Tito Gobbi (Tito Gobbi) |

Tito Gombe

Dzina la Tito Gobbi, woimba wodziwika bwino wa nthawi yathu ino, amagwirizana ndi masamba ambiri owala m'mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo ku Italy. Anali ndi mawu amitundumitundu, osowa mu kukongola kwa matambula. Anali wodziŵa bwino mawu, ndipo zimenezi zinam’thandiza kufika pamlingo wapamwamba.

“Mawu, ngati ukudziwa kuwagwiritsa ntchito, ndiwo mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri,” akutero Gobbi. “Ndikhulupirireni, mawu angawa si chifukwa cha kuledzera kapena kunyada kwambiri. Kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, nthaŵi zambiri ndinkayimbira anthu ovulala m’zipatala, kumene atsoka ochokera padziko lonse lapansi ankasonkhana. Ndiyeno tsiku lina mnyamata wina - anali woipa kwambiri - mwa kunong'ona anandipempha kuti ndimuimbire "Ave Maria" kwa iye.

Munthu wosauka ameneyu anali wamng’ono, wokhumudwa kwambiri, ali yekhayekha, chifukwa anali kutali ndi kwawo. Ndinakhala pansi pafupi ndi bedi lake, ndikugwira dzanja lake ndikuimba "Ave Maria". Pamene ndinali kuyimba, anamwalira - akumwetulira.

Tito Gobbi anabadwa pa October 24, 1913 ku Bassano del Grappa, tauni yomwe ili m’munsi mwa mapiri a Alps. Bambo ake anali a m'banja lakale la Mantua, ndipo amayi ake, Enrika Weiss, anachokera ku banja la ku Austria. Nditamaliza sukulu, Tito analowa pa yunivesite ya Padua, kukonzekera ntchito ya malamulo. Komabe, ndi chitukuko cha mawu amphamvu, a sonorous, mnyamatayo amasankha kupeza maphunziro a nyimbo. Kusiya malamulo, akuyamba kuphunzira mawu ku Rome, ndi tenor wotchuka panthawiyo Giulio Crimi. Kunyumba ya Crimi, Tito anakumana ndi woimba piyano waluso Tilda, mwana wamkazi wa katswiri woimba nyimbo wa ku Italy Raffaelo de Rensis, ndipo posakhalitsa anamukwatira.

“Mu 1936, ndinayamba kuchita monga comprimano (woimba wa maudindo ang’onoang’ono. – Approx. Aut.); Ndinayenera kuphunzira maudindo angapo nthawi imodzi, kuti ngati mmodzi wa oimbayo akudwala, ndikhale wokonzeka kusintha nthawi yomweyo. Masabata a kubwereza kosatha anandilola kuti ndilowe mu chikhalidwe cha gawolo, kuti ndikhale ndi chidaliro chokwanira, choncho sizinali zolemetsa kwa ine. Mwayi wowonekera pa siteji, nthawi zonse mosayembekezereka, unali wokondweretsa kwambiri, makamaka popeza chiopsezo chokhudzana ndi mwadzidzidzi choterocho chinachepetsedwa ku Teatro Real ku Rome panthawiyo chifukwa cha thandizo lamtengo wapatali la aphunzitsi ambiri abwino kwambiri ndi chithandizo chowolowa manja cha abwenzi.

Vuto kwambiri anabisa otchedwa yaing'ono maudindo. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawu ochepa omwe amwazikana mozungulira zochita zosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi yomweyo, misampha yambiri imabisika mkati mwake. Sindine ndekha amene ndimawopa iwo ”...

Mu 1937, Gobbi adayamba ku Adriano Theatre ku Rome ngati Germont the Father mu opera La Traviata. Luso loimba la woimbayo linadziwika ndi likulu la zisudzo.

Atapambana mu 1938 pa International Vocal Competition ku Vienna, Gobbi adakhala wophunzira wasukulu ku La Scala theatre ku Milan. Zowona zenizeni za Gobbi m'bwalo lodziwika bwino zidachitika mu Marichi 1941 ku Fedora ya Umberto Giordano ndipo zidayenda bwino. Kupambana kumeneku kudaphatikizidwa chaka chotsatira monga Belcore mu Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore. Masewerowa, komanso kasewero ka zigawo za mu Falstaff ya Verdi, zinapangitsa Gobbi kunena za chodabwitsa kwambiri pa luso la mawu aku Italy. Tito amalandira zinkhoswe zambiri m’mabwalo osiyanasiyana a zisudzo ku Italy. Amapanga zojambula zoyamba, komanso amachitanso mafilimu. M'tsogolomu, woimbayo apanga zoposa makumi asanu zojambula zathunthu.

S. Belza akulemba kuti: “…Tito Gobbi mwachibadwa anapatsidwa luso lodabwitsa la mawu, komanso luso lochita masewero, khalidwe, mphatso yodabwitsa ya kubadwanso kwinakwake, zomwe zinamuthandiza kupanga zithunzi zomveka bwino komanso zosaiŵalika za nyimbo. Izi zinamupangitsa kukhala wokongola kwambiri kwa opanga mafilimu, omwe adayitana woimbayo kuti ayambe kujambula mafilimu oposa makumi awiri. Kubwerera mu 1937, adawonekera pazenera la Louis Trenker's The Condottieri. Ndipo nkhondo itatha, Mario Costa anayamba kujambula filimu yoyamba ya opera ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwake - The Barber of Seville.

Gobbi akukumbukira kuti:

“Posachedwapa, ndinaoneranso filimu yozikidwa pa seweroli mu 1947. Ndimaimba mbali ya mutu wa filimuyo. Ndinaona zonse mwatsopano, ndipo ndinaikonda kwambiri filimuyo kuposa pamenepo. Ndi dziko lina, lakutali ndi lotayika, koma mwachiyembekezo silingabwezeretsedwe. Ndinasangalala chotani nanga muunyamata wanga pamene ndinaphunzira The Barber ndi masinthidwe ake osayerekezeka a kayimbidwe kake, mmene ndinasangalalira kwenikweni ndi nyimbo zolemera ndi zowala! Opera osowa anali pafupi kwambiri ndi ine mumzimu.

Kuyambira 1941 mpaka 1943 ine ndi Maestro Ricci tinkagwira ntchito imeneyi pafupifupi tsiku lililonse. Ndipo mwadzidzidzi Opera ya ku Rome imandiitana kuti ndikachite nawo gawo loyamba la The Barber; Inde, sindikanatha kukana kuitana kumeneku. Koma, ndipo ndikukumbukira ndi kunyada, ndinali ndi mphamvu zopempha kuti ndichedwe. Ndipotu, ndinkadziwa kuti kukonzekera bwino, kudzidalira, zimatengera nthawi. Kenako otsogolera zisudzo anali akuganizabe za kusintha kwa wojambula; sewero loyamba linavomerezedwa mwachisomo kuti lichedwe, ndipo ndinaimba The Barber kwanthaŵi yoyamba mu February 1944.

Kwa ine, iyi inali sitepe yofunika kwambiri yopita patsogolo. Ndinapeza chipambano chokulirapo, ndinayamikiridwa kaamba ka mawu oyera ndi amoyo anyimbo.

Pambuyo pake, Gobbi adzachotsedwanso ku Costa - ku "Pagliacci" pogwiritsa ntchito opera ya Leoncavallo. Tito anachita mbali zitatu nthawi imodzi: Mawu Oyamba, Tonio ndi Silvio.

Mu 1947, Gobbi bwinobwino anatsegula nyengo ndi gawo la Mephistopheles mu siteji Baibulo Berlioz a Kuwononga Faust. Maulendo ambiri akunja anayamba, zomwe zinalimbitsa kutchuka kwa Gobbi. M'chaka chomwecho, woimbayo adawomberedwa m'manja mwa Stockholm ndi London. Mu 1950, adabwerera ku London ngati gawo la La Scala Opera Company ndipo adasewera pa siteji ya Covent Garden mu zisudzo za L'elisir d'amore, komanso Falstaff, Sicilian Vespers ndi Verdi's Otello.

Pambuyo pake, Mario Del Monaco, akutchula anzake otchuka kwambiri, adatcha Gobbi "Iago wosayerekezeka komanso woimba bwino kwambiri." Ndipo panthawiyo, chifukwa chogwira ntchito zotsogola m'masewero atatu a Verdi, Gobbi adalandira mphotho yapadera, ngati m'modzi mwa ochita bwino kwambiri omwe adachita nthawi imeneyo ku Covent Garden.

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 50s inali nthawi yowonjezereka kwambiri kwa woimbayo. Nyumba zazikulu kwambiri za zisudzo padziko lapansi zimamupatsa makontrakitala. Gobbi, makamaka, amaimba ku Stockholm, Lisbon, New York, Chicago, San Francisco.

Mu 1952 Tito anaimba pa Chikondwerero cha Salzburg; amadziwika kuti ndi Don Giovanni wosapambana mu opera ya Mozart ya dzina lomweli. Mu 1958, Gobbi adagwira nawo ntchito ya Don Carlos ku London's Covent Garden Theatre. Woimba yemwe adachita mbali ya Rodrigo adalandira ndemanga zabwino kwambiri kuchokera kwa otsutsa.

Mu 1964, Franco Zeffirelli adachita Tosca ku Covent Garden, akuitana Gobbi ndi Maria Callas.

Gobbi akulemba kuti: “Covent Garden Theatre inkakhala m’chipwirikiti chamisala ndi mantha: bwanji ngati Callas akana kuseŵera nthaŵi yomaliza? Sander Gorlinski, manejala wake, analibe nthawi yochita china chilichonse. Kukhalapo kwa anthu osaloledwa pazochitika zonse ndizoletsedwa. Nyuzipepala zinali zongonena za laconic zotsimikizira kuti zonse zikuyenda bwino ...

January 21, 1964. Pano pali kufotokoza kwa ntchito yosaiŵalika, yolembedwa ndi mkazi wanga Tilda m’buku lake la zochitika m’maŵa wotsatira:

“Madzulo osangalatsa bwanji! Chiwonetsero chodabwitsa, ngakhale kwa nthawi yoyamba m'moyo wanga aria "Vissi d'arte" sanalandire m'manja. (Lingaliro langa ndiloti omverawo adachita chidwi kwambiri ndi zochitikazo kotero kuti sanayese kusokoneza zochitikazo ndi kuwomba m'manja kosayenera. - Tito Gobbi.) Chochita chachiwiri ndi chodabwitsa kwambiri: zimphona ziwiri za luso la opera zinagwada wina ndi mzake pamaso pa gulu lankhondo. chophimba, ngati opikisana nawo aulemu. Pambuyo pa kuyimirira kosalekeza, omvera adatenga siteji. Ndidawona momwe a Briteni odziletsa adapenga: adavula ma jekete awo, zomangira, Mulungu amadziwa china chake ndipo adawagwedeza mwamphamvu. Tito anali wosayerekezeka, ndipo zochita za onse aŵiriwo zinali zolondola modabwitsa. Inde, Maria adagwedeza bwino chithunzi cha Tosca, ndikuchipatsa umunthu wochuluka komanso womasuka. Koma iye yekha angakhoze kuchita izo. Aliyense amene angayerekeze kutsatira chitsanzo chake, ndikanachenjeza: chenjerani!

Pambuyo pake sewero lochititsa chidwi linabwerezedwanso ndi osewera omwewo ku Paris ndi New York, pambuyo pake prima donna waumulungu anasiya siteji ya opera kwa nthawi yaitali.

Repertoire ya woimbayo inali yodabwitsa. Gobbi adayimba magawo opitilira zana amitundu yonse ndi masitaelo. Otsutsawo anati: “Zomwe zimachitikira m’gulu la zisudzo zapadziko lonse zimadalira iyeyo.

L. Landman analemba kuti: “Kuchita kwake kwa maudindo otsogola m’maseŵero a Verdi kunali kochititsa chidwi kwambiri,” analemba motero L. Landman, “kuwonjezera pa otchulidwawo, awa ndi Macbeth, Simon Boccanegra, Renato, Rigoletto, Germont, Amonasro. Zithunzi zovuta zenizeni komanso zankhanza za masewera a Puccini zili pafupi ndi woimba: Gianni Schicchi, Scarpia, otchulidwa a verist operas ndi R. Leoncavallo, P. Mascagni, F. Cilea, nthabwala zonyezimira za Rossini's Figaro ndi tanthauzo lolemekezeka la "William Tell".

Tito Gobbi ndi wosewera wabwino kwambiri. Pochita nawo zisudzo zazikulu kwambiri za m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, adayimba mobwerezabwereza ndi ochita bwino amasiku ano monga Maria Callas, Mario Del Monaco, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, okonda A. Toscanini, V. Furtwängler, G. Karajan. Kudziwa bwino kwambiri kwa zigawo za opera, kutha kugawa bwino zowoneka bwino komanso kumvetsera mwatcheru kwa mnzake zidamupangitsa kuti akwaniritse mgwirizano wosowa pakuyimba pamodzi. Ndi Callas, woimbayo adalemba kawiri Tosca pa zolemba, ndi Mario Del Monaco - Othello. Anatenga nawo mbali mumasewero ambiri a pa TV ndi mafilimu, mafilimu osinthika a mbiri ya olemba odziwika bwino. Zojambula za Tito Gobbi, komanso mafilimu omwe adatenga nawo mbali, ndizopambana kwambiri pakati pa okonda luso la mawu. Pazolemba, woimbayo amawonekeranso mu gawo la konsati, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti athe kuweruza kukula kwa nyimbo zake. M'chipinda cha chipinda cha Gobbi, malo akuluakulu amaperekedwa ku nyimbo za ambuye akale a zaka za m'ma XNUMX J. Carissimi, J. Caccini, A. Stradella, J. Pergolesi. Iye mofunitsitsa komanso zambiri amalemba nyimbo za Neapolitan.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 60, Gobbi adayamba kutsogolera. Pa nthawi yomweyi, akupitiriza kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Mu 1970, Gobbi, pamodzi ndi Kallas, anabwera ku Soviet Union monga mlendo wa IV International Competition wotchedwa PI Tchaikovsky.

Kwa zaka zambiri, akuimba ndi oimba otchuka kwambiri, kukumana ndi anthu otchuka oimba, Gobbi wasonkhanitsa zolemba zosangalatsa. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mabuku oimba "Moyo Wanga" ndi "World of Italy Opera" amasangalala kwambiri, amene momveka bwino anafotokoza zinsinsi za nyumba ya zisudzo. Tito Gobbi anamwalira pa Marichi 5, 1984.