Harpsichord: kufotokoza kwa chida, zikuchokera, mbiri, phokoso, mitundu

M'zaka za zana la XNUMX, kuimba harpsichord kunkawoneka ngati chizindikiro cha mayendedwe abwino, kukoma koyenga, komanso kulimba mtima. Pamene alendo olemekezeka anasonkhana m'zipinda zochezera za bourgeois olemera, nyimbo zinali zomveka bwino. Masiku ano, chida choimbira chokhala ndi zingwe za kiyibodi chimangoyimira chikhalidwe chakale. Koma zambiri zomwe adalemba ndi oimba nyimbo za harpsichord zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oimba amasiku ano ngati gawo la zoimbaimba za chipinda.

Chipangizo cha Harpsichord

Thupi la chidacho limawoneka ngati piyano yayikulu. Pakupanga kwake, matabwa amtengo wapatali ankagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pamwamba pake adakongoletsedwa ndi zokongoletsera, zithunzi, zojambula, zogwirizana ndi mafashoni. Thupi lidayikidwa pamiyendo. Zeze zoyambirira zinali zamakona anayi, zoyikidwa patebulo kapena choyimira.

Chipangizo ndi mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito ndizofanana ndi clavichord. Kusiyanitsa kuli muutali wa zingwe zosiyana ndi njira yovuta kwambiri. Zingwezo zinapangidwa kuchokera ku mitsempha ya nyama, kenako n’kukhala chitsulo. Kiyibodi imakhala ndi makiyi oyera ndi akuda. Akakanikizidwa, nthenga ya khwangwala yomangika pa chipangizo chothyola ndi chopondera imamenya chingwecho. Harpsichord ikhoza kukhala ndi kiyibodi imodzi kapena ziwiri zoyikidwa pamwamba pa chimzake.

Kodi harpsichord imamveka bwanji?

Makope oyambirira anali ndi phokoso laling'ono - ma octave atatu okha. Kusintha kwapadera kunali ndi udindo wosintha voliyumu ndi kamvekedwe. M'zaka za zana la 3, mitundu idakulitsidwa mpaka ma octave 18, panali zolemba ziwiri za kiyibodi. Phokoso la harpsichord yakale ndi lonjenjemera. Zidutswa zomveka zomatira kumalirime zidathandizira kusiyanitsa, kuzipangitsa kukhala chete kapena mokweza.

Poyesera kukonza makinawo, ambuye adapereka chidacho ndi zingwe ziwiri, zinayi, zisanu ndi zitatu pa toni iliyonse, ngati chiwalo. Zingwe zosinthira zolembera zidayikidwa m'mbali mwa kiyibodi. Pambuyo pake, adakhala opondaponda, ngati ma piyano. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi mphamvu, phokosolo linali lotopetsa.

Mbiri ya kulengedwa kwa harpsichord

Zimadziwika kuti m'zaka za zana la 15 ku Italy adayimba chida chokhala ndi thupi lalifupi, lolemera. Ndani kwenikweni anatulukira izo sizikudziwika. Ikhoza kupangidwa ku Germany, England, France. Okalamba omwe adapulumuka adapangidwa mu 1515 ku Ligivimeno.

Pali umboni wolembedwa kuchokera ku 1397, malinga ndi zomwe Herman Poll adalankhula za chida cha clavicembalum chomwe adachipanga. Zolemba zambiri zimayambira m'zaka za zana la 15 ndi 16. Ndiye mbandakucha wa harpsichords anayamba, amene amasiyana kukula, mtundu wa limagwirira. Mayina analinso osiyana:

• clavicembalo - ku Italy;
• spinet - ku France;
• archchord - ku England.

Dzina lakuti harpsichord limachokera ku mawu akuti clavis - key, key. M'zaka za zana la 16, amisiri a Venice ya ku Italy adagwira nawo ntchito yopanga chidacho. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, adaperekedwa ku Northern Europe ndi amisiri a ku Flemish otchedwa Ruckers ochokera ku Antwerp.

Kwa zaka mazana angapo, wotsogolera piyano anali chida chachikulu choimbira payekha. Ankaimbanso m'malo owonetserako zisudzo. Anthu olemekezeka ankaona kuti n’zofunika kugula zeze kuti aziika m’zipinda zawo zogonamo, n’kulipira ndalama zolipirira maphunziro okwera mtengo kuti aziimbira achibale awo. Nyimbo zoyengedwa zakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamipira yamakhothi.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX kudadziwika ndi kutchuka kwa piyano, komwe kumamveka mosiyanasiyana, kukulolani kuti muzisewera posintha mphamvu ya mawu. Chida cha harpsichord chinatuluka, mbiri yake inatha.

Zosiyanasiyana

Gulu la ma chordophones a kiyibodi limaphatikizapo zida zingapo. Ogwirizana ndi dzina limodzi, anali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu. Kukula kwamilandu kumatha kusiyana. Harpsichord yachikale inali ndi phokoso la 5 octaves. Koma osakhalanso otchuka anali mitundu ina, yosiyana wina ndi mzake mu mawonekedwe a thupi, dongosolo la zingwe.

Mu virginel, inali yamakona anayi, bukuli linali kumanja. Zingwezo zidatambasulidwa molunjika ku makiyiwo. Mpangidwe womwewo ndi mawonekedwe a hull anali ndi muselar. Mtundu wina ndi spinet. M'zaka za zana la XNUMX, idakhala yotchuka kwambiri ku England. Chidacho chinali ndi bukhu limodzi, zingwezo zidatambasulidwa mwa diagonally. Imodzi mwa mitundu yakale kwambiri ndi clavicitherium yokhala ndi thupi lokhazikika.

Oyimba odziwika bwino ndi azeze

Chidwi cha oimba pa chidacho chinakhalapo kwa zaka mazana angapo. Panthawi imeneyi, mabuku oimba adzaza ndi ntchito zambiri zolembedwa ndi olemba nyimbo otchuka kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amadandaula kuti polemba zigoli adapezeka kuti ali ndi vuto, chifukwa samatha kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa fortissimo kapena pianissimo. Koma iwo sanakane mwayi wopanga nyimbo za harpsichord zodabwitsa ndi mawu omveka bwino.

Ku France, ngakhale sukulu yadziko lonse yoimbira zidazo inakhazikitsidwa. Woyambitsa wake anali wolemba nyimbo wa Baroque J. Chambonière. Anali woimba Harpsichordist wa King Louis XIII ndi Louis XIV. Ku Italy, D. Scarlatti moyenerera ankaonedwa kuti ndi virtuoso wa kalembedwe ka harpsichord. Mbiri ya nyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi imaphatikizapo zolemba za solo za olemba otchuka monga A. Vivaldi, VA Mozart, Henry Purcell, D. Zipoli, G. Handel.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1896-XNUMX, chidachi chinkawoneka ngati chinthu chakale. Arnold Dolmech anali woyamba kuyesa kumupatsa moyo watsopano. Mu XNUMX, mbuye woimbayo adamaliza ntchito yake pa harpsichord ku London, adatsegula zokambirana zatsopano ku America ndi France.

Woyimba piyano Wanda Landdowska adakhala wofunikira pakutsitsimutsidwa kwa chidacho. Anayitanitsa chitsanzo cha konsati kuchokera ku msonkhano wa ku Paris, anamvetsera kwambiri za kukongola kwa harpsichord, ndikuphunzira zambiri zakale. Ku Netherlands, Gustav Leonhardt adagwira nawo ntchito yobwezeretsa chidwi cha nyimbo zenizeni. Kwa nthawi yayitali ya moyo wake, adagwira ntchito yojambula nyimbo za tchalitchi cha Bach, ntchito za olemba nyimbo za baroque ndi Viennese classics.

Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la XNUMX, chidwi ndi zida zakale zidakula. Ndi anthu ochepa amene amadziwa kuti mwana wa wotchuka opera woimba, Prince AM Volkonsky anathera nthawi yambiri recreate nyimbo zakale ndipo ngakhale anayambitsa gulu lodziwika bwino. Lero mukhoza kuphunzira kuimba harpsichord mu conservatories Moscow, Kazan, St.