Harmony |

Greek armonia - kugwirizana, mgwirizano, kufanana

Njira zomveka zanyimbo zozikidwa pa kuphatikiza ma toni kukhala makonsonsi ndi kutsatizana kwa makonsoni. Consonances amatanthauzidwa malinga ndi mode ndi tonality. G. imadziwonetsera osati mu polyphony, komanso mu monophony - nyimbo. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za rhythm ndi chord, modal, ntchito (onani Modal Functions), kutsogolera mawu. Mfundo yaikulu ya kupanga chord imalamulira kwa zaka zambiri. zaka zambiri Prof. ndi Nar. nyimbo zimasiyana. anthu. Zochita zolimbitsa thupi zimachitika mu harmonic. kusuntha (kusintha kotsatizana kwa nyimbo) chifukwa cha kusinthana kwa ma muses. kukhazikika ndi kusakhazikika; ntchito mu G. zimadziwika ndi malo omwe amakhala ndi zolembera mogwirizana. Choyimira chapakati chamtunduwu chimapereka chiwonetsero cha kukhazikika (tonic), zotsalira zotsalira ndizosakhazikika (magulu akulu ndi ocheperako). Kuwongolera kwa mawu kumatha kuganiziridwanso ngati chotsatira cha ma harmonics. kuyenda. Mawu omwe amapanga phokoso loperekedwa amapita ku phokoso la lotsatira, ndi zina zotero; kusuntha kwa mawu oyambira kumapangidwa, apo ayi kutsogolera kwa mawu, kutengera malamulo ena opangidwa popanga nyimbo ndikusinthidwa pang'ono.

Pali matanthauzo atatu a mawu akuti "G.": G. monga njira yaluso ya luso loimba (I), monga chinthu chophunzirira (II), komanso monga phunziro la maphunziro (III).

I. Kumvetsetsa zaluso. Makhalidwe a G., ndiko kuti, udindo wake mu nyimbo. ntchito, m'pofunika kuganizira zotheka ake ofotokoza (1), harmonic. mtundu (2), kutengapo mbali kwa G. popanga misewu. mitundu (3), ubale wa G. ndi zigawo zina za nyimbo. chinenero (4), maganizo a G. pa nyimbo. kalembedwe (5), magawo ofunika kwambiri a mbiri yakale ya G. (6).

1) Kufotokozera kwa G. kuyenera kuwunikidwa motengera mawu wamba. mwayi wa nyimbo. mawu a harmonic ndi achindunji, ngakhale zimatengera mawu a muses. chilankhulo, makamaka kuchokera kunyimbo. Kufotokozera kwina kungakhale kwachibadwa m'makonsoninsi amodzi. Kumayambiriro kwa opera ya R. Wagner "Tristan ndi Isolde" phokoso likumveka, lomwe makamaka limatsimikizira mtundu wa nyimbo za ntchito yonse:

Choyimbira ichi, chotchedwa "Tristan", chimalowa muzolemba zonse, chimapezeka m'malo ovuta kwambiri ndipo chimakhala leitharmony. Mtundu wa nyimbo zomaliza za symphony ya 6 ya Tchaikovsky idakonzedweratu mu nyimbo yoyambira:

Kufotokozera kwamitundu ingapo ndikotsimikizika komanso kokhazikika m'mbiri. Mwachitsanzo, nyimbo yachisanu ndi chiwiri yochepetsedwa idagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza mochititsa chidwi kwambiri. zokumana nazo (zoyamba za sonata za Beethoven No. 8 ndi No. 32 za piyano). Kufotokozera kulinso khalidwe la nyimbo zosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, kumapeto kwa chiyambi cha Rachmaninoff, op. 23 No 1 (fis-moll) kubwerezabwereza kwazing'ono za tonic. triads imakulitsa mawonekedwe omwe ali nawo mu ntchitoyi.

2) Mu kufotokozera kwa G., mawonekedwe a modal-functional ndi mitundu yamawu amaphatikizidwa. Harmonic utoto umawonekera m'mawu oterowo komanso mu chiŵerengero cha phokoso (mwachitsanzo, maulendo atatu akuluakulu pamtunda wa gawo lalikulu lachitatu). Kujambula kwa G. nthawi zambiri kumagwira ntchito ngati njira yothetsera pulogalamu. ntchito. Pakukula kwa gawo loyamba la symphony ya 1 ya Beethoven ("Pastoral"), pali maj akale. katatu; kusintha kwawo pafupipafupi, kudzasankha. Kuchuluka kwa makiyi, tonics to-rykh imatha kupezeka pamawu onse a diatonic. kumveka kwamtundu waukulu wa ma tonali a symphony (F-dur) ndi mitundu yachilendo kwambiri pa nthawi ya Beethoven. njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza zithunzi za chilengedwe. Chithunzi cha mbandakucha mu gawo lachiwiri la opera ya Tchaikovsky "Eugene Onegin" akuvekedwa ndi tonic yowala. katatu C-dur. Kumayambiriro kwa sewero la Grieg "Morning" (kuchokera ku gulu la Peer Gynt), chidziwitso cha kuunikira chimatheka ndi kusuntha kwapamwamba kwa makiyi akuluakulu, tonics omwe amalekanitsidwa ndi wina ndi mzake poyamba ndi gawo lalikulu lachitatu, kenako ndi laling'ono. chimodzi (E-dur, Gis-dur, H- dur). Ndi malingaliro ogwirizana. mtundu nthawi zina umaphatikiza zoyimira zamitundu yanyimbo (onani Kumvera kwa Mtundu).

3) G. amatenga nawo mbali pakupanga zojambulajambula. mawonekedwe. Kupanga mawonekedwe a G. kumaphatikizapo: a) chord, leitharmony, harmonic. mitundu, limba mfundo; b) harmonic. pulsation (kusinthasintha kwa kusintha kwa ma harmonic). kusintha; c) ma cadences, ma cadences, modulations, masinthidwe, ma tonal plan; d) mgwirizano, magwiridwe antchito (kukhazikika ndi kusakhazikika). Njirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyimbo za homophonic ndi polyphonic. nyumba yosungiramo katundu.

Zomwe zili mu ma modal harmonics. kukhazikika kwa ntchito ndi kusakhazikika kumakhudzidwa pakupanga ma muses onse. mapangidwe - kuyambira nthawi mpaka mawonekedwe a sonata, kuchokera kuzinthu zazing'ono kupita ku fugue yambiri, kuchokera ku chikondi kupita ku opera ndi oratorio. Mumitundu itatu yomwe imapezeka m'ntchito zambiri, kusakhazikika nthawi zambiri kumakhala gawo lapakati lachitukuko, koma zimagwirizana. kukhazikika - mpaka kumadera ovuta kwambiri. Kukula kwa mawonekedwe a sonata kumasiyanitsidwa ndi kusakhazikika kwachangu. Kusinthana kwa bata ndi kusasunthika ndiko gwero la kayendetsedwe kake, chitukuko, komanso kukhulupirika koyenera kwa muses. mawonekedwe. The cadences makamaka momveka bwino pomanga mawonekedwe a nthawi. mtundu wa harmonica. mgwirizano wa mathero a chiganizo, mwachitsanzo, ubale pakati pa olamulira ndi tonic unakhala zinthu zokhazikika za nthawiyo - maziko a zolemba zambiri. mawonekedwe. Cadenzas amaganizira kwambiri ntchito, zogwirizana. kugwirizana kwa nyimbo.

Dongosolo la tonal, ndiye kuti, kutsatizana kogwira ntchito komanso kowoneka bwino kwa ma tonali, ndikofunikira kuti pakhale muses. mawonekedwe. Pali kugwirizana kwa tonal osankhidwa ndi machitidwe, omwe alandira phindu lachizoloŵezi mu fugue, rondo, mawonekedwe ovuta a magawo atatu, ndi zina zotero. kugwirizana pakati pa "kutali" kwa wina ndi mzake muses. zomangamanga. Kupanga dongosolo la tonal kukhala loyimba. zenizeni, woimba ndi womvetsera ayenera kuyerekeza nyimbo pa "kutalika" kwakukulu. Pansipa pali chithunzi cha dongosolo la tonal la gawo loyamba la symphony ya 1 ndi Tchaikovsky. Kumva, kuzindikira kulumikizana kwa tonal muntchito yayitali kwambiri (miyezo 6) kulola, choyamba, kubwereza kwa ma muses. mitu. Chap anatulukira. key (h-moll), makiyi ena ofunikira (monga D-dur), func. kuyanjana ndi kugonjera kwa mafungulo monga ntchito zadongosolo lapamwamba (poyerekeza ndi ntchito muzotsatira zamagulu). Tonal movement pa otd. magawo amakonzedwa ndi maubwenzi otsika kutentha; zozungulira kapena zotsekedwa zimawonekera min. tonality, kubwerezabwereza komwe kumathandizira kuzindikira zonse.

Mapulani a Tonal a gulu loyamba la symphony ya 6 ya Tchaikovsky

Kuphimba kwa dongosolo lonse la tonal kumathandizidwanso mwadongosolo. kagwiritsidwe ntchito kakutsatizana, kusinthasintha kwanthawi zonse kwa kamvekedwe kokhazikika, kosinthika kamvekedwe ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu, magawo osinthira, mbali zina zofananira za pachimake. Dongosolo la tonal la gawo loyamba la symphony ya 1 ya Tchaikovsky likuwonetsa "umodzi muzosiyanasiyana" ndipo, ndi mawonekedwe ake onse, amasiyanitsa. mawonekedwe, amakumana classic. machitidwe. Malingana ndi chimodzi mwa zikhalidwezi, kutsatizana kwa ntchito zosakhazikika zapamwamba ndizosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse, cadence (S - D). Zogwira ntchito. Kusuntha kwa tonal kwa magawo atatu (osavuta) ndi mawonekedwe a sonata amatenga mawonekedwe T - D - S - T, mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa T - S - D - T (monga, mwachitsanzo, ndi tonal mapulani a magawo oyamba a ma symphonies awiri oyamba a Beethoven). Kusuntha kwa tonal nthawi zina kumakanikizidwa kukhala nyimbo kapena kutsatizana kwa nyimbo - harmonic. kubweza. Chimodzi mwazomaliza za gawo loyamba la symphony yachisanu ndi chimodzi ya Tchaikovsky (onani mipiringidzo 6-1) idamangidwa pazigawo zachisanu ndi chiwiri zomwe zidachepetsedwa, ndikuwonjezera kukwera kwam'mbuyo kwa tertz yaying'ono.

Pamene chimodzi kapena china chord makamaka noticeable mu chidutswa Mwachitsanzo. chifukwa cha kugwirizana ndi chimaliziro kapena chifukwa cha mbali yofunika mu nyimbo. Theme, iye ali mochuluka kapena mocheperapo akutenga nawo mbali pakupanga ndi kumanga muses. mawonekedwe. Kulowetsa, kapena "kupyolera", zochita za chord mu ntchito yonseyi ndizochitika zomwe zimatsagana ndi mbiri yakale komanso zimatsogolera monothematism; Itha kufotokozedwa ngati "monoharmonism" yomwe imatsogolera ku leitharmony. Udindo wa monoharmonic umasewera, mwachitsanzo, ndi nyimbo za digiri yachiwiri yotsika mu Beethoven's sonatas NoNo 14 ("Moonlight"), 17 ndi 23 ("Appassionata"). Kuwunika chiŵerengero cha G. ndi muses. mawonekedwe, munthu ayenera kuganizira za malo omwe ali ndi njira yopangira geography (kuwonetsera, kapena kubwezeretsanso, ndi zina zotero), komanso kutenga nawo mbali pakukwaniritsa mfundo zofunika monga kubwereza, kusinthika, chitukuko, kutumizidwa, ndi kusiyana.

4) G. ali mu bwalo la zigawo zina za nyimbo. chinenero ndi kucheza nawo. Makhalidwe ena osagwirizana nawo amakhazikitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa mikwingwirima yolimba kwambiri, katchulidwe ka mawu nthawi zambiri kamayenderana ndi kusintha kwa nyimbo; pa tempo yofulumira, kugwirizana kumasintha mobwerezabwereza kusiyana ndi pang'onopang'ono; timbre ya zida mu kaundula otsika (chiyambi cha 6 symphony Tchaikovsky) amatsindika mdima, ndi mkulu kaundula kuwala harmonic. kupaka utoto (chiyambi cha kuyimba kwa orchestra ku opera Lohengrin ndi Wagner). Chofunika kwambiri ndi kugwirizana pakati pa nyimbo ndi nyimbo, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yaikulu mu nyimbo. prod. G. amakhala "wotanthauzira" wozindikira kwambiri wazomwe zili munyimboyo. Malinga ndi ndemanga yakuya ya MI Glinka, G. amamaliza nyimbo. Lingaliro limatsimikizira zomwe zimawoneka ngati zapumira m'nyimboyo komanso zomwe sizingathe kuzifotokoza mu "mawu ake athunthu". G. zobisika munyimbo zimawululidwa mwa kugwirizanitsa - mwachitsanzo, pamene olemba akupanga nar. nyimbo. Chifukwa cha nyimbo zosiyanasiyana, nyimbo zofanana. kutembenuka kumatulutsa mawonekedwe osiyana. Chuma chogwirizana. Zosankha zomwe zili munyimbo zikuwonetsa ma harmonic. kusintha, kudula kumachitika ndi kubwereza kwa nyimbo. zidutswa zazikulu kapena zazing'ono, zomwe zili "pafupi ndi" kapena "kutali" (m'njira zosiyanasiyana kapena nyimbo zina zilizonse). Zaluso kwambiri. mtengo wa harmonic. kusiyanasiyana (komanso kusiyanasiyana kosiyanasiyana) kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mfundo yakuti imakhala chinthu chothandizira kukonzanso nyimbo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kusiyanasiyana kwa harmonic ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri. njira za self-harmonic. chitukuko. Mu "Turkish" kuchokera ku opera "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila" ndi Glinka, mwa ena, pali njira zotsatirazi zogwirizanitsa nyimbo:

Kusiyanasiyana kotereku kumapanga chiwonetsero chofunikira cha mitundu ya Glinka. Zosasinthika diatonic. nyimboyi imatha kugwirizanitsidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana: kokha ndi diatonic (onani Diatonic) kapena chromatic (onani Chromatism) nyimbo, kapena kuphatikiza zonse ziwiri; kugwirizanitsa kwamtundu umodzi kapena kusintha kwa makiyi, kusintha, ndi kusunga kapena kusintha kwa mawonekedwe (yaikulu kapena yaying'ono) ndizotheka; zotheka zosiyana. funkt. kuphatikiza kukhazikika ndi kusakhazikika (ma tonic, olamulira ndi olamulira); kugwirizanitsa zosankha kumaphatikizapo kusintha kwa madandaulo, nyimbo. maudindo ndi makonzedwe a chords, kusankha preim. katatu, nyimbo zisanu ndi ziwiri kapena zosawerengeka, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu omveka komanso osamveka, ndi zina zambiri. Mu njira ya harmonic. kusiyanasiyana kuwululidwa chuma chidzawonetsa. kuthekera kwa G., chikoka chake panyimbo, ndi zina za nyimbo. chonse.

5) G. pamodzi ndi zolemba zina. zigawo zomwe zimagwira ntchito popanga nyimbo. kalembedwe. Mukhozanso kufotokoza zizindikiro za harmonic yoyenera. kalembedwe. Harmonica yachilendo. kutembenuka, zolembera, njira za chitukuko cha tonal zimadziwika pokhapokha pazochitika za mankhwala, mogwirizana ndi cholinga chake. Pokumbukira mbiri ya mbiri yakale ya nthawiyo, mukhoza, mwachitsanzo, kujambula chithunzi cha chikondi. G. zonse; ndizotheka kuwunikira G. kuchokera pachithunzichi. okondana, ndiye, mwachitsanzo, R. Wagner, ndiye - G. nthawi zosiyanasiyana za ntchito ya Wagner, mpaka ku harmonic. kalembedwe ka imodzi mwa ntchito zake, mwachitsanzo. "Tristan ndi Isolde". Ngakhale zowala bwanji, zoyambirira zinali nat. mawonetseredwe a G. (mwachitsanzo, m'mabuku achi Russia, mu nyimbo za ku Norway - ku Grieg), mulimonsemo, katundu wake wapadziko lonse, wamba ndi mfundo zake zilipo (m'munda wa mode, magwiridwe antchito, kapangidwe kake, etc.), popanda zomwe G. mwiniwake sangaganizidwe. Wolemba (wolemba) stylistic. Chidziwitso cha G. chinawonetsedwa m'mawu angapo: "Tristan chord", "Prometheus chord" (leitharmony ya ndakatulo ya Scriabin "Prometheus"), "wolamulira wa Prokofiev", ndi zina zotero. Mbiri ya nyimbo imasonyeza osati kusintha kokha, komanso kukhalapo kwa nthawi imodzi ya decomp. mitundu ya harmonic.

6) Zofunika zapadera. kuphunzira za kusinthika kwa nyimbo, popeza kwakhala gawo lapadera la nyimbo ndi nyimbo. Diff. Magulu a G. amakula mosiyanasiyana, amalumikizana. kukhazikika ndi kosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, chisinthiko mu chord ndi pang'onopang'ono kusiyana ndi modal-functional ndi tonal spheres. G. imalemeretsedwa pang'onopang'ono, koma kupita patsogolo kwake sikumawonetsedwa nthawi zonse movutikira. Nthawi zina (mwina m'zaka za zana la 20), kupita patsogolo kwa hydrogeography kumafuna, choyamba, chitukuko chatsopano cha njira zosavuta. Kwa G. (komanso zojambulajambula zilizonse) kusakanikirana kopindulitsa mu ntchito ya olemba akale. miyambo ndi nzeru zatsopano.

Magwero a G. ali ku Nar. nyimbo. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito kwa anthu omwe sankadziwa polyphony: nyimbo iliyonse, monophony iliyonse mu potency ili ndi G.; mu tanthawuzo pansi pa mikhalidwe yabwino, zotheka zobisika izi zimamasuliridwa kukhala zenizeni. Nar. magwero a G. amawonekera bwino kwambiri mu nyimbo ya polyphonic, mwachitsanzo. pa anthu a ku Russia. Mwa anthu oterowo Nyimbo zili ndi zigawo zofunika kwambiri za chord - chords, kusintha kwake kumavumbula ntchito za modal, kutsogolera mawu. Mu Russian nar. nyimboyi ili ndi zazikulu, zazing'ono ndi mitundu ina yachilengedwe pafupi nawo.

Kupita patsogolo kwa G. sikungasiyanitsidwe ndi ma homophonic harmonic. nyumba yosungiramo nyimbo (onani. Homophony), m'mawu akuti-rogo ku Ulaya. nyimbo zimati-ve ndi gawo lapadera ndi la nthawi kuchokera pa 2nd floor. 16 mpaka 1st floor. Zaka za m'ma 17 Kukwezeleza kwa nyumba yosungiramo katunduyi kunakonzedwa m'nthawi ya Renaissance, pamene malo owonjezereka anaperekedwa kwa oimba nyimbo. mitundu ndipo anatsegula mwayi waukulu wosonyeza dziko lauzimu la munthu. G. adapeza zolimbikitsa zatsopano zachitukuko ku instr. music, kuphatikiza instr. ndi wok. ulaliki. Pankhani ya homophonic harmonic. malo osungira zinthu zofunika. mgwirizano wodzilamulira. kutsagana ndi kugwirizana kwake ndi nyimbo yotsogolera. Mitundu yatsopano ya ma self-harmonics idawuka. mawonekedwe, njira zatsopano zolumikizirana. ndi melodic. mafanizo. Kulemeretsa kwa G. kunali chotsatira cha chidwi cha ambiri cha olemba nyimbo zosiyanasiyana. Deta ya ma acoustic, kugawidwa kwa mawu mu kwaya, ndi zofunikira zina zidapangitsa kuzindikira kwa mawu anayi monga chizolowezi choimba. Chizoloŵezi cha bass wamba (basso continuo) chinathandiza kwambiri kukulitsa lingaliro lachigwirizano. Mibadwo ya oimba opezeka mchitidwewu ndi ongoyerekeza. lamulo ndiye gwero lenileni la G.; chiphunzitso cha bass general chinali chiphunzitso cha bass. Patapita nthawi, akatswiri odziwika bwino komanso akatswiri oimba nyimbo anayamba kukhala ndi udindo wokhudzana ndi mabasi omwe anali odziimira okha pa chiphunzitso cha bass general (JF Rameau ndi otsatira ake m'derali).

Zopambana ku Europe. nyimbo 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 16-17 m'chigawo cha G. (osatchulanso zopatulapo zomwe sizinalowe muzochita zambiri) zikufotokozedwa mwachidule. mpaka lotsatira: zazikulu zachilengedwe ndi harmonic. zazing'ono anapeza pa nthawi ulamuliro. udindo; melodic inathandiza kwambiri. zazing'ono, zazing'ono, koma zolemera kwambiri - harmonic. zazikulu. Dziwani zambiri za diatonic. frets (Dorian, Mixolydian, etc.) anali ndi tanthauzo limodzi. Kusiyanasiyana kwa ma tonal kudayamba mkati mwa malire a ma tonali a ubale wapamtima, nthawi zina, wakutali. Kulumikizana kosalekeza kwa tonal kunafotokozedwa mumitundu ingapo ndi mitundu, mwachitsanzo. mayendedwe panjira yayikulu pakuyambira kwa zopanga, zomwe zimathandizira kulimbitsa kwa tonic; kunyamuka kwakanthawi kupita kwa olamulira m'magawo omaliza. Ma modulations adabadwa. Kutsatizana kunadziwonetsera okha pakulumikizana kwa makiyi, kufunikira kowongolera komwe kunali kofunikira pakukula kwa G. Udindo waukulu unali wa diatonic. Ntchito zake, e. chiŵerengero cha zimandilimbikitsa, lalikulu ndi subdominant, anamva osati pa yopapatiza, komanso pa lonse. Ziwonetsero za kusinthasintha kwa magwiridwe antchito zidawonedwa (onani mkuyu. ntchito zosiyanasiyana). Ntchito zinapangidwa. magulu, makamaka mu gawo la subdominant. Zizindikiro zokhazikika za ma harmonics zidakhazikitsidwa ndikukhazikika. zosintha ndi cadences: zenizeni, plagal, kusokonezedwa. Pakati pa nyimbozi, mautatu (aakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono) ankalamulira, ndipo panalinso nyimbo zachisanu ndi chimodzi. Nyimbo za quartz-sext, makamaka nyimbo za cadence, zidayamba kugwira ntchito. M’chizungulire chapafupi cha chigawo chachisanu ndi chiwiri, cholozera chachisanu ndi chiwiri cha digiri yachisanu (dominant chord chachisanu ndi chiwiri) chinaima, zigawo zachisanu ndi chiwiri za digiri yachiwiri ndi yachisanu ndi chiwiri zinali zochepa kwambiri. General, zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse pakupanga ma consonances atsopano - melodic. ntchito ya mawu a polyphonic, mawu osamveka, ma polyphony. Chromatics idalowa mu diatonic, yochitidwa motsutsana ndi maziko ake. Chromatic. kaŵirikaŵiri mawuwo anali amphamvu; harmonic Ch. idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zolimbikitsa za mawonekedwe a chromaticity. ayi. kusinthika. njira, zopatuka pamlingo wa digiri ya XNUMX, digiri ya XNUMX, yofananira (yaikulu kapena yaying'ono - onani. toni zofananira). Main chromatic chords 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 16-17 - ma prototypes of the double dominent, Neapolitan sixth chord (omwe, mosiyana ndi dzina lovomerezeka, adawonekera kale sukulu ya Neapolitan isanayambike) idapangidwanso pokhudzana ndi kusintha. Chromatic. kutsatizana kwa nyimbo nthawi zina kumayamba chifukwa cha "kutsetsereka" kwa mawu, mwachitsanzo. kusintha kwa utatu waukulu ndi wamng'ono wa dzina lomwelo. Mapeto a nyimbo zazing'ono kapena zigawo zawo m'modzi. zazikulu zinali zodziwika kale masiku amenewo. T. o., zinthu zamakina ang'onoang'ono (onani. Major-ochepa) anapangidwa pang'onopang'ono. Kumverera kwa mgwirizano wodzutsidwa. mtundu, zofunikira za polyphony, inertia of sequencing, mikhalidwe ya mawu imafotokozera mawonekedwe osowa, koma kuphatikiza kocheperako komanso kuphatikizika kwa ma triad osagwirizana. Mu nyimbo, 2nd floor. M'zaka za m'ma 16-17 mawu a nyimbo monga choncho ayamba kale kumveka. Maubwenzi ena amakhazikika ndipo amakhala okhazikika. ndi mafomu: zofunika zotchulidwa zofunika kwambiri za mapulani a tonal zimapangidwa (kusinthika kukhala fungulo lamphamvu, kufanana kwakukulu), malo awo enieni amakhala ndi chachikulu. mitundu ya ma cadences, zizindikiro za kufotokozera, chitukuko, chiwonetsero chomaliza cha G. Kukumbukira melodic harmonica. zotsatizana amabwerezedwa, potero kupanga mawonekedwe, ndi G. amalandira kumlingo wakutiwakuti. mtengo. Mu nyimbo. mutu, womwe unakhazikitsidwa panthawiyi, G. ali ndi malo ofunikira. Ma Harmonics amapangidwa ndikulemekezedwa. njira ndi njira zomwe zimakhudza magawo akuluakulu a ntchito kapena kupanga. chonse. Kuphatikiza pazotsatira (incl. h "kutsatizana kwagolide"), kugwiritsa ntchito komwe kunali kochepa, kumaphatikizapo org. mfundo za tonic komanso zazikulu, ostinato mu bass (onani. Bass ostinato) ndi ena. mawu, kusiyanasiyana kusiyanasiyana. Zotsatira zakale izi zikukula g. pa nthawi ya mapangidwe ndi kuvomereza homophonic harmonic. warehouse ndizodabwitsa kwambiri kwa angapo. zaka zambiri izi zisanachitike mu Prof. nyimbo, polyphony anali atangoyamba kumene, ndipo ma consonance anali ochepa pa quarts ndi asanu. Pambuyo pake, nthawi yachitatu idapezeka ndipo katatu idawonekera, yomwe inali maziko enieni a nyimbo ndipo, chifukwa chake, G. Pazotsatira za chitukuko cha G. mu lamulo. nthawi akhoza kuweruzidwa, mwachitsanzo, ndi ntchito za Ya. AP Sweelinka, K. Monteverdi, J.

Inde. P. Sweelinck. "Zongopeka za Chromatic". chiwonetsero

Pomwepo, kodi.

Gawo lofunika kwambiri pakusinthika kwa nyimbo linali ntchito ya JS Bach ndi olemba ena a nthawi yake. Kukula kwa G., kogwirizana kwambiri ndi ma homophonic harmonic. nyumba yosungiramo nyimbo, makamaka chifukwa cha polyphonic. nyumba yosungiramo zinthu (onani Polyphony) ndi kuluka kwake ndi homophony. Nyimbo zachikale za Viennese zinabweretsa kukwera kwamphamvu. Kukula kwatsopano, kowoneka bwino kwambiri kwa gypsum kudawonedwa m'zaka za zana la 19. m’nyimbo za opeka zachikondi. Nthaŵi imeneyi inadziŵikanso ndi zimene dzikoli linachita. masukulu oimba mwachitsanzo. Russian classics. Imodzi mwa mitu yowala kwambiri m'mbiri ya G. ndi nyimbo. impressionism (chakumapeto kwa 19 ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20). Olemba a nthawi ino amakokera kale ku zamakono. siteji ya harmonic. chisinthiko. Gawo lake laposachedwa (kuyambira 10-20s lazaka za m'ma 20) limadziwika ndi zomwe wachita, makamaka mu Sov. nyimbo.

Inde. P. Sweelinck. Kusiyana kwa "Mein Junges Leben hat ein End". 6 kusintha.

Kukula kwa mgwirizano ndi ser. Zaka za m'ma 17 mpaka ser. Zaka za m'ma 20 zinali zovuta kwambiri.

M'munda wamawonekedwe onse, kusintha kwakukulu kwambiri kwa diatonic yayikulu ndi yaying'ono kunachitika: zida zonse zachisanu ndi chiwiri zidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, zosagwirizana ndi zida zapamwamba zidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ntchito zosinthika zidayamba kugwira ntchito. Zida za sayansi ya diatonic sizinathe ngakhale lero. Kulemera kwa modal kwa nyimbo, makamaka pakati pa okondana, kunawonjezeka chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono mu eponymous ndi zofanana zazikulu-zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono; zotheka zazing'ono-zazikulu zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono mpaka pano. M'zaka za zana la 19 pamaziko atsopano, zilembo zakale za diatonic zidatsitsimutsidwa. kukhumudwa. Adabweretsa zinthu zambiri zatsopano kwa Prof. nyimbo, anakulitsa mwayi waukulu ndi zazing'ono. Kukula kwawo kunayendetsedwa ndi zisonkhezero za modal zochokera ku chilengedwe. nar. zikhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, Chirasha, Chiyukireniya ndi anthu ena aku Russia; Polish, Norwegian, etc.). Kuchokera pa 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 19 zovuta komanso zowoneka bwino zamitundu yowoneka bwino za chromatic modal zidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, pachimake chake chinali mizere yayikulu kapena yaying'ono yamitundu itatu komanso kutsatizana kwamitundu yonse.

Gawo losakhazikika la tonality linapangidwa mofala. Zoyimba zakutali kwambiri zinayamba kuonedwa ngati zinthu za dongosolo la tonal, zomwe zili pansi pa tonic. Tonic idapeza kulamulira pa zopatuka osati kukhudzana kwambiri, komanso makiyi akutali.

Kusintha kwakukulu kwachitikanso pamawunivesite. Izi zitha kuwoneka mu chitsanzo cha mapulani a tonal amitundu yofunika kwambiri. Pamodzi ndi quarto-quint ndi terts, ma tonal achiwiri ndi atatu adawonekeranso. Mu kayendedwe ka tonal pali kusinthana kwa kuthandizira kwa tonal ndi kusathandizira, magawo otsimikizika komanso osawerengeka. Mbiri ya G., mpaka pano, imatsimikizira kuti zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri, zatsopano komanso zokhazikika zachidziwitso sizimaphwanya mgwirizano ndi tonality, zomwe zimatsegula chiyembekezo chopanda malire.

Kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwapangidwa m'munda wosinthika, munjira, kulumikiza ma tonali oyandikira komanso akutali - pang'onopang'ono komanso mwachangu (mwadzidzidzi). Ma modulations amalumikiza zigawo za mawonekedwe, muses. Mitu; panthawi imodzimodziyo, zosinthika ndi zopotoka zinayamba kulowa mkati mozama m'magawano, kupanga ndi kutumizidwa kwa muses. Mitu. Dep. njira zosinthira mawu zasintha kwambiri. Kuchokera ku ma enharmonic modulations (onani. Anharmonism), zomwe zinakhala zotheka pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa chikhalidwe chofanana, poyamba malingaliro ozikidwa pa anharmonism anagwiritsidwa ntchito. gawo lachisanu ndi chiwiri (Bach). Ndiye modulations kufalikira kudzera anharmonically kutanthauziridwa lalikulu lachisanu ndi chiwiri chord, mwachitsanzo, zovuta enharmonics analowa kuchita. kufanana kwa nyimbo, ndiye enharmonic anaonekera. kusinthasintha kudzera mu SW wosowa. katatu, komanso mothandizidwa ndi nyimbo zina. Mtundu uliwonse wotchulidwa ndi enharmonic. kusinthasintha kuli ndi mzere wapadera wa chisinthiko. Kuwala, kumveka, kukongola, kusiyanitsa-kofunikira kwambiri kwa ma modulation otere pakupanga. sonyezani, mwachitsanzo, Bach's Organ Fantasy mu g-moll (gawo lisanafike fugue), Confutatis kuchokera ku Mozart's Requiem, Beethoven's Pathetique Sonata (gawo 1, kubwereza kwa Grave kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko), mawu oyamba a Wagner's Tristan ndi Isolde ( pamaso pa coda), Nyimbo ya Glinka ya Margarita (asanabwerenso), Romeo ya Tchaikovsky ndi Juliet Overture (pambuyo pa mbali ya mbali). Pali nyimbo zodzaza ndi ma enharmonics. kusintha:

R. Schuman. "Usiku", op. 12, n5.

Ibid.

Kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono kunafikira kumitundu yonse ya olamulira, olamulira ndi olamulira pawiri, komanso mpaka pazosankha za olamulira achiwiri otsala. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 gawo lachinayi lochepetsedwa laling'ono lidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo. kusintha kwa mawu amodzi mbali zosiyanasiyana (zosinthidwa kawiri), komanso nthawi yomweyo. kusintha kwa mawu awiri osiyana (zosinthidwa kawiri):

AN Scriabin. 3 symphony.

Ndi Rimsky-Korsakov. "Snow Mtsikana". Ntchito 3.

N. Ayi. Myaskovsky 5 symphony. Gawo II.

Mu decomp. , mtengo wa malankhulidwe am'mbali (mwanjira ina, mawu ophatikizidwa kapena olowa m'malo) amawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. Mu triad ndi kutembenuka kwawo, chachisanu ndi chimodzi chimalowa m'malo mwachisanu kapena chikuphatikizidwa nacho. Kenako, m'magulu achisanu ndi chiwiri, ma quarts amalowetsa magawo atatu. Monga kale, gwero la mapangidwe a chord anali phokoso lopanda phokoso, makamaka kuchedwa. Mwachitsanzo, nonchord wamkulu akupitiriza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhudzana ndi kutsekeredwa, koma kuyambira Beethoven, makamaka mu theka lachiwiri. Zaka za m'ma 2 ndi pambuyo pake, nyimboyi idagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati yodziyimira payokha. Mapangidwe a chords akupitiriza kukhudzidwa ndi org. mfundo - chifukwa cha funkts. kusagwirizana kwa bass ndi mawu ena. Zolembazo zimakhala zovuta, zodzaza ndi zovuta, momwe kusinthika ndi kusinthasintha kumaphatikizidwa, mwachitsanzo, "Prometheus chord" a (consonance ya dongosolo lachinayi).

AN Scriabin. "Prometheus".

Kusintha kwa harmonica. njira ndi njira zosonyezedwa mogwirizana ndi enharmonic. kusinthasintha, kumapezekanso pakugwiritsa ntchito tonic yayikulu yosavuta. katatu, komanso nyimbo iliyonse. Chochititsa chidwi ndi kusinthika kwa kusintha, org. chinthu, etc.

Pa Russian classics of modal function. Zothekera za G. zimasinthidwa kukhala Ch. ayi. mumzimu wanyimbo zachikale (machitidwe osinthika, plagality, onani njira zama Medieval). Rus. sukuluyi inayambitsa zatsopano pakugwiritsa ntchito zida zam'mbali za diatonic, muzolumikizana zawo zachiwiri. Zopambana zaku Russia ndizabwino. olemba ndi m'munda wa chromatics; mwachitsanzo, kupanga mapulogalamu kunalimbikitsa kuwonekera kwa mitundu yovuta ya modal. Chikoka cha choyambirira G. rus. zapamwamba ndi zazikulu: zafalikira ku zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi, zikuwonekera bwino mu nyimbo za Soviet.

Zochitika zina zamakono. G. amasonyezedwa m’kusintha kotchulidwa kwa kamvekedwe kake ka kamvekedwe ka mamvekedwe ndi kachitidwe kosadziŵika bwino, mu “kuipitsidwa” kwa machubu okhala ndi mamvekedwe osagwirizana, m’kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito ya ostinato, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa kufanana. kutsogolera mawu, ndi zina zotero. Komabe, kuwerengetsa mawonekedwe sikokwanira kuti muthe kumaliza. Chithunzi G. yamakono. nyimbo zenizeni sizingapangidwe ndi ziwerengero zongotengera nthawi yomwe zidachitika koma zowona mosiyanasiyana. Masiku ano Palibe zinthu zotere za G. zomwe sizikanakonzedwa kale. M'ntchito zotsogola kwambiri, mwachitsanzo. SS Prokofiev ndi DD Shostakovich, anasunga ndi kupanga modal-function. maziko a G., kulumikizana kwake ndi Nar. nyimbo; G. amakhalabe wofotokozera, ndipo gawo lalikulu likadali la nyimboyi. Izi ndi njira ya chitukuko cha modal mu nyimbo za Shostakovich ndi olemba ena, kapena njira yowonjezera malire a tonality patali, zopotoka kwambiri mu nyimbo za Prokofiev. The tonality zopatuka, makamaka zazikulu. tonality, muzochulukira zimaperekedwa ndi Prokofiev momveka bwino, zomveka bwino pamutuwu komanso pakukula kwake. Mbiri yakale. kusintha chitsanzo. Kutanthauzira kwa tonality kunapangidwa ndi Prokofiev mu Gavotte ya Classical Symphony.

SS Prokofiev "Classic Symphony". Gavotte.

Mu G. kadzidzi. Olemba amaonekera khalidwe la kadzidzi. Culture cross-fertilization music dec. mayiko. Chirasha chikupitiriza kugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. akadzidzi. nyimbo ndi miyambo yake yakale yamtengo wapatali.

II. Kulingalira kwa G. monga chinthu cha sayansi kumakhudza zamakono. chiphunzitso cha G. (1), chiphunzitso cha modal-functional (2), chisinthiko cha ziphunzitso za G. (3).

1) Zamakono. chiphunzitso cha G. chiri ndi ndondomeko ndi mbiri. magawo. Gawo ladongosolo limamangidwa pazikhazikitso za mbiri yakale ndipo limaphatikizapo zambiri pakukula kwa otd. ndalama za harmonic. Ku malingaliro onse a G., kuwonjezera pa zomwe tafotokozazi (konsonanti-chord, modal ntchito, kutsogolera kwa mawu), imakhalanso ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi chilengedwe, nyimbo. machitidwe (onani System) ndi mawonekedwe okhudzana ndi thupi ndi mawu. Zofunikira pazochitika za harmonic. M'malingaliro ofunikira a ma dissonance consonances, pali mbali ziwiri - zoyimbira ndi modal. Njira yodziyimira payokha ndi malingaliro a consonance ndi dissonance ndi osinthika, akusintha limodzi ndi nyimbo zokha. Kawirikawiri, pali chizolowezi chofewetsa malingaliro a dissonance of consonances ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kusagwirizana kwawo ndi kusiyanasiyana. Lingaliro la ma dissonances nthawi zonse limadalira pazochitika za ntchitoyo: pambuyo pa kusagwirizana kwakukulu, ocheperapo amatha kutaya mphamvu zawo kwa omvera. Pali mfundo pakati pa consonance ndi kukhazikika, dissonance ndi kusakhazikika. kulumikizana. Choncho, mosasamala kanthu za kusintha kwa kuwunika kwa ma dissonances enieni ndi ma consonances, zinthuzi ziyenera kusungidwa, chifukwa mwinamwake kuyanjana kwa bata ndi kusakhazikika kudzatha - chikhalidwe chofunikira kuti pakhale mgwirizano ndi ntchito. Potsirizira pake, mphamvu yokoka ndi kuthetsa zili m'malingaliro ofunikira a mphamvu yokoka. Oimba amamva bwino kwambiri mphamvu yokoka ya mawu osakhazikika a nyimboyo, mawu a nyimbo zoimbidwa, magulu amitundu yonse komanso kusinthasintha kwa mphamvu yokoka kukhala mawu okhazikika. Ngakhale kuti kulongosola kokwanira kwa sayansi kwa njira zenizenizi sikunaperekedwebe, mafotokozedwe ndi matanthauzidwe ena (mwachitsanzo, mphamvu yokoka ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu otsogolera) ndi okhutiritsa. Mu chiphunzitso cha G. diatonic amafufuzidwa. zovuta (zachilengedwe zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, etc.), diatonic. chords ndi mankhwala awo, modal mawonekedwe a chromatic ndi chromatic. chords monga zotumphukira za diatonic. Zopatuka ndi kusintha zimaphunziridwa makamaka. Malo akulu mu chiphunzitso cha G. amaperekedwa ku ma modulations, to-rye amagawidwa molingana ndi dec. mawonekedwe: chiŵerengero cha makiyi, njira zosinthira (kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono ndi mwadzidzidzi), njira zosinthira. M'gawo lokhazikika la chiphunzitso cha G., kulumikizana kosiyanasiyana kotchulidwa pamwambapa pakati pa G. ndi zolemba zakale kumawunikidwa. mawonekedwe. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, njira za harmonic zimasiyanitsidwa ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana, mpaka kuphimba ntchito yonse, mwachitsanzo, mfundo ya chiwalo ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa harmonic. Nkhani zomwe zidatchulidwa poyamba zikuwonetsedwa m'magawo adongosolo komanso mbiri yakale a chiphunzitso cha G.

2) Zamakono. lado-func. chiphunzitso, chomwe chiri ndi mwambo wautali komanso wozama, ukupitiriza kukula pamodzi ndi nyimbo. zojambulajambula. Kukhazikika kwa chiphunzitsochi kumafotokozedwa ndi kudalirika kwake, kufotokozera kolondola kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zachikale. ndi nyimbo zamakono. Ntchito. Chiphunzitso, chochokera ku ubale wa kukhazikika kwa modal ndi kusakhazikika, chimasonyeza mgwirizano, dongosolo la ma harmonics osiyanasiyana. amatanthauza, logic ya harmonics. kuyenda. Harmonic. mawonetseredwe a kukhazikika kwa modal ndi kusasunthika pokhudzana ndi zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zimayikidwa makamaka mozungulira tonic, wamkulu ndi wochepa. Kusintha kwa kukhazikika ndi kusasunthika kumapezekanso pakusintha kosasintha (kukhala nthawi yayitali mu kiyi yoperekedwa popanda c.-l. zopatuka) ndi kusinthasintha; pakusinthana kwa kamvekedwe kotsimikizika komanso kamvekedwe kopanda tanthauzo. Kutanthauzira kowonjezereka kotereku kwa magwiridwe antchito mu nyimbo ndi chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zamakono. chiphunzitso cha G. Izi zikuphatikizanso zofotokozera momveka bwino za funkts. magulu a nyimbo ndi kuthekera kwa func. m'malo, za ntchito zapamwamba, zokhudzana ndi ntchito zoyambira komanso zosinthika. Ntchito. magulu amapangidwa mkati mwa ntchito ziwiri zosakhazikika. Izi zimachokera ku chikhalidwe cha mode ndipo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zochitika zingapo: muzotsatira za decomp. zolembera za ntchito iyi. magulu (mwachitsanzo, VI-IV-II masitepe), kumverera kwa chimodzi (pankhaniyi, subdompant) ntchito imasungidwa; pamene, pambuyo zimandilimbikitsa, mwachitsanzo e. Gawo I, china chilichonse chikuwoneka. chord, inc. h VI kapena III masitepe, pali kusintha kwa ntchito; Kusintha kwa sitepe ya V kupita ku VI mumsewu wosokonekera kumatanthauza kuchedwa kwa chilolezo, osati m'malo mwake; gulu lomveka palokha silipanga funkt. magulu: mawu awiri omveka aliyense ali ndi masitepe a I ndi VI, I ndi III, komanso VII ndi II masitepe - oimira "opambana" a dec. ntchito zosakhazikika. magulu. Ntchito zapamwamba ziyenera kumveka ngati funkt. mgwirizano pakati pa ma toni. Pali subdominant, lalikulu ndi tonic. kamvekedwe. Amasinthidwa chifukwa cha ma modulations ndipo amakonzedwa mwanjira inayake mu mapulani a tonal. Ntchito ya modal ya chord, malo ake mu mgwirizano - tonicity kapena non-tonicity amapezeka kuchokera muzolemba zake. "Chilengedwe", m'kusintha kwa nyimbo zomwe zimapanga mawu ogwirizana. kutembenukira, gulu ambiri ambiri amene mogwirizana ndi tonic ndi lalikulu ndi motere: bata - kusakhazikika (T - D); kusakhazikika - kukhazikika (D - T); kukhazikika - kukhazikika (T - D - T); kusakhazikika - kusakhazikika (D - T - D). Lingaliro la kutsatizana kwa mizu ya ntchito T - S - D - T, zomwe zimatsimikizira tonality, zimatsimikiziridwa kwambiri ndi X. Riemann: mwachitsanzo, muzotsatira za C zazikulu ndi F zazikulu zitatu, ntchito zawo za modal ndi tonality sizidziwika bwino, koma maonekedwe achitatu, G lalikulu triad nthawi yomweyo amamveketsa tanthauzo la tonal la chord chirichonse; kusakhazikika kosonkhanitsidwa kumabweretsa kukhazikika - C yayikulu katatu, yomwe imawonedwa ngati tonic. Nthawi zina mu ntchito amasanthula G. chisamaliro choyenera sichiperekedwa ku mtundu wa modal, chiyambi cha phokoso, mapangidwe a chord, kufalikira kwake, malo, ndi zina. etc., komanso melodic. njira zomwe zimachitika pakuyenda kwa G. Zolakwika izi, komabe, zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kochepa, kosagwirizana ndi sayansi kwa magwiridwe antchito a modal. chiphunzitso, osati tanthauzo lake. Mu kayendetsedwe ka ntchito za modal, kukhazikika ndi kusasunthika kumayambitsana. Ndi kusamuka kwakukulu kwa bata, kusakhazikika kumafooketsanso. Hypertrophy yake pamaziko azovuta kwambiri, zopanda malire G. kumabweretsa kutayika kwa magwiridwe antchito komanso, nthawi yomweyo, mgwirizano ndi tonality. Kutuluka kwa kukhumudwa - atononalism (atonality) kumatanthauza kupanga chisokonezo (antiharmony). Rimsky-Korsakov analemba kuti: "Kugwirizana ndi kutsutsa, zomwe zikuyimira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso zovuta, mosakayikira zili ndi malire awo, zomwe timapeza kuti tili m'dera la chisokonezo ndi cacophony, m'dera la ngozi, zonse panthaŵi imodzi ndi motsatizana” (N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, Pazabodza zomveka, Poln. Sobr. uwu., vol.

3) Kuwonekera kwa chiphunzitso cha G. kunatsogozedwa ndi nthawi yayitali. nthawi ya chisinthiko cha chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, chomwe chinalengedwa mu dziko lakale. Chiphunzitso cha G. m’chenicheni chinayamba kuonekera nthawi imodzi ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa ntchito ya G. pakupanga nyimbo. Mmodzi wa oyambitsa chiphunzitsochi anali J. Tsarlino. Mu ntchito yake yofunikira "Maziko a Harmony" ("Istituzioni harmoniche", 1558), amalankhula za tanthauzo la triad zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, matani awo apamwamba. Magulu awiriwa amalandira kulungamitsidwa kwa sayansi yachilengedwe. Malingaliro ozama opangidwa ndi malingaliro a Tsarlino akuwonetsedwa ndi mikangano yomwe inawazungulira (V. Galilei) ndi chikhumbo cha anthu a m'masiku athu kuti awatukule ndi kuwafalitsa.

Kwa chiphunzitso cha G. masiku ano. Kumvetsetsa kufunikira kofunikira kunapeza ntchito za Rameau, makamaka woyendetsa wake. "Kugwirizana pa Harmony" (1722). Kale m’mutu wa bukhuli kwasonyezedwa kuti chiphunzitsochi chakhazikika pa mfundo za chilengedwe. Chiyambi cha chiphunzitso cha Rameau ndi thupi lomveka. Pachilengedwe chonse, choperekedwa ndi chilengedwe chokha komanso chokhala ndi mazh. atatu, Rameau amawona chilengedwe. base G. Maj. utatu umagwira ntchito ngati chitsanzo cha kapangidwe kapamwamba ka ma chords. Mu kusintha kwa nyimbo, Rameau poyamba anazindikira ntchito zawo, ndikuwonetsa harmonic. pakati ndi ma consonances ake (tonic, dominant, subdominant). Rameau amatsimikizira lingaliro la makiyi akulu ndi ang'onoang'ono. Pofotokoza ma cadences ofunikira kwambiri (masitepe a D - T, VI, ndi zina), adaganiziranso kuthekera kowamanga mofananiza komanso kuchokera ku ma diatonic ena. masitepe. Izi zikuphatikizapo kale njira yotakata komanso yosinthika yogwira ntchito, mpaka pamaganizo a ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Zimatsatira malingaliro a Rameau kuti chopambana chimapangidwa ndi tonic ndikuti mu cadenza VI wamkulu amabwerera komwe adachokera. Lingaliro la maziko opangidwa ndi Ramo. bass adalumikizidwa ndi kuzindikira kwa mgwirizano. magwiridwe antchito ndipo, nawonso, adakhudza kuzama kwa malingaliro okhudza izo. Maziko. mabasi ndi, choyamba, mabasi a tonics, olamulira ndi ma subdominants; pankhani ya kutembenuka kwa chords (lingaliro lomwe linayambitsidwanso ndi Rameau), maziko. bass ikuphatikizidwa. Lingaliro la ma chord inversions likhoza kuwoneka chifukwa cha malo omwe Rameau adakhazikitsa pakudziwika kwa mawu a dzina lomwelo dec. octaves Pakati pa nyimbo, Rameau anasiyanitsa pakati pa consonances ndi dissonances ndipo ankalozera ku ukulu wa oyambirira. Anathandizira kumveka bwino kwa malingaliro okhudza kusintha kwa mafungulo, za kusinthasintha kwa kutanthauzira kogwira ntchito (kusintha kwa mtengo wa tonic), kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha yunifolomu, kukulitsa kusinthasintha. kuthekera. Mwambiri, Rameau adakhazikitsa preim. Harmonic view pa polyphony. Lingaliro la Classic Rameau, lomwe limafotokoza zomwe nyimbo zakhala zikuchita kwa zaka mazana ambiri, zidawonetsa molunjika muse. zilandiridwenso 1st floor. Zaka za zana la 18 - chitsanzo cha zongopeka. lingaliro, lomwe kenako linakhudza kwambiri muses. kuchita.

Kukula kofulumira kwa kuchuluka kwa ntchito pa gypsum m'zaka za zana la 19. makamaka chifukwa cha zosowa za maphunziro: zikutanthauza. kuchuluka kwa ma muses. mabungwe a maphunziro, chitukuko cha Prof. maphunziro a nyimbo ndi kukulitsa ntchito zake. Treatise SS Katel (1802), yotengedwa ndi Paris Conservatory ngati yayikulu. utsogoleri, kwa zaka zambiri anatsimikiza chikhalidwe cha ambiri theoretical. malingaliro ndi njira zophunzitsira G. Chimodzi mwa zoyambirira. Zatsopano za Katel zinali lingaliro la magulu akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono osakhala ndi ma consonances omwe ali ndi ma consonances ena angapo (akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono atatu, atatu amalingaliro, chord chachisanu ndi chiwiri, ndi zina zotero). Kufotokozera mwachidule kumeneku n'kodabwitsa kwambiri chifukwa ma nonchords akuluakulu anali osowa panthawiyo ndipo, mulimonsemo, ankaonedwa ngati nyimbo zachisanu ndi chiwiri zochedwa. Kufunika kwapadera kwa zolemba za Katel za Chirasha. nyimbo BV Asafiev amawona moyo wake chifukwa kudzera mwa Z. Den adakhudza Glinka. M'mayiko akunja M'mabuku oimba nyimbo, ndikofunikira kuwunikiranso ntchito ya FJ Fetis (1844), yomwe idakulitsa kumvetsetsa kwamachitidwe ndi mawu; mawu oti "tonality" adayambitsidwa koyamba momwemo. Fetis anali mphunzitsi wa FO Gevart. Malingaliro omaliza a G. adavomerezedwa ndikupangidwa ndi GL Catoire. Buku la FE Richter (1853) linapeza kutchuka kwakukulu. Kusindikizidwanso kwake kumawonekeranso m'zaka za zana la 20; linamasuliridwa m’zinenero zambiri, kuphatikizapo Chirasha (1868). Tchaikovsky anapereka kuyamikira kwakukulu kwa buku la Richter ndipo anagwiritsa ntchito pokonzekera kalozera wake wa galamafoni. Bukuli linafotokoza njira zambiri za diatonic ndi chromatic za galamafoni, njira zotsogola mawu, ndikuwongolera kalembedwe ka mawu.

Gawo lalikulu kwambiri pakukula kwa chiphunzitso cha G. linapangidwa ndi katswiri wanthanthi wapadziko lonse wakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 - kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20. Zaka za m'ma X. Riemann. Iye ali ndi ubwino waukulu pa chitukuko cha funkts. chiphunzitso G. Iye anayambitsa mawu akuti "ntchito" mu musicology. Muzopindula za funkt yamakono. lingaliro, lomwe linalandira nyimbo zatsopano ndi kulenga. zolimbikitsa, adapeza kukhazikitsidwa kwazinthu zopindulitsa kwambiri za Riemann. Zina mwa izo ndi: lingaliro la funkt. magulu a nyimbo ndi kusintha kwawo m'magulu; ntchito mfundo. ubale wa makiyi ndi kumvetsetsa kwa ma modulations kuchokera pamalingaliro a ntchito za tonic, zazikulu komanso zochepera; kuyang'ana pa kayimbidwe kake komanso kusinthasintha makamaka ngati zinthu zozama kwambiri; Harmonic logic kusanthula. kukula kwa cadence. Riemann adachita zambiri pazambiri zamayimbidwe ndi zomveka bwino zanyimbo zazikulu (analephera kukwaniritsa chipambano chofananira pakutsimikizira zazing'ono). Anapereka chithandizo chamtengo wapatali pa phunziro la vuto la consonance ndi dissonance, kupereka njira yowonjezereka komanso yowonjezereka yophunzira. Kwenikweni, kafukufuku wa Riemann pankhani ya geology anaumirira kwambiri ndi kukulitsa malingaliro akuya a Rameau, ndikuwonetsa zomwe akatswiri angapo azaka za zana la 19 adakwaniritsa. Kukopa chidwi cha owerenga Chirasha ku ntchito za Riemann kunathandizira kuwonekera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90. Matembenuzidwe azaka za m'ma 19 (kenako adasindikizidwanso), makamaka mabuku ake osinthika monga maziko amtundu wa nyimbo ndikugwira ntchito mogwirizana (pazochita za tonal). Buku lodziwika bwino la E. Prout (1889) ndi mndandanda wa zolemba zina zamaphunziro ndi wolemba uyu adawonetsa gawo latsopano mu chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, chodziwika ndi chitukuko ndi dongosolo la machitidwe okhudzana ndi G. Izi zimapangitsa Prout kukhala yogwirizana ndi Riemann.

Pakati pa ntchito zongopeka zachiyambi cha zaka za zana la 20 chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano cha R. Louis ndi L. Thuil (1907) chimaonekera kwambiri - buku lomwe liri pafupi ndi machitidwe amakono a sayansi ndi maphunziro: olemba amaika patsogolo mfundo yowonjezereka pa tonality, kufufuza. m'mavuto ovuta otere a mgwirizano, monga anharmonism, ndikudzutsa mafunso okhudza ma frets apadera a diatonic, ndi zina zotero, kupitirira kuchuluka kwa ntchito zachikhalidwe pamitu ya G.. Louis ndi Tuile amajambula zitsanzo zovuta za nyimbo za Wagner, R. Strauss, ndi olemba ena amakono kuti afotokoze.

Malo ofunikira pakusinthika kwa chidziwitso chokhudza G. amatengedwa ndi E. Kurt kuphunzira za mgwirizano wa Romantics (1920). Kurt akuyang'ana pa mgwirizano wa R. Wagner, womwe ndi "Tristan ndi Isolde", womwe umatengedwa kuti ndi wovuta kwambiri. mfundo mu nthawi kukula kwa mode ndi tonality. Malingaliro a Kurt, otsimikiziridwa mwatsatanetsatane, ali pafupi ndi zamakono. Malingaliro a G.: mwachitsanzo, malingaliro okhudza nyimbo. Zolimbikitsa za G., tanthauzo la kuyambika kwa kamvekedwe, mgwirizano pakati pa magwiridwe antchito ndi mtundu, kutanthauzira kokulirapo kwa kamvekedwe, komanso kusintha, kutsatana, ndi zina zambiri. zolakwika ndi zotsutsana za malingaliro anyimbo ndi mbiri yakale .

Mu 20s. ntchito za G. Sh. Köklen anawonekera, kuphatikizapo mbiri yakale. zojambulajambula za geology kuyambira pomwe zidayamba ku Middle Ages mpaka pano. Koeklen adayankha mokwanira kufunika kwa mbiri yakale. chidziwitso cha G. Chizoloŵezi ichi, chomwe chinakhudza Kurt, chinawululidwanso m'maphunziro angapo achinsinsi, mwachitsanzo. mu ntchito za mapangidwe ndi kusinthika kwa chords - m'mabuku a G. Haydon pa cadence quarter-sextakcord (1933) ndi P. Hamburger pa otd. subdominant and double dominant chords (1955), komanso mu ndemanga ya A. Casella, kusonyeza mbiri. kukula kwa cadence (1919). Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa ku maphunziro apamwamba atsopano a buku la Y. Khominsky pa mbiri ya H. ndi counterpoint (1958-62).

A. Schoenberg, amene anaima mu ntchito yake pa malo atonality, mu sayansi ndi pedagogical. amagwira ntchito, pazifukwa zingapo (mwachitsanzo, kudziletsa pamaphunziro) amatsatira mfundo ya tonal. Chiphunzitso chake pa geology (1911) ndipo pambuyo pake amagwira ntchito m'derali (zaka za m'ma 40-50) amayambitsa mavuto osiyanasiyana a geology mu mzimu wa miyambo yosinthidwa koma yokhazikika. Mabuku asayansi ndi maphunziro a P. Hindemith, operekedwa kwa G. (30-40s), amapitanso ku lingaliro la mawu. maziko a nyimbo, ngakhale lingaliro la tonality limatanthauziridwa mozama kwambiri komanso mwachilendo. Ntchito zamakono zomwe zimakana mawonekedwe ndi mamvekedwe sizingathe, kwenikweni, kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha G., chifukwa G., monga zochitika zakale, sizingasiyanitsidwe ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu. Izi, mwachitsanzo, ndi ntchito pa dodecaphony, serial, etc.

Kukula kwa nyimbo-zongoganiza. kuganiza mu Russia zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi zilandiridwenso. ndi kachitidwe ka pedagogical. Olemba oyamba amatanthauza. Ntchito za ku Russia pa gypsum zinali PI Tchaikovsky ndi NA Rimsky-Korsakov. M’kadzidzi AN Alexandrov, MR Gnesin, ndi ena anasamala kwambiri za geology.

Kwa mapangidwe asayansi ndi theoretical. Mawu a olemba omwe ali, mwachitsanzo, mu Chronicle of My Musical Life ya Rimsky-Korsakov, komanso mu autobiographies ndi nkhani za N. Ya. Myaskovsky, SS Prokofiev, ndi DD Shostakovich, ndi obala zipatso. Amalankhula za kulumikizana kwa G. ndi nyimbo. mawonekedwe, za chiwonetsero cha G. cha luso. lingaliro la zolembedwa, za mphamvu ya luso. zenizeni. mfundo, za anthu, nat. mizu ya chinenero cha nyimbo, ndi zina zotero. Mafunso a G. akukhudzidwa mu epistolary heritage of Russian. olemba (mwachitsanzo, m'makalata a PI Tchaikovsky ndi HA Rimsky-Korsakov ponena za buku la G. lomaliza). Kuchokera ku ntchito za pre-revolutionary. Zolemba Zamtengo Wapatali zaku Russia zolembedwa ndi GA Laroche (60-70s of the 19th century) zimasankhidwa ndi otsutsa malinga ndi mutuwo. Anateteza kufunika kophunzira nyimbo zoyambirira za nthawi ya Pre-Bach, kutsimikizira mbiri yakale. kuyandikira kwa G. M'zolemba za Laroche mosalekeza (ngakhale mwanjira imodzi) lingaliro la melodic. chiyambi cha G. Izi zimabweretsa Laroche pafupi ndi Tchaikovsky ndi olemba ena amakono. Malingaliro asayansi a G. mwachitsanzo. ndi Kurt ndi Asafiev. AN Serov ali ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi mgwirizano, mwachitsanzo. nkhani yophunzitsa pa mutu wa chords. VV Stasov (1858) adawonetsa gawo lalikulu mu nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 19. njira zapadera za diatonic (tchalitchi.) zomwe zimathandizira ku chuma chake chaluso. Chofunikira pa chiphunzitso cha G. chinafotokozedwa ndi iye (mu mbiri ya MI Glinka) lingaliro lodabwitsa kwambiri. ziwembu zimathandizira ku mbiri yakale. Kupita patsogolo G. Mu Russian wa akale. otsutsa nyimbo - Serov, Stasov ndi Laroche amasanthula muses. ntchito, makamaka L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, MI Glinka ndi PI Tchaikovsky, pali zambiri zofunika kuziwona pa G.

Nthawi ya Prof. kuphunzira G. mu Chirasha. maphunziro mu Russian. mabuku amatsegula ndi mabuku a Tchaikovsky (1872) ndi Rimsky-Korsakov. Buku lodziwika bwino la Rimsky-Korsakov ("Practical Course of Harmony", 1886) lidatsogozedwa ndi buku lake lakale ("Textbook of Harmony", lofalitsidwa ndi njira ya lithographic mu 1884-85 ndikusindikizidwanso m'mabuku osonkhanitsidwa). Ku Russia, mabuku ophunzirira ameneŵa anasonyeza chiyambi cha chiphunzitso cha G. m’lingaliro loyenerera la mawuwo. Mabuku onsewa anayankha pempho la Rus. zosungirako.

Buku la Tchaikovsky limayang'ana pa kutsogolera kwa mawu. Kukongola kwa G., malinga ndi Tchaikovsky, kumadalira nyimbo. ukoma wa mawu osuntha. Pansi pa chikhalidwe ichi, zotsatira zamtengo wapatali zaluso zitha kupezedwa ndi ma harmonics osavuta. zikutanthauza. Ndizofunikira kuti pophunzira kusinthasintha, Tchaikovsky amagawira udindo waukulu wotsogolera mawu. Pa nthawi yomweyi, Tchaikovsky momveka bwino amachokera ku mfundo zogwiritsira ntchito modal, ngakhale iye (komanso Rimsky-Korsakov) sagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "ntchito". Tchaikovsky, kwenikweni, adayandikira lingaliro la ntchito zapamwamba: amapeza ntchito. kudalira kwamphamvu kwa tonic, kwakukulu komanso kocheperako kuchokera pamalumikizidwe ofananira. makiyi omwe ali mu chiŵerengero cha quarto-fifth.

Buku la Chigwirizano la Rimsky-Korsakov lafalikira ku Russia ndi kutchuka kwambiri kunja. Iwo akupitiriza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu mabungwe a USSR. M'buku la Rimsky-Korsakov, zopambana za sayansi zidaphatikizidwa ndi mndandanda wachitsanzo wa ulaliki, kufunikira kwake, kusankha pakati pa ma harmonics. njira zofananira, zofunika. Lamulo lokhazikitsidwa ndi Rimsky-Korsakov kuti adziwe zoyambira za galamala, zomwe makamaka zimapanga mawonekedwe a sayansi pa dziko la harmonics. ndalama, zinavomerezedwa kwambiri ndipo makamaka zinasunga kufunika kwake. Kupambana kwakukulu kwa sayansi kwa bukhuli kunali chiphunzitso cha ubale (kuyanjana) kwa makiyi: "Kutseka kwa mafungulo, kapena kukhala mu digiri ya 1st yogwirizana ndi kusinthidwa kopatsidwa, amaonedwa kuti ndi makonzedwe a 6, omwe ma tonic triad ali mukukonzekera uku" (HA Rimsky-Korsakov, Practical Harmony Textbook, Kutolere kwathunthu kwa ntchito, vol. IV, M., 1960, p. 309). Kusintha kumeneku, makamaka kogwira ntchito, kwakhudza kwambiri nyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi. sayansi.

Anthu amalingaliro ofanana ndi otsatira a Tchaikovsky ndi Rimsky-Korsakov muzolemba zanyimbo. dera, mu maphunziro a G. anali oimba monga AS Arensky, J. Vitol, RM Glier, NA Hubert, VA Zolotarev, AA Ilyinsky, MM Ippolitov-Ivanov, PP Keneman, PD Krylov, NM Ladukhin, AK Lyadov, NS Morozov , AI Puzyrevsky, LM Rudolf, NF Solovyov, NA Sokolov, HH Sokolovsky , MO Steinberg, PF Yuon ndi ena.

SI Taneev adafikanso pamawu ofunikira okhudza zilembo zomwe zimasungabe kufunikira kwawo koyambirira kwa kafukufuku wake wotsutsana ndi kulemba mosamalitsa (1909). Akunena kuti mazh.-min. kachitidwe ka tonal "... magulu a mizere yozungulira mozungulira chotengera chimodzi chapakati, amalola nyimbo zapakati za imodzi kuti zisinthe panthawi ya chidutswacho (kupatuka ndi kusinthasintha) ndikuyika makiyi ang'onoang'ono kuzungulira chachikulu, ndipo fungulo la dipatimenti imodzi limakhudza fungulo. china, chiyambi cha chidutswa chimakhudza mapeto ake” ( S. Taneev, Mobile counterpoint of strict writing, M., 1959, p. 8). Kufufuza kumawonetsa kusinthika kwa mode, magwiridwe antchito. Udindo wa S. Taneyev: "Dongosolo la tonal linakula pang'onopang'ono ndikuzama mwa kufalitsa kuzungulira kwa ma tonal, kuphatikizapo kuphatikiza kwatsopano ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kugwirizana kwa tonal pakati pa machitidwe akutali" (ibid., p. 9). Mawu awa ali ndi malingaliro okhudza chitukuko cha G. chomwe chinatsogolera Taneyev ndi nthawi yake, ndipo njira za kupita patsogolo kwake zafotokozedwa. Koma Taneyev akuwonetsanso njira zowononga, ponena kuti "... kuwonongeka kwa tonality kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe a nyimbo" (ibid.).

Njira. siteji mu mbiri ya sayansi ya G., kwathunthu ndi Sov. nthawi, ndi ntchito za GL Catoire (1924-25). Catuar adalenga woyamba mu Sov. Union of theoretical course G., mwachidule Chirasha. ndi sayansi yapadziko lonse lapansi. Mogwirizana ndi ziphunzitso za Gevaart, maphunziro a Catoire ndi odziwika chifukwa chosangalatsa komanso kutukuka kwamavuto ofunikira. Kukhala ndi nyimbo. amamveka ndi asanu, Catoire, kutengera chiwerengero cha masitepe asanu, amalandira machitidwe atatu: diatonic, yaikulu-yaing'ono, chromatic. Dongosolo lililonse limakwirira mitundu ingapo yamitundu yomwe ili mkati mwake, mu mapangidwe omwe mfundo ya melodic imatsindika. kugwirizana. Catoire amayang'ana pang'onopang'ono kamvekedwe ka mawu, monga momwe zikuwonetsedwera, mwachitsanzo, ndi machiritso ake opotoka ("kusiyana kwapakati pa tonal"). Mwanjira yatsopano, chiphunzitso cha kusinthasintha kwa mawu, chomwe Catoire amachigawanitsa mozama kwambiri, adachigawa mozama kudzera munjira yodziwika bwino komanso mothandizidwa ndi anharmonism. Pofuna kumvetsetsa ma harmonics ovuta kwambiri. amatanthauza, Catoire akuwonetsa, makamaka, udindo wa mamvekedwe achiwiri pakuwonekera kwa ma consonances ena. Nkhani yamatsatidwe, kulumikizana kwawo ndi org. ndime.

Maphunziro ogwirizana m'magawo awiri a gulu la aphunzitsi a Mosk. Conservatory II Dubovsky, SV Evseev, VV Sokolov ndi IV Sposobina (1934-1935) ali ndi malo otchuka ku Soviet. nyimbo-zambiri. sayansi ndi pedagogy; mu mawonekedwe osinthidwa ndi olemba, amadziwika kuti "Textbook of Harmony", yosindikizidwanso nthawi zambiri. Maudindo onse amathandizidwa ndi luso. zitsanzo, ch. ayi. kuchokera ku nyimbo zachikale. Kugwirizana ndi machitidwe a kulenga pamlingo wotere sikunayambe kukumana nawo m'mabuku a maphunziro apakhomo kapena akunja. Mafunso okhudza phokoso lopanda phokoso, kusintha, kugwirizana kwa zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, diatonic zinafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane komanso m'njira zambiri m'njira yatsopano. amasangalala mu nyimbo Russian. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mafunso a harmonics adakonzedwa. chiwonetsero (mawonekedwe). Mu ntchito zonse, Moscow brigade. kupitilira kwasayansi kokhazikika ndi miyambo yamabuku akale aku Russia ndi ntchito zabwino zakunja ndizodziwikiratu. Mmodzi mwa olemba a "brigade" ntchito - IV Sposobin adapanga wapadera. maphunziro a kuyunivesite a G. (1933-54), osonyezedwa m’kadzidzi woyamba wolembedwa ndi kufalitsidwa ndi iye. pulogalamu (1946); Chofunika kwambiri komanso chatsopano chinali kuyambika kwa gawo lofotokoza mbiri ya dziko la Georgia—kuyambira pomwe linayambira mpaka pano. Zina mwa dipatimenti zomwe Sposobin adachita pa galamala zimasiyanitsidwanso: chiphunzitso chatsopano cha ubale wa makiyi, omangidwa pa fret-function. mfundo, kukulitsa lingaliro la magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, njira zatsopano zosunthika pankhani ya anharmonism, kulungamitsidwa kwa gulu lachilendo lamitundu ("njira zazikulu"), chitukuko chatsatanetsatane cha nkhani ya diatonic yapadera. . (wakale) amadandaula.

Yu.N. Tyulin (1937) adakhala mlembi wa lingaliro latsopano logwirizana la gypsum. Idawongoleredwa ndikukulitsidwa, makamaka, pantchito yaukadaulo. zoyambira za G., zochitidwa ndi iye limodzi ndi NG Privano (1956). Lingaliro la Tyulin, lochokera pazabwino kwambiri zamayiko a makolo. ndi sayansi yapadziko lonse lapansi, zikuwonetsa kufotokozedwa kokwanira kwa ma harmonics. problematics, kulemeretsa chiphunzitso cha G. ndi mfundo zatsopano ndi mawu (mwachitsanzo, mfundo za chord phonism, melodic-harmonic modulation, etc.), nyimbo zambiri-mbiri. maziko. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za sayansi za Tyulin zimaphatikizapo chiphunzitso cha ntchito zosinthika; moyandikana ndi miyambo yakale ya musicology, chiphunzitsochi chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa nyimbo. mawonekedwe onse. Malinga ndi chiphunzitsochi, ntchito za chord zimapezeka mwachindunji. mgwirizano wawo ndi tonic. mawu. Popanga ntchito zosinthika, c.-l. kusakhazikika katatu kwa ladotonality (yaikulu kapena yaying'ono) imalandira tonic yachinsinsi, yakumaloko. kutanthauza, kupanga malo atsopano amphamvu yokoka. Chifaniziro cha zosinthika (malinga ndi mawu ena - am'deralo) ntchito zitha kuganizanso za ubale wa VI-II-III masitepe akuluakulu achilengedwe:

Lingaliro la ntchito zosinthika limafotokoza mapangidwe azinthu. ndime zapadera za diatonic frets ndi zopatuka za diatonic, zimayika chidwi pa kusamveka kwa nyimbo. Chiphunzitsochi chikuwonetsa kugwirizana kwa zigawo za mus. chinenero - mita, rhythm ndi G.: kutsindika osati tonic. (kuchokera ku kawonedwe ka ntchito zazikulu) ya chord yokhala ndi kugunda kwamphamvu kwa muyeso, nthawi yokulirapo imakonda kawonedwe kake ngati mphamvu yakumaloko. Sposobin ndi Tyulin ndi ena mwa anthu odziwika bwino omwe amatsogolera masukulu a kadzidzi. akatswiri amalingaliro.

Imodzi mwamabuku odziwika kwambiri a Soviet. asayansi BL Yavorsky, kuyesera kumvetsa ntchito za AN Skryabin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, F. Liszt, K. Debussy, zomwe ziri zovuta ponena za G., anaphunzira zovuta zonse za harmonics mwa njira yoyambirira kwambiri. mavuto. Theoretical Yavorsky dongosolo chimakwirira, m'njira yotakata, osati mafunso a G., komanso mavuto a nyimbo. mawonekedwe, rhythm, mita. Malingaliro a Yavorsky akufotokozedwa mu ntchito zake, zomwe zinawonekera mu 10-40s, zinawonetsedwanso mu ntchito za ophunzira ake, mwachitsanzo. SV Protopopova (1930). Mu gawo la G. Yavorsky chidwi anakopeka ndi Ch. ayi. nkhawa; dzina lodziwika la lingaliro lake ndilo chiphunzitso cha modal rhythm. Yavorsky anaika patsogolo chiphunzitso cha mfundo zingapo modes (makamaka, modal formations) ntchito mu ntchito za olemba otchulidwa, mwachitsanzo. kuchepetsedwa mode, mode kuchuluka, mode unyolo, etc. Umodzi wa chiphunzitso Yavorsky amatsatira modal primary element anatengera ndi iye - tritone. Chifukwa cha ntchito za Yavorsky, ntchito zina zofunika kwambiri za nyimbo zongopeka zidafalikira. mfundo ndi mawu (ngakhale Yavorsky nthawi zambiri anawamasulira osati mu lingaliro ambiri amavomereza), mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la bata ndi kusakhazikika mu nyimbo. Malingaliro a Yavorsky mobwerezabwereza adayambitsa mikangano yamalingaliro, yovuta kwambiri m'ma 20s. Ngakhale kuti panali zotsutsana, chiphunzitso cha Yavorsky chinakhudza kwambiri sayansi ya nyimbo za Soviet ndi zakunja.

BV Asafiev, wasayansi wamkulu waku Soviet woimba nyimbo, adalemeretsa sayansi yanyimbo zanyimbo makamaka ndi chiphunzitso chake cha mawu. Malingaliro a Asafiev okhudza G. akhazikika mu kafukufuku wake wofunikira kwambiri wa nyimbo. fomu, gawo lachiwiri lomwe limaperekedwa ku preim. mafunso a mawu (2-1930). Kulengedwa kwa G., komanso zigawo zina za muses. chinenero, malinga Asafiev, amafuna zilandiridwenso kwa olemba. sensitivity kwa mawu. chilengedwe, mawu opambana. Asafiev adaphunzira za chiyambi ndi kusinthika kwa nyimbo zoyimba mwanjira yakeyake (yoyima, onani yoyimirira) ndi nyimbo (zopingasa, onani zopingasa). Kwa iye, G. ndi dongosolo la "resonators - amplifiers of tones of the mode" ndi "cool lava of Gothic polyphony" (B. Asafiev, Musical Form as a Process, book 47, Intonation, M.-L., 2, tsamba 1947 ndi 147). Asafiev makamaka anatsindika melodic. mizu ndi mawonekedwe a G., makamaka mu nyimbo za G. Rus. zapamwamba. M'mawu a Asafiev okhudza chiphunzitso chogwira ntchito, kudzudzula kwake, kugwiritsa ntchito mbali imodzi kumawonekera. Asafiev mwiniyo adasiya zitsanzo zambiri za kusanthula kwabwino kwa G.

Woyimilira wamayimbidwe. mayendedwe mu phunziro la G. anali NA Garbuzov. Mu Captain wake. Labor (1928-1932) adapanga lingaliro la mawu omveka. kuchokera ku ma consonances ambiri. maziko; overtones kwaiye osati ndi mmodzi, koma angapo. mawu oyambira, amapanga makonsonanti. Lingaliro la Garbuzov likubwereranso ku lingaliro lomwe linafotokozedwa mu nthawi ya Rameau, ndipo mwa njira yoyambirira ikupitirizabe imodzi mwa miyambo ya musicology. Mu 40-50s. ntchito zingapo za Garbuzov zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha muses zimasindikizidwa. kumva, mwachitsanzo, kuzindikira kwa phula, tempo ndi rhythm, mokweza, timbre ndi mawu. ziwerengero mkati mwa miyeso ina. range; izi zimasungidwa kuti ziwonekere m'dera lonselo. Zopereka izi, zomwe zimakhala ndi chidziwitso komanso zothandiza. chidwi, zidatsimikiziridwa moyesera ndi Garbuzov.

Kafukufuku wamayimbidwe adalimbikitsa kafukufuku pankhani ya masikelo anyimbo, kupsa mtima, komanso kulimbikitsa kufufuza pakupanga zida. Izi zinawonetsedwa mu ntchito za AS Ogolevets. Ntchito zake zazikulu zoimba ndi zongopeka zinayambitsa kukambirana kozama kwa sayansi (1947); zinthu zingapo za wolemba zatsutsidwa mosiyanasiyana.

Kwa akadzidzi otchuka. asayansi ndi mibadwo yophunzitsa - akatswiri mu gynecology nawonso ndi a Sh. S. Aslanishvili, FI Aerova, SS Grigoriev, II Dubovsky, SV Evseev, VN Zelinsky, Yu. G. Kon, SE Maksimov, AF Mutli, TF Muller, NG Privano, VN Rukavishnikov, PB Ryazanov, VV Sokolov, AA Stepanov, VA Taranushchenko, MD Tits, IA Tyutmanov, Yu. N. Kholopov, VM Tsendrovsky, NS Chumakov, MA Etinger ndi ena. otchulidwa ndi ziwerengero zina zikupitilizabe kupanga bwino, miyambo yopita patsogolo ya kafukufuku wa G.

Pophunzira G. yamakono motsatira mfundo ya historicism, m'pofunika kuganizira mbiri yake. chitukuko mu nyimbo ndi mbiri ya ziphunzitso za G. Ndikoyenera kusiyanitsa zosiyanasiyana motsatira nthawi ya masiku ano. masitaelo a nyimbo. Ndikofunikira kuphunzira osati ma Prof osiyanasiyana okha. mitundu ya nyimbo, komanso Nar. luso. Chofunika kwambiri ndi kulumikizana ndi madipatimenti onse a theoretical. ndi mbiri ya musicology ndi kutengera zabwino zomwe zachitika kunja. musicology. Pa bwino kuphunzira chinenero chamakono mu USSR. nyimbo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi ntchito zoperekedwa ku zofunikira zakale za G. yamakono (mwachitsanzo, nkhani ya Tyulin, 1963), mawonekedwe ake amtundu ndi tonal (mwachitsanzo, zolemba zambiri za AN Dolzhansky pa nyimbo za Shostakovich, 40-50s. ), maphunziro a monographic. mtundu (buku la Yu. N. Kholopov lonena za SS Prokofiev, 1967). Monographic mtundu wanyimbo mu kuphunzira za geology, chitukuko mu Sov. Union kuyambira 40s, zikusonyezedwa mu mavuto angapo zosonkhanitsira pa kalembedwe SS Prokofiev ndi DD Shostakovich (1962-63), pa nyimbo za m'ma 20. zambiri (1967). M'buku lonena za mgwirizano wamakono SS Skrebkov (1965) anatsindika vuto la mitu. Makhalidwe a G. okhudzana ndi tonality, otd. consonances, nyimbo (zotengera udindo wake wotsogolera), maonekedwe; Mafunso awa akuphunziridwa kumapeto kwa Scriabin, Debussy, Prokofiev, Shostakovich. Zokambirana zapagulu zomwe zikuwonetsa chitukuko cha sayansi ku USSR zidakhala zothandiza pa chiphunzitso cha G. Pamasamba a magazini Sov. nyimbo” panali makambitsirano a polytonality (1956-58) ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana amakono. G. (1962-64).

Pakuti chidziwitso cha G. ndi chofunikira kwambiri komanso chongoyerekeza. ntchito zoperekedwa osati ku harmonica. mavuto, kuphatikizapo ntchito zakale za Rus. musicology, ntchito zambiri za BV Asafiev, zolemba ndi uch. malipiro a nyimbo-theoretical. zinthu ndi kapangidwe, mwachitsanzo. LA Mazel ndi VA Zuckerman - malinga ndi kusanthula kwa nyimbo. ntchito (1967), I. Ya. Ryzhkin ndi LA Mazel - pa mbiri ya nyimbo zongopeka. ziphunzitso (1934-39), SS Skrebkova - mu polyphony (1956), SV Evseeva - mu Russian. polyphony (1960), Vl. V. Protopopova - pa mbiri ya polyphony (1962-65), MR Gnessin - pazochitika. nyimbo (kupanga nyimbo, 1962); amagwira ntchito panyimbo, mwachitsanzo. phunziro lake lonse ndi LA Mazel (1952), kuphunzira nyimbo za Rimsky-Korsakov ndi SS Grigoriev (1961); monographs pa ntchito, mwachitsanzo. za zongopeka F-moll Chopin - LA Mazel (1937), za "Kamarinskaya" Glinka - VA Zukkerman (1957), za "Ivan Susanin" Glinka - Vl. V. Protopopov (1961), za ma opera mochedwa ndi Rimsky-Korsakov - MR Gnesin (1945-1956), LV Danilevich (1958), DB Kabalevsky (1953).

III. Lingaliro la G. ngati akaunti. mutuwu uli ndi zotsatirazi. mafunso: maphunziro a nyimbo G. ndi malo mu maphunziro a oimba (1), mawonekedwe ndi njira za G. kuphunzitsa (2).

1) Mu dongosolo la akadzidzi. Prof. nyimbo Chisamaliro chachikulu chimaperekedwa ku maphunziro a G. pamagulu onse a maphunziro: mu nyimbo za ana. masukulu azaka khumi ndi chimodzi, mu nyimbo. masukulu ndi mayunivesite. Pali mitundu iwiri ya maphunziro a G. - spec. ndi maphunziro onse. Zoyambazo zimapangidwira maphunziro a oimba, akatswiri a zamaganizo ndi olemba mbiri ya nyimbo (akatswiri a nyimbo), omalizawa kuti aphunzitse oimba. Kupitiriza kwakhazikitsidwa m’maphunziro a G. kuyambira m’magawo otsika a maphunziro mpaka achikulire. Komabe, maphunziro aku yunivesite amapereka, kuwonjezera pa kuphunzira mitu yatsopano, komanso kuzama kwa chidziwitso chomwe adapeza kale, zomwe zimatsimikizira kudzikundikira kwa prof. luso. Mchitidwe wa kuphunzitsa G. wonse ukuwonekera mu nkhani. mapulani, mapulogalamu ndi zofunikira zovomerezeka kuti munthu alowe muakaunti. mabungwe ovomerezedwa ndi boma. matupi. Pachitsanzo cha chiphunzitso cha G., mikhalidwe yayikulu ikuwoneka. ndi kuchuluka. zopambana zomwe oimba amapeza. maphunziro mu USSR. Maphunziro a G. amachitidwa moganizira modal ndi katchulidwe. zodziwika bwino za nyimbo za kadzidzi. anthu. Mbali yaikulu ya akauntiyi imawononga nthawi. makalasi. Kuyambira 30s. pa G. maphunziro amaperekedwa, omwe amaimiridwa kwambiri m'masukulu apadera apadera. maphunziro. M'chiphunzitso cha G., mfundo zonse za kuphunzitsa nyimbo mu USSR zikuwonetseredwa: malingaliro a kulenga. kuchita, ubale uch. maphunziro mu ndondomeko ya maphunziro. Kugwirizanitsa maphunziro a G. mwachitsanzo, ndi maphunziro a solfeggio amachitika m'makalasi onse awiri m'masukulu onse. mabungwe. Kupambana pakuphunzitsa ntchito yophunzitsa nyimbo. kumva (onani. Makutu a nyimbo) ndi kuphunzitsa G. zimatheka mu chiyanjano chobala zipatso.

2) Kupyolera mu khama la akadzidzi. Aphunzitsi adapanga njira yolimbikitsira yophunzitsira ya G., yofikira ku mitundu itatu yovomerezeka yovomerezeka. ntchito:

a) M'mabuku olembedwa, yankho la ma harmonics limaphatikizidwa. ntchito ndi mitundu yonse ya zilandiridwe. zoyesera: kupanga ma preludes, kusiyanasiyana (payekha ndi mutu wokhazikitsidwa ndi mphunzitsi), etc. Ntchito zotere, zomwe zimaperekedwa makamaka kwa akatswiri oimba nyimbo (ophunzira ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale), zimathandiza kuti pakhale kuyanjana kwa nyimbo zongopeka. kuphunzira ndi luso mchitidwe. Zomwezo zitha kutsatiridwa pakugwira ntchito molingana ndi G.

b) Zogwirizana. Kusanthula kwa nyimbo (kuphatikiza zolembedwa) kuyenera kudzizindikiritsa kulondola kwa mapangidwe ake, kuwunikira tsatanetsatane wa nyimbo, komanso kuwunika nyimbo ngati luso. kumatanthauza kuzindikira udindo wake pakati pa nyimbo zina. ndalama. Kusanthula kwa harmonic kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu maphunziro ena, ongolankhula. ndi mbiri, mwachitsanzo. pofufuza nyimbo. ntchito (onani Kusanthula Nyimbo).

c) Kuwonongeka. masewera olimbitsa thupi molingana ndi G. pa fp. mu maphunziro amakono, palinso njira yothandiza yochitira. Izi, mwachitsanzo, ndi ntchito za kukhazikitsa fp. ma modulation amafotokozedwa. tempo, kukula ndi mawonekedwe (nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati nthawi).

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VO Berkov