General-in-Chief

German Generalbas, Italy. basso generale, lit. -Bass yonse

Bass mawu okhala ndi manambala osonyeza makonsoni m'mawu apamwamba. Mayina a Dr.: Chitaliyana basso continuo thorough-bass, kupyolera-bass - mabasi opitirira. Naz. komanso mabasi a digito (basso numerato yaku Italy, French basse chiffrée, German bezifferter BaYa). Mayina akale osowa kwambiri ndi achi Italiya. basso seguente, basso per l'organo, basso prinzipale, partitura d'organo. Ndi mawu akuti "G.-b." mchitidwe kujambula kutsagana ndi melodic chikugwirizana. mawu mu mawonekedwe a G.-b., komanso kuchita. yesetsani kusewera mabasi a digito pa organ ndi harpsichord. Nthawi yogawa ya G. - ingakhale. (1600-1750) nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "nyengo ya H.-B." Zitsanzo za G. amapezeka ku C. Monteverdi, G. Schutz, A. Corelli, A. Scarlatti, JS Bach, GF Handel, J. Pergolesi, J. Haydn ndi ena.

Dzina G.-b. ziphunzitso zakale za kumanga ndi kugwirizana kwa ma chords ankavalanso (zinagwirizana pang'ono ndi ziphunzitso zoyambirira za mgwirizano; chifukwa chake chizindikiritso chawo kamodzi).

G.-b. monga njira yofupikitsa kujambula kwa polyphony kudayamba ku Italy kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 16. pakuchita limba ndi harpsichord kutsagana. Chiyambi ndi chiyambi cha kugawa G.-b. kugwirizana ndi kukula mofulumira kwa homophony ku Ulaya. nyimbo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 16 ndi 17, ndi gawo lodziwika bwino la kukonzanso ndi kukongoletsa. Mpaka zaka za m'ma 17, zolemba za polygonal polyphonic zidakopera ndikusindikizidwa osati mwanjira ya mphambu, koma mu mawonekedwe a magawo a dipatimentiyo. kuyimba mawu (olemba ma polyphonic adabisa ngakhale nyimbo zawo zambiri kuti asunge zinsinsi za njira yawo yolumikizirana mwachinsinsi). Kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha izi pophunzira ndikuchita zinthu zovuta, ital. oimba nyimbo ndi oimba koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 16. anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu achidule a nkhaniyo. Chofunika kwambiri cha njira yatsopanoyi chinali chakuti panthawi iliyonse yomveka phokoso lotsika kwambiri la mawu omwe ali nawo (bass) amalembedwa, ndipo zotsalira za mawuwa zinalembedwa mu ziwerengero zomwe zimasonyeza nthawi yochokera ku bass. Kuti. njira yatsopano yolembera ma homophonic idawuka: bass mosalekeza (mosiyana ndi mawu otsika a polyphonic osokonezedwa ndi kuyimitsa) yokhala ndi zoyimba pamwamba pake. Njira yomweyi idagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ma polygon. nyimbo za lute kapena mawu amodzi omwe amatsagana ndi lute (kachitidwe koyimba limodzi mwamawu amtundu wa polyphonic ndikuyimba mawu otsala pazida akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali). Pachiyambi. Zaka za m'ma 17 wochititsa opera (yemwe nthawi zambiri analinso wopeka) anakonza sewerolo, akulemba pamaziko a G.-b. kuchuluka kwa mavoti ofunikira malinga ndi ogwira ntchito omwe ali nawo. Kuchita kwa kutsagana ndi G.-b. pa limba ndi harpsichord zinaphatikizapo zinthu za improvisation zochokera mogwirizana.

M'mbuyomu, G.-b. anagwiritsidwa ntchito mu “Makonsati a Tchalitchi” (“Concerti ecclesiastici”) ndi A. Banchieri (1595) ndi “The Representation of Soul and Body” (“La rappresentazione di Anima e di Corpo”) ndi E. Cavalieri (Spanish 1600). Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kosasinthasintha kwa G. - kungakhale. amapeza mu L. Viadana's “100 Church Concerts” (“Cento concerti ecclesiastici…”) (1602), amene kwa nthawi yayitali ankaonedwa kuti ndi amene anayambitsa H.-b. M’mawu oyamba a ntchitoyi, Viadana akulankhula za zifukwa zomwe zinamupangitsa kugwiritsa ntchito G.-b.; malamulo a digito ndi kuphedwa malinga ndi G.-b. akufotokozedwanso pamenepo. Zizindikiro zoterezi zilinso m'mabuku a A. Bankieri ("L' organo suonarino", 1607), A. Agazzari ("Sacrae cantiones", 1608), M. Pretorius ("Syntagma musicum", III, 1619; Faksimile- Nachdruck, Kassel -Basel-L.-NY, 1958).

Monga njira yopangira G.-b. ndi mawu omveka bwino a homophonic harmonic. zilembo, koma monga kachitidwe ka notation imakhala ndi chizindikiro cha polyphonic. lingaliro la ofukula - kumvetsetsa chord monga zovuta za intervals. Njira zozindikiritsira nyimbo: kusowa kwa manambala (ndi zizindikiro zina) kumatanthauza diatonic. katatu; ma harmonies onse ali pansi pa digito, kupatula diatonic. katatu; nambala 6 - gawo lachisanu ndi chimodzi,

- kotala-sextakcord; manambala

- diatonic. chigawo chachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi zokopa zake; 9 - yopanda phokoso. Chachitatu sichimalembedwa; chizindikiro chamwangozi (chakuthwa, becar, chafulati) chopanda nambala chikutanthauza chachitatu; chizindikiro changozi pafupi ndi nambala chimatanthauza chromatic. kusintha kwa phokoso lapamwamba la nthawi yofanana (kuchokera ku bass). Kuwonjezeka kwa Chromatic kumasonyezedwanso mwa kudutsa nambala kapena + chizindikiro pambuyo pake - kuwonjezeka kwachisanu ndi chimodzi, 4 + - kuwonjezeka kwachinayi). Kumveka kopanda phokoso kumasonyezedwanso ndi manambala ochokera ku bass (4 - katatu ndi kuchedwa kutsika kufika pachitatu,

- kumangidwa katatu kwa quart, chachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi nona ndi lingaliro lake). Zizindikiro za tasto solo ("kiyi imodzi", abbr. ts) zimawonetsa magwiridwe antchito a bass imodzi, popanda zoyimba. Pachiyambi. Mchitidwe wa 17th century G. - b. mwamsanga kufalikira ku Ulaya. mayiko. Osewera onse ndi otsogolera gulu adafunikira kuti adziwe luso losewera ndikuwongolera molingana ndi G.-b. Mawu Oyamba G.-b. poyamba anali ndi tanthauzo labwino. Pansi pa kutsogola kwa njira zosavuta komanso chithandizo chokhwima cha ma dissonances, G.-b. adathandizira kuphunzira ndi kupanga nyimbo zovuta.

JS Bach. Sonata ya 2 Violin ndi Digitized Bass, movement III. Choyambirira.

Momwemonso, yofotokozedwa ndi L. Landshoff.

Pochita ntchito ya G. - ingakhale. idawuka ndikulimbitsa mawu. Matchulidwe a nyimbo zazikulu, zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri - choyimba chachisanu ndi chimodzi, kotala-sextakchord, choyambira chachisanu ndi chiwiri (motero chizolowezi chosiya mawu atatu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri: M'nthawi imeneyo, komabe, izi sizinali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu. Monga njira za harmonic zomwe zimapangidwira bwino komanso zoyengedwa, mayina atsopano a digito (ma signature) adayambitsidwa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Choncho, m'buku loyambirira la ID ndi siginecha 1711 zokha, mu ntchito yake yamtsogolo (12) pali kale 1728, ndipo I. Mattheson (32) akubweretsa chiwerengero chawo ku 1735.

Pamene chiphunzitso cha kugwirizana chinakula, njira zolondola kwambiri zotchulira nyimbo zinapezedwa. Muse. kuchita ser. Zaka za m'ma 18 zidasiya kusamutsidwa motsatizana ndi cholinga cha wolemba ndikuchepetsa gawo lakuchita bwino. G.-b. anasiya kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ngakhale kwa nthawi yaitali anali kusungidwa mu pedagogical. chitani ngati maphunziro omwe amalimbikitsa luso loimba nyimbo za baroque, komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mogwirizana. Malangizo kwa G. - b. zidapangidwa ndi FE Bach (1752), FV Marpurg (1755), IF Kirnberger (1781), DG Türk (1791), AE Koron (1801), F. Zh. Fetis (1824), Z. Dehn (1840), E. Richter (1860), S. Jadasson (1883), X. Riemann (1889) ndi ena. Mu Russian. chinenero chomasuliridwa kuti “Bukhu Lachidule la Phunziro la G.-B.” O. Kolbe (1864).

Pakali pano Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zotsalira za chiphunzitso cha G.-B., zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano, zimapezeka m'njira zopangira digito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabuku ambiri. Mtundu wa chitsitsimutso pang'ono cha machitidwe a G.-b. imawonedwa mu jazi ndi kuwala estra pafupi ndi izo. nyimbo. Zofunikira pa izi ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito, kuyanjana kwa gulu lomwe likutsatira (gitala, piyano) ndi zida zoimbira, mawonekedwe amtundu wotsagana nawo. Nthawi zambiri kujambula kwa nyimbo kumakhala kuwonetsa nyimbo, harmonica. bass yokhala ndi digito komanso yoyambira. zotsutsana; mawonekedwe a mawu apakati amalembedwa m'njira yosavuta, wokonza ndi wochita masewera amapatsidwa mwayi wosintha malinga ndi momwe angafunire. Zolemba zimatchulidwa mosiyanasiyana.

K. Velebny. Kuchokera m'buku la Jazz Practice.

Njira yodziwika kwambiri ndiyo kutchula main. ma toni (C - phokoso C, C — ndi, E - es, etc.), mtundu wa triad (G - triad G-dur, Gm - g-moll, G + - kuchuluka kwa katatu), pamatchulidwe a digito a mawu omwe amawonjezeredwa ku utatu (

- c-es-gad chord,

- face-es-gis-hd, etc.); malingaliro. chachisanu ndi chiwiri - E mdima, ndi zina zotero. Nyimbo mu gawo la limba. zolembedwa mu imodzi mwazosankha zama digito: B maj7 (major seventh chord) – bdfa chord, Emi7 (min. seventh chord) – eghd, E 7 – es-gb-des, G+ – gh-es (onani manambala okhala ndi mawu a trombone). Kutchulidwa uku kumasonyeza chiyambi cha G.-b.; sizikutanthauza kuti chord cha gh-es chiyenera kuzindikirika ngati kusinthika kwa uv. katatu kuchokera ku es, osati SW. atatu ku g. G.-b. anali ndipo akadali othandiza. amatanthauza kwa woimba, “nyimbo. shorthand” osati nthanthi ya sayansi.

Zothandizira: Kelner D., Malangizo Owona pakupanga kwa bass General…, M., 1791; Czerny K., Letters … or Guide to the study of piyano …, St. Petersburg, 1842; Ivanov-Boretsky M., Musical and History reader vol. 1-3, M., 1928, yosinthidwa. e., ayi. 1-2, M., 1933-1936.

Yu. N. Kholopov