Kusintha kwakwaya |

ine. Choralbeitung, англ. dongosolo kwaya, kolera, франц. composition sur choral, итал. kutanthauzira kwakwaya, kapangidwe ka nyimbo

Ntchito yoyimba, yoyimba kapena yoyimba m'mawu momwe nyimbo zovomerezeka za mpingo wachikhristu wakumadzulo (onani nyimbo ya Gregorian, nyimbo yachipulotesitanti, Choral) imalandira mafotokozedwe ambiri.

Mawu akuti X. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku nyimbo za polygonal pa choral cantus firmus (mwachitsanzo, antiphon, nyimbo, responsory). Nthawi zina pansi pa X. pafupifupi. nyimbo zonse zikuphatikizidwa. op., njira imodzi kapena yina yokhudzana ndi chorale, kuphatikizapo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magwero azinthu. Pankhaniyi, kukonza kumakhala kukonzedwa, ndipo mawuwa amakhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu. Mwa iye. maudindo a musicology. X pafupi." nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mozama kunena za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makwaya achipulotesitanti. Kufikira X. za. kwambiri. Mitundu yotsogola ya Prof. nyimbo za Middle Ages ndi Renaissance. M'mawonekedwe oyambirira a polyphonic (parallel organum, foburdon) chorale imachitidwa mokwanira. Pokhala liwu lapansi, limene limatsatiridwa ndi mawu ena onse, limapanga maziko a mawuwo m’lingaliro lenileni. Ndi polyphonic amplification. Kudziyimira pawokha kwa mawu, chorale ndi yopunduka: mawonekedwe ake amamveka kutalika ndi kutsika (mu melismatic organum amasungidwa mpaka kukongoletsa kochuluka kwa mawu osagwirizana kumveka), chorale imataya umphumphu (kuchedwa kwa kufotokozera chifukwa cha Kuwonjezeka kwamphamvu kumapangitsa kuti izi zingochitika pang'onopang'ono - nthawi zina osapitirira 4-5 mawu oyambirira). Mchitidwe umenewu unayambika m'zitsanzo zoyambirira za motet (zaka za zana la 13), kumene cantus firmus nthawi zambiri inalinso kachigawo kakang'ono ka nyimbo za Gregorian (onani chitsanzo pansipa). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chorale inali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati maziko ostinato a polyphonic. mawonekedwe osinthika (onani Polyphony, gawo 351).

Gregorian nyimbo. Haleluya Vidimus Stellam.

Motet. Sukulu ya Parisian (zaka za zana la 13). Chidutswa cha chorale chikuchitika mu tenor.

Gawo lotsatira m'mbiri ya X. o. - kukulitsa chorale ya mfundo ya isorhythm (onani Motet), yomwe yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira zaka za zana la 14. Mafomu a X. kulemekezedwa ndi ambuye a zolinga zambiri. misa. Njira zazikulu zogwiritsira ntchito chorale (zina mwazo zikhoza kuphatikizidwa mu op imodzi.): gawo lirilonse liri ndi ndime 1-2 za nyimbo ya chorale, yomwe imagawidwa m'mawu olekanitsidwa ndi kupuma (chifukwa chake, misa yonseyo imayimira kuzungulira kwa zosiyanasiyana); gawo lililonse lili ndi kachidutswa ka koyara, kamene kamamwazikana mu unyinji wonse; chorale - mosiyana ndi chizolowezi cholankhulira mu tenor (2) - kusuntha kuchokera ku liwu kupita ku liwu (chotchedwa migrating cantus firmus); chorale imachitika mwa apo ndi apo, osati mbali zonse. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chorale sichikhalabe chosasinthika; pakukonza kwake, 4 yayikulu idatsimikizika. mafomu amutu. kusintha - kuwonjezeka, kuchepa, kuzungulira, kuyenda. M'zitsanzo zoyambilira, chorale, yofotokozedwa ndendende kapena mosiyanasiyana (kudzaza kwanyimbo kwa kudumpha, kukongoletsa, kaimbidwe kosiyanasiyana), idasiyanitsidwa ndi mfundo zaulere, zosagwirizana.

G. Dufay. Nyimbo "Aures ad nostras deitatis". Ndime yoyamba ndi nyimbo yakwaya ya monophonic, gawo lachiwiri ndi dongosolo la mawu atatu (nyimbo zosiyanasiyana za kwaya mu soprano).

Ndi chitukuko cha kutsanzira, kuphimba mawu onse, mafomu a cantus firmus amapita kwa atsopano, ndipo chorale imakhalabe magwero a nkhani. zopangira. (onani chitsanzo chomwe chili pansipa ndi chitsanzo mu ndime 48).

Гимн "Pange lingua"

Njira ndi mitundu yopangira chorale, yomwe idapangidwa panthawi ya kalembedwe kokhwima, idapangidwa mu nyimbo za tchalitchi cha Protestanti, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zowonera. mafomu anali mafomu otsitsimutsidwa pa cantus firmus. Mitundu yofunika kwambiri - cantata, "zilakolako", concerto yauzimu, motet - nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi chorale (izi zikuwonekera m'mawu akuti: Choralkonzert, mwachitsanzo "Gelobet seist du, Jesus Christ" lolemba I. Schein; Choralmotette, mwachitsanzo, "Gelobet seist du, Jesus Christ" "Komm, heiliger Geist" A. von Brook; Choralkantate). Kupatula. Kugwiritsa ntchito cantus firmus mu cantatas a JS Bach kumasiyanitsidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana kwake. Chorale nthawi zambiri imaperekedwa muzosavuta 4-zolinga. kugwirizanitsa. Nyimbo ya kwaya yoimbidwa ndi liwu kapena chida imayimbidwa pamwamba pa kola yotalikirapo. kapangidwe (mwachitsanzo BWV 80, No1; BWV 97, No1), wok. kapena instr. duet (BWV 6, No 3), an aria (BWV 31, No 8) komanso ngakhale recitative (BWV 5, No 4); nthawi zina amawuka mizere kwaya ndi recitative sanali kwaya mizere kusinthana (BWV 94, No 5). Kuphatikiza apo, chorale imatha kukhala ngati thematic. maziko a mbali zonse, ndipo muzochitika zotere, cantata imasandulika kukhala mtundu wamitundu yosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, BWV 4; pamapeto pake, chorale imachitidwa mu mawonekedwe akuluakulu m'magulu a kwaya ndi oimba).

Mbiri X. za. kwa zida kiyibodi (makamaka kwa limba) akuyamba m'zaka za m'ma 15, pamene otchedwa. njira ina yogwirira ntchito (lat. alternatim - mosinthana). Mavesi anyimbo, opangidwa ndi kwaya (mavesi), omwe kale amasinthasintha ndi mawu amodzi (mwachitsanzo, mu antiphons), adayamba kusinthana ndi org. processing (versett), makamaka mu Misa ndi Magnificat. Kotero, Kyrie eleison (ku Krom, malinga ndi mwambo, gawo lililonse la 3 la Kyrie - Christe - Kyrie linabwerezedwa katatu) likhoza kuchitidwa:

Josquin Wokhumudwa. Mecca "Pange lingua". Kuyambira "Kyrie eleison", "Christe eleison" ndi "Kyrie" yachiwiri. Zolemba zotsatsira ndi mawu osiyanasiyana a chorale.

Kyrie (organ) – Kyrie (kwaya) – Kyrie (organ) – Christe (kwaya) – Christe (organ) – Christe (kwaya) – Kyrie (organ) – Kyrie (kwaya) – Kyrie (organ). Sat org. zinasindikizidwa. zolembedwa za Gregorian Magnificats ndi mbali za Misa (zosonkhanitsidwa pamodzi, pambuyo pake zinadziwika kuti Orgelmesse - org. mass): "Magnificat en la tabulature des orgues", lofalitsidwa ndi P. Attenyan (1531), "Intavolatura coi Recercari Canzoni Himni Magnificat …” ndi “Intavolatura d'organo cio Misse Himni Magnificat. Libro secondo” lolemba G. Cavazzoni (1543), “Messe d'intavolatura d'organo” lolemba C. Merulo (1568), “Obras de musica” lolemba A. Cabeson (1578), “Fiori musicali” lolemba G. Frescobaldi ( 1635) ndi zina.

"Sanctus" kuchokera ku chiwalo cha "Cimctipotens" ndi wolemba wosadziwika, wofalitsidwa ndi P. Attenyan mu "Tabulatura pour le ieu Dorgucs" (1531). Cantus firmus imachitika mu tenor, kenako mu soprano.

Nyimbo zamapemphero (cf. cantus firmus kuchokera ku chitsanzo chapamwamba).

Org. kusinthidwa kwa chorale ya Chiprotestanti ya zaka za 17th-18th. adatengera zomwe adakumana nazo ambuye am'mbuyomu; iwo amaperekedwa mu anaikira mawonekedwe luso luso. ndi kufotokoza. zotsatira za nyimbo za nthawi yake. Pakati pa olemba a X. o. - wopanga nyimbo zazikuluzikulu JP Sweelinck, yemwe adakokera ku zovuta za polyphonic. ophatikizika a D. Buxtehude, kukongoletsa bwino nyimbo yakwaya ya G. Böhm, pogwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya makwaya a JG Walter, akugwira ntchito molimbika pankhani ya makwaya a S. Scheidt, J. Pachelbel ndi ena (kupititsa patsogolo kwaya inali ntchito ya aliyense woyimba mpingo). JS Bach adagonjetsa mwambowu. kufotokoza kwachidule kwa X. o. (chimwemwe, chisoni, mtendere) ndi kuchikulitsa ndi mithunzi yonse yofikiridwa ndi malingaliro aumunthu. Kuyembekezera zokongoletsa zachikondi. ang'onoang'ono, adapatsa chidutswa chilichonse kukhala ndi umunthu wapadera ndipo adawonjezera kumveka bwino kwa mawu ofunikira.

Mbali ya nyimbo ya X. o. (kupatulapo mitundu ingapo, mwachitsanzo, fugue pamutu wa chorale) ndi "chilengedwe chamitundu iwiri", ndiko kuti, kuwonjezera kwa zigawo zodziyimira pawokha - nyimbo yakwaya ndi zomwe zikuzungulira (kukonza kwenikweni). ). Maonekedwe ambiri ndi mawonekedwe a X. o. zimadalira gulu lawo ndi chikhalidwe cha kuyanjana. Muse. Makhalidwe a nyimbo zanyimbo zanyimbo za Chiprotestanti nzokhazikika: sizimasinthasintha, zokhala ndi ma caesura omveka bwino, ndi kugonjera kofooka kwa mawu. Mawonekedwe (malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa ziganizo ndi mulingo wawo) amakopera kapangidwe kake, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala quatrain ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mizere. Kutuluka choncho. sextines, seventh, etc. mu nyimbo zimagwirizana ndi kumanga koyambirira ngati nthawi ndi kupitiriza kwa polyphrased (nthawi zina kupanga bar pamodzi, mwachitsanzo BWV 38, No 6). Zinthu zobwereza zimapangitsa mafomuwa kukhala ogwirizana ndi magawo awiri, magawo atatu, koma kusowa kudalira pa squareness kumasiyanitsa kwambiri ndi akale. Kusiyanasiyana kwa njira zomangira ndi njira zofotokozera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyimbo. nsalu yozungulira chorale ndi yotakata kwambiri; iye ch. ayi. ndikusankha mawonekedwe onse a Op. (onani makonzedwe osiyanasiyana a kwaya imodzi). Gululi limatengera X. o. njira yosinthira imayikidwa (nyimbo za chorale zimasiyanasiyana kapena sizisintha, zilibe kanthu kuti zigawidwe). Pali mitundu 4 yayikulu X. o.:

1) makonzedwe a nyumba yosungiramo katundu (m'mabuku a bungwe, ochepa kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, "Allein Gott in der Hoh sei Ehr" ya Bach, BWV 715).

2) Polyphonic processing. nyumba yosungiramo katundu. Mawu otsagana nawo nthawi zambiri amakhala ogwirizana ndi chorale (onani chitsanzo mu ndime 51 pamwambapa), nthawi zambiri sadziyimira pawokha (“Der Tag, der ist so freudenreich”, BWV 605). Iwo momasuka amatsutsana ndi chorale ndi wina ndi mzake ("Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stund", BWV 621), nthawi zambiri kupanga zotsanzira ("Wir Christenleut", BWV 612), nthawi zina canon ("Canonical Variations on a Christmas Song", BWV 769 ).

3) Fugue (fughetta, ricercar) ngati mawonekedwe a X. o .:

a) pamutu wa kwaya, pomwe mutuwu ndi mawu ake otsegulira (“Fuga super: Jesus Christus, unser Heiland”, BWV 689) kapena - mu zomwe zimatchedwa. strophic fugue - mawu onse a chorale motsatira, kupanga mndandanda wa zowonetsera ("Aus tiefer Not schrei'ich zu dir", BWV 686, onani chitsanzo mu Art. Fugue, column 989);

b) ku chorale, kumene fugue yodziyimira pawokha imagwira ntchito ngati chotsatira ("Fantasia sopra: Jesus meine Freude", BWV 713).

4) Canon - mawonekedwe omwe chorale imachitidwa movomerezeka ("Gott, durch deine Güte", BWV 600), nthawi zina motsanzira ("Erschienen ist der herrliche Tag", BWV 629) kapena ovomerezeka. kuperekeza (onani chitsanzo mu ndime 51, pansipa). Diff. mitundu ya makonzedwe atha kuphatikizidwa m'makwaya osiyanasiyana (onani Bach's org. partitas).

Zomwe zimachitika pakusintha kwa X. o. ndiko kulimbikitsa kudziyimira pawokha kwa mawu otsutsana ndi chorale. The stratification wa chorale ndi kutsagana ndi kufika pa mlingo, pamene "kutsutsa mawonekedwe" kumabuka - kusagwirizana pakati pa malire a chorale ndi kutsagana ("Nun freut euch, lieben Christen g'mein", BWV 734). The autonomization processing imasonyezedwanso mu kuphatikiza kwa chorale ndi ena, nthawi zina kutali ndi izo, mitundu - aria, recitative, zongopeka (zomwe zimakhala ndi zigawo zambiri zosiyana mu chikhalidwe ndi njira processing, mwachitsanzo, "Ich ruf. zu dir, Herr Jesus Christ” lolembedwa ndi V. Lübeck), ngakhale mwa kuvina (mwachitsanzo, mu partita “Auf meinen lieben Gott” yolembedwa ndi Buxtehude, pomwe kusinthika kwachiwiri ndi sarabande, 2rd ndi chime, ndipo 3 ndi ndi giga).

JS Bach. Kukonzekera kwa kwayaya "Ach Gott und Herr", BWV 693. Kutsatizanaku kumatengera zomwe nyimboyi imayambira. Amatsatiridwa kwambiri (pawiri komanso kuchepetsedwa kanayi) yoyamba ndi yachiwiri (chiwonetsero chagalasi cha 1)

JS Bach. "In dulci Jubilo", BWV 608, kuchokera ku Organ Book. Kanoni kawiri.

Kuchokera ku Ser. Zaka za zana la 18 pazifukwa za dongosolo la mbiri yakale ndi zokongoletsa X. o. pafupifupi kutha pakupanga mchitidwe. Zina mwa zitsanzo mochedwa ndi Choral Misa, org. zongopeka ndi zongopeka pa chorales lolemba F. Liszt, org. Kuyimba kwakwaya ndi I. Brahms, choral cantatas, org. zongopeka kwakwaya ndi mawu oyamba a M. Reger. Nthawi zina X. o. imakhala chinthu chokongoletsedwa, ndiyeno mawonekedwe amtunduwu amapangidwanso popanda kugwiritsa ntchito nyimbo yeniyeni (mwachitsanzo, toccata ya E. Krenek ndi chaconne).

Zothandizira: Livanova T., History of Western Europe nyimbo mpaka 1789, M.-L., 1940; Skrebkov SS, kusanthula Polyphonic, M.-L., 1940; Sposobin IV, mawonekedwe a nyimbo, M.-L., 1947; Protopopov Vl., Mbiri ya polyphony muzochitika zake zofunika kwambiri. Zakale zaku Western Europe zazaka za XVIII-XIX, M., 1965; Lukyanova N., Pa mfundo imodzi yokonza makonzedwe a kwaya kuchokera ku cantatas a JS Bach, mu: Problems of Musicology, vol. 2, M., 1975; Druskin M., Zokonda ndi misa ya JS Bach, L., 1976; Evdokimova Yu., Thematic process in the mass of Palestrina, mu: Theoretical observations on the history of music, M., 1978; Simakova N., Melody "L'homme arm" ndi kubwereza kwake mu unyinji wa Renaissance, ibid.; Etinger M., Early classical harmony, M., 1979; Schweitzer A, JJ Bach. Le musicien-poite, P.-Lpz., 1905, adakulitsa Chijeremani. ed. pansi pa mutu: JS Bach, Lpz., 1908 (kumasulira kwa Chirasha - Schweitzer A., ​​Johann Sebastian Bach, M., 1965); Terry CS, Bach: the cantatas and oratorios, v. 1-2, L., 1925; Dietrich P., JS Bach's Orgelchoral und seine geschichtlichen Wurzeln, “Bach-Jahrbuch”, Jahrg. 26, 1929; Kittler G., Geschichte des protestantischen Orgelchorals, Bckermünde, 1931; Klotz H., Lber die Orgelkunst der Gotik, der Renaissance und des Barock, Kassel, 1934, 1975; Frotscher G., Geschichte des Orgelspiels und der Orgelkomposition, Bd 1-2, B., 1935-36, 1959; Schrade L., Chiwalo m'zaka za zana la 15, "MQ", 1942, v. 28, No 3, 4; Lowinsky EE, Chingelezi organ music of the Renaissance, ibid., 1953, v. 39, No 3, 4; Fischer K. von, Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Orgelchoralvariation, in Festschrift Fr. Blume, Kassel (ua), 1963; Krummacher F., Die Choralbearbeitung in der protestantischen Figuralmusik zwischen Praetorius und Bach, Kassel, 1978.

TS Kyuregyan