attardi ananena kuti: “M'nthawi ya Chikondi, anthu oimba nyimbo za opera anali osagwirizana, ndipo anali kuyesa momveka bwino kuti anthu a m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX ankafuna kukhala ndi moyo wabwino. Opera buffa ndi, titero, mbali ina ya ndalama, imatilimbikitsa kuganizira zambiri za opera seria. ngati likanakhala lipoti la chikhalidwe cha bourgeois.

Cholowa chachikulu cha Donizetti, chomwe chikuyembekezerabe kuzindikirika koyenera, chikuyenera kuganiziridwa kuti akuluakulu odziwa ntchito ya wolemba nyimbo monga Guglielmo Barblan amamupatsa kuti: "Kodi luso la Donizetti lidzadziwika liti kwa ife? Lingaliro lodziwikiratu lomwe linamulemera kwa zaka zoposa zana linamuwonetsa ngati wojambula, ngakhale kuti anali katswiri, koma atatengedwa ndi kupepuka kwake kodabwitsa pa mavuto onse kuti apereke ku mphamvu ya kudzoza kwakanthawi kochepa. Kuyang'ana mwachangu ma opera khumi ndi awiri a Donizetti, zitsitsimutso zamakono za zisudzo zomwe zayiwalika zimatsimikizira, m'malo mwake, kuti ngati nthawi zina malingaliro otere sangakhale atsankho, ndiye muzolemba zake zazikulu ... Donizetti anali wojambula yemwe amadziwa za udindo wa ntchito yomwe adapatsidwa ndikuyang'anitsitsa chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya, momwe adazindikira bwino njira yokhayo yothetsera melodrama yathu kuchokera ku malo osavuta omwe adapatsa provincialism, omwe monama amatchedwa "mwambo" ".

G. Marchesi (yomasuliridwa ndi E. Greceanii)

Zolemba:

machitidwe (74), kuphatikizapo Madness (Una Follia, 1818, Venice), Poor wandering virtuosos (I piccoli virtuosi ambulanti, 1819, Bergamo), Peter Wamkulu, Russian Tsar, kapena Livonian kalipenter (Pietro il grande Czar delle Russie o Il Falegname di Livonia, 1819, Venice), Rural wedding (Le Nozze in villa, 1820-21, Mantua, carnival), Zoraida Pomegranate (1822, theatre "Argentina", Rome), Chiara and Serafina, or Pirates (1822, theatre " La Scala”, Milan), Happy delusion (Il fortunato inganno, 1823, theatre “Nuovo”, Naples), Governor in difficulty (L'Ajo nell'imbarazzo, also known as Don Gregorio, 1824, theatre “Valle”, Rome) , Castle of the Invalids (Il Castello degli invalidi, 1826, Carolino Theatre, Palermo), Miyezi isanu ndi itatu mu Maola Awiri, kapena Othamangitsidwa ku Siberia (Otto mesi in due ore, ossia Gli Esiliati ku Siberia, 1827, Nuovo Theatre , Naples), Alina, Queen of Golconda (Alina regina di Golconda, 1828, Carlo Felice Theatre, Genoa), Pariah (1829, San Carlo Theatre, Naples), Elizabeth in the Castle Kenilw orth (Elisabetta al castello di Kenilworth, wotchedwanso. Kenilworth Castle, yochokera ku buku la W. Scott, 1829, ibid.), Anne Boleyn (1830, Carcano Theatre, Milan), Hugo, Count of Paris (1832, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Love Potion (L' Elisir d'amore, 1832, Canobbiana Theatre, Milan), Parisina (pambuyo pa J. Byron, 1833, Pergola Theatre, Florence), Torquato Tasso (1833, Valle Theatre, Rome), Lucrezia Borgia (kutengera sewero la dzina lomweli V. . Hugo, 1833, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Marino Faliero (kutengera sewero la dzina lomweli ndi J. Byron, 1835, Italien Theatre, Paris), Mary Stuart (1835, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Lucia di Lammermoor (kutengera buku la W. Scott "The Lammermoor Bride", 1835, San Carlo Theatre, Naples), Belisarius (1836, Fenice Theatre, Venice), The Siege of Calais (L'Assedio di Calais, 1836, theatre ” San Carlo, Naples), Pia de'Tolomei (1837, Apollo Theatre, Venice), Robert Devereux, or Earl of Essex (1837, San Carlo Theatre, Naples), Maria Di Rudenz (1838, theatre ” Fenice, Venice ), Mwana wamkazi wa Gulu(La fille du régiment, 1840, Opera Comique, Paris), Martyrs (Les Martyrs, kope latsopano la Polyeuctus, lochokera pa tsoka la P. Corneille, 1840, Grand Opera Theatre, Paris), Favorite (1840, ibid. ), Adelia, or the Daughter of the Archer (Adelia, about La figlia dell'arciere, 1841, theatre ” Apollo, Rome), Linda di Chamouni (1842, Kärntnertorteatr, Vienna), Don Pasquale (1843, Italien Theatre, Paris) , Maria di Rohan (Maria dl Rohan pa Il conte di Chalais, 1843, Kärntnertorteatr) , Vienna), Don Sebastian wa ku Portugal (1843, Grand Opera Theatre, Paris), Caterina Cornaro (1844, San Carlo Theatre, Naples) ndi ena; 3 oratorio, 28 cantata, 16 ma symphonies, 19 quartets, 3 quintets, Nyimbo zampingo, ntchito zambiri zamawu.