Henryk Wieniawski |

Henryk Wieniawski

Venyavsky. Capriccio Waltz (Jascha Heifetz) →

Uyu ndi munthu wauchiwanda, nthawi zambiri amachita zomwe sizingatheke, komanso amazichita. G. Berlioz

Chikondi chinayambitsa nyimbo zambirimbiri zamakonsati zopangidwa ndi akatswiri otchuka. Pafupifupi onse a iwo anaiwalika, ndi zitsanzo zaluso kwambiri anatsala pa siteji konsati. Zina mwa izo ndi ntchito za G. Wieniawski. Ma concerto ake, mazurkas, polonaises, zidutswa za konsati zimaphatikizidwa mu repertoire ya woyimba violini aliyense, amatchuka pabwalo chifukwa cha luso lawo losakayikira, kalembedwe kowoneka bwino kwa dziko, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru luso la chidacho.

Maziko a ntchito ya woyimba zeze Polish - wowerengeka nyimbo, amene anazindikira kuyambira ali mwana. Pochita zojambulajambula, adaziphunzira kudzera mu ntchito za F. Chopin, S. Moniuszko, K. Lipinski, omwe adakumana nawo. Kuphunzira ndi S. Servachinsky, kenako ku Paris ndi JL Massard, komanso kulemba ndi I. Collet kunapatsa Wieniawski maphunziro abwino aukadaulo. Kale ali ndi zaka 11, adalemba Zosiyanasiyana pamutu wa mazurka, ndipo ali ndi zaka 13, ntchito zake zoyambirira zidasindikizidwa - Great Fantastic Caprice pamutu woyambirira ndi Sonata Allegro (yolembedwa ndi mchimwene wake Jozef, woyimba piyano. ), yomwe idalandira chivomerezo cha Berlioz.

Kuyambira 1848, Venyavsky anayamba maulendo kwambiri ku Ulaya ndi Russia, amene anapitiriza mpaka mapeto a moyo wake. Amayimba limodzi ndi F. Liszt, A. Rubinstein, A. Nikish, K. Davydov, G. Ernst, I. Joachim, S. Taneyev ndi ena, zomwe zimachititsa chisangalalo chachikulu ndi masewera ake oyaka moto. Wieniawski mosakayikira anali woyimba zeze wabwino kwambiri m'nthawi yake. Palibe amene akanakhoza kupikisana naye mu mphamvu yamaganizo ndi kukula kwa masewerawo, kukongola kwa phokoso, ukoma wosangalatsa. Ndi mikhalidwe imeneyi yomwe inawonekera m'zolemba zake, zomwe zimatsimikizira mitundu ya njira zawo zowonetsera, zithunzi, zida zokongola.

Chikoka chopindulitsa pa chitukuko cha ntchito ya Venyavsky chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kukhala ku Russia, kumene anali woimba solo wa khoti (1860-72), pulofesa woyamba wa kalasi ya violin ku St. Petersburg Conservatory (1862-68). Apa anakhala mabwenzi ndi Tchaikovsky, Anton ndi Nikolai Rubinstein, A. Esipova, C. Cui ndi ena, apa adalenga nyimbo zambiri. Mu 1872-74. Venyavsky akuyendera ku America pamodzi ndi A. Rubinstein, ndiye amaphunzitsa ku Brussels Conservatory. Paulendo wa ku Russia mu 1879, Venyavsky anadwala kwambiri. Pa pempho la N. Rubinstein, N. von Meck anamuika m’nyumba mwake. Ngakhale kuti anathandizidwa mosamala, Venyavsky anamwalira asanakwanitse zaka 45. Mtima wake unafooketsedwa ndi ntchito yosapiririka ya konsati.

Ntchito ya Wieniawski imagwirizana kwathunthu ndi violin, monganso ntchito ya Chopin ndi piyano. Anapangitsa kuti violin ilankhule m'chinenero chatsopano chokongola, anaulula kuthekera kwake kwa timbre, virtuosic, ndi kukongola kodabwitsa. Njira zambiri zofotokozera zomwe adapeza zidapanga maziko aukadaulo wa violin wazaka za zana la XNUMX.

Okwana, Venyavsky analenga pafupifupi 40 ntchito, ena a iwo anakhalabe losindikizidwa. Awiri mwa ma concerto ake a violin ndi otchuka pa siteji. Yoyamba ndi ya mtundu wa "big" virtuoso-romantic concerto, yochokera ku makonsati a N. Paganini. Virtuoso wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu adazilenga panthawi yomwe anali ndi Liszt ku Weimar ndipo adalongosola momwemo kutengeka kwa unyamata, kukwezedwa kwa malingaliro. Chithunzi chachikulu cha ngwazi yachikondi yosalekeza, yogonjetsa zopinga zonse, imachokera ku mikangano yochititsa chidwi ndi dziko lapansi kupyolera mu kulingalira kokwezeka mpaka kumizidwa mumayendedwe a chikondwerero cha moyo.

Konvasi yachiwiri ndi nyimbo yanyimbo-yachikondi. Zigawo zonse zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mutu umodzi wanyimbo - mutu wa chikondi, loto la kukongola, lomwe limalandira chitukuko chachikulu cha symphonic mu konsati kuchokera kutali, kokongola, kutsutsa kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa malingaliro, ku chisangalalo cha zikondwerero, kupambana kwa a chiyambi chowala.

M'mitundu yonse yomwe Wieniawski adatembenukira, wojambula wa dziko la Poland anali ndi zotsatirapo. Mwachibadwa, kukoma kwachikale kumamveka makamaka mumitundu yomwe yakula kuchokera ku magule aku Poland. Mazurka a Wieniawski ndizithunzi zowoneka bwino za moyo wa anthu. Iwo amasiyanitsidwa ndi melodiousness, zotanuka kayimbidwe, kugwiritsa ntchito njira kusewera wowerengeka violinists. Ma polonaise awiri a Wieniawski ndi zidutswa za konsati zomwe zidapangidwa motsogozedwa ndi Chopin ndi Lipinski (omwe Polonaise Yoyamba idaperekedwa). Iwo amajambula zithunzi za anthu oguba mwaulemu, osangalala. Ngati talente yanyimbo ya wojambula waku Poland idawonetsedwa mu mazurkas, ndiye mu polonaises - kukula ndi chikhalidwe chake mumayendedwe ake. Malo amphamvu mu repertoire of violinists adatenga masewero monga "Nthano", Scherzo-tarantella, Mutu wapachiyambi ndi zosiyana, "Russian Carnival", Fantasia pamitu ya opera "Faust" ndi Ch. Gounod, etc.

Nyimbo za Venyavsky sizinakhudze ntchito zokha zomwe zidapangidwa ndi oyimba, mwachitsanzo, E. Yzai, yemwe anali wophunzira wake, kapena F. Kreisler, koma mwachizoloŵezi nyimbo zambiri za nyimbo za violin, ndizokwanira kutchula ntchito za Tchaikovsky. , N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Glazunov. The virtuoso waku Poland wapanga "chithunzi cha violin" chapadera, chomwe chimakopa chidwi cha konsati, chisomo, chisangalalo chachikondi, komanso dziko lenileni.

V. Grigoriev

Venyavsky ndiye wowoneka bwino kwambiri pazaluso zachikondi za virtuoso mzaka zoyambirira za zana la XNUMX. Anasunga miyambo ya lusoli mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake. "Kumbukirani, nonse a inu," adatero ali pafupi kufa kwa Nikolai Rubinstein ndi Leopold Auer, "Carnival of Venice ikufa nane."

Zoonadi, pamodzi ndi Venyavsky, chikhalidwe chonse chomwe chinapangidwa mu machitidwe a violin padziko lapansi, apadera, oyambirira, opangidwa ndi katswiri wa Paganini, anali kutha, kubwerera m'mbuyo, "Venetian Carnival" yomwe wojambula wakufayo adatchula.

Iwo analemba za Venyavsky kuti: “Uta wake wamatsenga ndi wochititsa chidwi kwambiri, kulira kwa violin yake kumakhudza kwambiri mzimu wa munthu moti munthu sangamve mokwanira za wojambulayo. Mu sewero la Venyavsky, "moto wopatulikawo umakhala wowawa, womwe umakukopani modzifunira, mwina kusangalatsa malingaliro anu onse, kapena kusisita makutu anu mofatsa."

"M'machitidwe ake, omwe amaphatikiza moto, chidwi cha Pole ndi kukongola ndi kukoma kwa Mfalansa, zidawonetsa umunthu weniweni, luso losangalatsa laukadaulo. Sewero lake linakopa mitima ya omvera, ndipo anali ndi luso lokopa anthu kuyambira pachiyambi penipeni pa maonekedwe ake.

Pankhondo zapakati pa Romantics ndi Classicists, poteteza achinyamata, okhwima luso lachikondi, Odoevsky analemba kuti: “Wolemba nkhaniyi angadzitcha yekha wolemba mbiri wosuliza. Analimbana ndi mikangano yambiri pa zaluso, zomwe amazikonda kwambiri, ndipo tsopano pa nkhani ya luso lomwelo amapereka mawu ake ndipo, kusiya tsankho lonse, akulangiza ojambula athu onse achichepere kuti asiye sukulu yakale ya Kreutzer ndi Rodeva, yoyenera mu maphunziro athu. zaka zana zamaphunziro a akatswiri oimba a orchestra okha. Anatolera msonkho wachilungamo kuchokera kuzaka zawo zazaka - ndipo ndizokwanira. Tsopano tili ndi ma virtuosos athu, okhala ndi sikelo yayikulu, yokhala ndi ndime zowoneka bwino, zoyimba mwachidwi, zokhala ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana. Lolani owerengera athu azitcha kuti quackery. Anthu ndi anthu omwe amadziwa zaluso amalemekeza kusaganiza bwino kwawo ndikumwetulira kodabwitsa.

Zongopeka, kusinthika kwapang'onopang'ono, zowoneka bwino komanso zosiyanasiyana, kutengeka mtima - awa ndi mikhalidwe yomwe imasiyanitsa machitidwe achikondi, ndipo ndi mikhalidwe iyi idatsutsana ndi malamulo okhwima a sukulu yapamwamba. "Zikuwoneka kuti phokoso, pamafunde a dzanja lamanja, likuwuluka pawokha pawokha," Odoevsky akulembanso motero. Zikuoneka kuti mbalame yaulere yakwera kumwamba n’kutambasula mapiko ake okongola kwambiri m’mlengalenga.

Luso la okondana lidawotcha mitima ndi lawi lake, ndikukweza miyoyo ndi kudzoza. Ngakhale m’mlengalenga munali ndakatulo. Woimba violin wa ku Norway, Ole Bull, ali ku Roma, “anakonza bwino m’bwalo la maseŵera la Colossemo atapemphedwa ndi akatswiri ena aluso, amene mwa iwo anali Thorvaldsen ndi Fernley wotchuka . . . phokoso la wojambula wouziridwa anamveka, ndipo mithunzi ya Aroma aakulu ankawoneka , kumvetsera nyimbo zake zakumpoto.

Wieniawski anali kwathunthu wa gulu ili, kugawana makhalidwe ake onse, komanso mbali ina. Ngakhale oimba nyimbo zoyimba kwambiri pasukulu yachikunja nthawi zina ankapereka nyimbo zozama kuti achitepo kanthu, ndipo kukongola kwawo kunawakopa kwambiri. Kukoma mtimako kunachititsanso chidwi omvera. Zapamwamba, zanzeru ndi bravura za zida sizinali mafashoni okha, komanso kufunikira.

Komabe, moyo wa Venyavsky unatenga nthawi ziwiri. Adapulumuka pachikondi, chomwe chidatenthetsa chilichonse chomuzungulira ali wachinyamata, ndipo monyadira adasunga miyambo yake pomwe zaluso zachikondi, m'mawonekedwe ake m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, zinali zitatha kale. Pa nthawi yomweyi, Venyavsky anakumana ndi chikoka cha mafunde osiyanasiyana a chikondi. Mpaka pakati pa moyo wake kulenga, abwino kwa iye anali Paganini ndi Paganini yekha. Potsatira chitsanzo chake, Venyavsky analemba "Russian Carnival", pogwiritsa ntchito zotsatira zomwezo zomwe "Carnival of Venice" yadzaza; Ma harmonics a Paganin ndi pizzicato amakongoletsa malingaliro ake a violin - "Memories of Moscow", "Red Sundress". Ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti zolemba za dziko la Poland zinali zamphamvu nthawi zonse muzojambula za Wieniawski, ndipo maphunziro ake a ku Parisian adapangitsa chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku France kukhala pafupi naye. Zida za Venyavsky zinali zodziwika chifukwa cha kupepuka kwake, chisomo, ndi kukongola, zomwe zinamupangitsa kuti achoke ku Paganiniev's instrumentalism.

Mu theka lachiwiri la moyo wake, mwina osati popanda chikoka cha abale Rubinstein, amene Venyavsky anali pafupi kwambiri, nthawi inafika chilakolako Mendelssohn. Nthawi zonse amasewera ntchito za mbuye wa Leipzig ndipo, polemba Concerto Yachiwiri, amatsogoleredwa bwino ndi concerto yake ya violin.

Dziko lakwawo la Wieniawski ndi mzinda wakale waku Poland wa Lublin. Iye anabadwa July 10, 1835 m'banja la dokotala Tadeusz Wieniawski, amene anali osiyana ndi maphunziro ndi nyimbo. Mayi wa woyimba zeze tsogolo, Regina Venyavskaya, anali limba kwambiri.

Maphunziro a violin adayamba ali ndi zaka 6 ndi woyimba zeze wamba Jan Gornzel. Chidwi cha chida ichi ndi chikhumbo kuphunzira pa izo anawuka mnyamata chifukwa cha sewero anamva ku Hungary woyimba zeze Miska Gauser, amene anapereka zoimbaimba mu 1841 ku Lublin.

Pambuyo pa Gornzel, amene anayala maziko a luso la violin la Wieniawski, mnyamatayo anaperekedwa kwa Stanisław Serwaczynski. Mphunzitsi uyu anali ndi mwayi wokhala mphunzitsi wa awiri mwa oyimba zeze akulu kwambiri m'zaka za zana la XNUMX - Wieniawski ndi Joachim: Serwaczynski atakhala ku Pest, Josef Joachim adayamba kuphunzira naye.

Kupambana kwa Henryk wamng'ono kunali kodabwitsa kwambiri kotero kuti abambo ake adaganiza zomuwonetsa ku Czech woyimba zeze Panofka, yemwe anapereka zoimbaimba ku Warsaw. Anakondwera ndi luso la mwanayo ndipo adamulangiza kuti amutengere ku Paris kwa mphunzitsi wotchuka Lambert Massard (1811-1892). M'dzinja la 1843, Henryk anapita ku Paris ndi amayi ake. Pa November 8, adaloledwa ku gulu la ophunzira a Paris Conservatory, mosiyana ndi chikalata chake, chomwe chinalola kuloledwa kwa ana kuyambira zaka 12. Venyavsky panthawiyo anali ndi zaka 8 zokha!

Amalume ake, mchimwene wa amayi ake, woimba piyano wotchuka wa ku Poland Eduard Wolf, yemwe anali wotchuka m'magulu oimba a likulu la France, adatenga nawo mbali pazochitika za mnyamatayo. Popemphedwa ndi Wolf, Massard, atamvetsera kwa woyimba zeze wachichepereyo, anamtengera ku kalasi yake.

I. Reise, wolemba mbiri ya Venyavsky, akunena kuti Massard, wodabwa ndi luso la mnyamatayo ndi kumva, adaganiza zoyesera modabwitsa - adamukakamiza kuti aphunzire nyimbo ya Rudolf Kreutzer ndi khutu, popanda kukhudza violin.

Mu 1846 Venyavsky anamaliza maphunziro a Conservatory ndi kupambana, atapambana mphoto yoyamba pa mpikisano womaliza maphunziro ndi mendulo yaikulu ya golide. Popeza Venyavsky anali wophunzira waku Russia, wopambana wachinyamatayo adalandira violin ya Guarneri del Gesu kuchokera kugulu la Tsar yaku Russia.

Mapeto a Conservatory anali anzeru kwambiri kuti Paris anayamba kulankhula za Venyavsky. Amayi a woyimba zezeyo amapereka makontrakitala owonera makonsati. A Venyavskys akuzunguliridwa ndi kulemekeza anthu ochokera ku Poland, ali ndi Mickiewicz m'nyumba yawo; Gioacchino Rossini amasilira talente ya Henryk.

Pamene Henryk anamaliza maphunziro a Conservatory, amayi ake anabweretsa mwana wake wachiwiri ku Paris - Jozef, woyimba piyano wamtsogolo. Choncho, a Wieniawski anakhalabe ku likulu la France kwa zaka 2, ndipo Henryk anapitiriza maphunziro ake ndi Massar.

Pa February 12, 1848, abale a Venyavsky anachita konsati yotsazikana ku Paris ndikupita ku Russia. Ataima kwa kanthawi ku Lublin, Henryk anapita ku St. Apa, March 31, April 18, May 4 ndi 16, zoimbaimba payekha zinachitika, amene anapambana mopambana.

Venyavsky anabweretsa pulogalamu yake ya Conservatory ku St. Viotti's Seventh Concerto inali ndi malo otchuka mmenemo. Massard anaphunzitsa ophunzira ake kusukulu yachikale ya ku France. Malinga ndi ndemanga ya ku St. Petersburg, woimba wachichepereyo anaimbira Viotti Concerto mosasamala, akuikonzekeretsa ndi “zokongoletsa zambiri.” Mchitidwe woterewu "wotsitsimula" wakale sunali wosiyana panthawiyo, virtuosos ambiri adachimwa ndi izi. Komabe, iye sanakumane ndi chisoni ndi otsatira a sukulu ya classical. "Tingaganizidwe," wolemba ndemangayo analemba, "kuti Venyavsky sanamvetsebe kuti ntchitoyi ndi yodekha komanso yokhwima."

Zoonadi, unyamata wa wojambulayo adakhudzanso chilakolako cha khalidwe labwino. Komabe, ndiye iye anakantha kale osati ndi luso, komanso ndi moto maganizo. “Mwana ameneyu ndi katswiri wosakayikitsa,” anatero Vieuxtan, yemwe analipo pa konsati yake, “chifukwa pa msinkhu wake n’kosatheka kusewera ndi mtima woterewu, ndipo makamaka ndi kumvetsa koteroko ndi dongosolo lolingalira mozama. . Mbali yamasewera ake idzasintha, koma ngakhale pano amasewera m'njira yomwe palibe aliyense wa ife ankasewera pa msinkhu wake.

M'mapulogalamu a Venyavsky, omvera amasangalatsidwa osati ndi masewera okha, komanso ndi ntchito zake. Mnyamatayo amapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamasewera - chikondi, nocturne, etc.

Kuchokera ku St. Petersburg, amayi ndi mwana wake amapita ku Finland, Revel, Riga, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko kupita ku Warsaw, kumene kupambana kwatsopano kukuyembekezera woimba violini. Komabe, maloto Venyavsky kupitiriza maphunziro ake, tsopano zikuchokera. Makolowo anapempha chilolezo kwa akuluakulu a boma la Russia kuti apitenso ku Paris, ndipo mu 1849 amayi ndi ana awo anapita ku France. Ali panjira, ku Dresden, Henryk amasewera kutsogolo kwa woyimba zeze wotchuka waku Poland Karol Lipinski. "Anakonda kwambiri Genek," Venyavskaya akulembera mwamuna wake. “Tinkaimbanso nyimbo ya Mozart Quartet, kutanthauza kuti, Lipinski ndi Genek ankaimba violin, ndipo Yuzik ndi ine tinkaimba nyimbo za cello ndi viola pa piyano. Zinali zosangalatsa, koma panalinso zodabwitsa. Pulofesa Lipinski anapempha Genek kuti aziyimba violin yoyamba. Kodi mukuganiza kuti mnyamatayo akuchita manyazi? Anatsogolera quartet ngati akudziwa bwino. Lipinski anatipatsa kalata yolimbikitsa kwa Liszt.

Ku Paris, Wieniawski adaphunzira kupanga kwa chaka chimodzi ndi Hippolyte Collet. Makalata a amayi ake akunena kuti amagwira ntchito mwakhama pazithunzi za Kreutzer ndipo akufuna kulemba maphunziro ake. Amawerenga zambiri: zomwe amakonda ndi Hugo, Balzac, George Sand ndi Stendhal.

Koma tsopano maphunziro atha. Pa mayeso omaliza, Wieniawski akuwonetsa zomwe adachita monga wolemba nyimbo - "Village Mazurka" ndi Fantasia pamitu yochokera ku opera "Mneneri" ndi Meyerbeer. Kachiwiri - mphoto yoyamba! "Hector Berlioz wakhala wosilira talente ya ana athu," Venyavskaya akulembera mwamuna wake.

Pamaso Henrik atsegula lalikulu msewu konsati virtuoso. Iye ndi wamng'ono, wokongola, wokongola, ali ndi khalidwe losangalala lotseguka lomwe limakopa mitima kwa iye, ndipo masewera ake amakopa omvera. M'buku la "The Magic Violin" lolemba E. Chekalsky, lomwe lili ndi nkhani yankhani yankhani, zambiri zowutsa mudyo za zochitika za Don Juan wachichepere zimaperekedwa.

1851-1853 Venyavsky adayendera Russia, akuyenda ulendo wopita ku mizinda ikuluikulu ya ku Ulaya. Kuwonjezera pa St. Petersburg ndi Moscow, iye ndi mchimwene wake anapita ku Kyiv, Kharkov, Odessa, Poltava, Voronezh, Kursk, Tula, Penza, Orel, Tambov, Saratov, Simbirsk, akumaimba pafupifupi mazana awiri m'zaka ziwiri.

Bukhu la woimba violini wotchuka wa ku Russia V. Bezekirsky akufotokoza zochitika zosangalatsa kuchokera ku moyo wa Venyavsky, zomwe zimadziwika ndi chikhalidwe chake chosalamulirika, nsanje kwambiri chifukwa cha kupambana kwake mu luso lazojambula. Nkhaniyi ndi yosangalatsanso chifukwa ikuwonetsa momwe Venyavsky adachitira monyoza pamene kunyada kwake monga wojambula kunapweteka.

Tsiku lina mu 1852, Venyavsky anapereka konsati ku Moscow ndi Wilma Neruda, mmodzi wa otchuka Czech violin virtuosos. "Madzulo ano, nyimbo zosangalatsa kwambiri, zidadziwika ndi choyipa chachikulu chokhala ndi zotulukapo zomvetsa chisoni. Venyavsky adasewera mu gawo loyamba, ndipo, ndithudi, ndi kupambana kwakukulu, chachiwiri - Neruda, ndipo atamaliza, Vieuxtan, yemwe anali muholoyo, anamubweretsera maluwa. Omvera, monga ngati akupezerapo mwayi pa nthawi yabwinoyi, adapatsa virtuoso wodabwitsayo phokoso laphokoso. Izi zinamupweteka kwambiri Venyavsky kotero kuti mwadzidzidzi adawonekeranso pa siteji ndi violin ndipo adalengeza mokweza kuti akufuna kutsimikizira kuti ndi wamkulu kuposa Neruda. Anthu anadzadza pabwalo, ndipo panali mkulu wina wa asilikali amene sanazengereze kuyankhula mokweza. Venyavsky wokondwa, akufuna kuyamba kusewera, adagwedeza wamkulu paphewa ndi uta wake ndikumupempha kuti asiye kulankhula. Tsiku lotsatira, Venyavsky adalandira lamulo kuchokera kwa Bwanamkubwa Zakrevsky kuti achoke ku Moscow pa 24 koloko.

Kumayambiriro kwa moyo wake, 1853 imaonekera, yolemera mu zoimbaimba (Moscow, Karlsbad, Marienbad, Aachen, Leipzig, kumene Venyavsky anadabwitsa omvera ndi concerto posachedwapa anamaliza fis-moll) ndi kulemba ntchito. Henryk akuwoneka kuti ali wotanganidwa kwambiri ndi luso lopanga zinthu. Polonaise yoyamba, "Memories of Moscow", maphunziro a violin payekha, mazurka angapo, elegiac adagio. Chikondi chopanda mawu ndi Rondo onse abwerera ku 1853. Ndizowona kuti zambiri zomwe zili pamwambazi zinalembedwa kale ndipo tsopano zangolandira kutha kwake komaliza.

Mu 1858, Venyavsky anakhala pafupi ndi Anton Rubinstein. Masewera awo ku Paris ndi opambana kwambiri. Mu pulogalamuyi, mwa mwachizolowezi zidutswa virtuoso ndi Beethoven Concerto ndi Kreutzer Sonata. Mu chipinda madzulo Venyavsky anachita Rubinstein quartet, mmodzi wa Bach's sonatas ndi atatu a Mendelssohn. Komabe, kaseweredwe kake kamakhalabe virtuoso. M’seŵero la The Carnival of Venice, ndemanga ina yochokera mu 1858 imati, “iye anakulitsanso kunyada ndi nthabwala zoyambitsidwira m’mafashoni ndi akale ake.”

Chaka cha 1859 chinasintha kwambiri moyo wa Venyavsky. Zinadziwika ndi zochitika ziwiri - chinkhoswe kwa Isabella Osborne-Hampton, wachibale wa kupeka kwa Chingerezi ndi mwana wamkazi wa Lord Thomas Hampton, ndi kuyitanidwa ku St. nthambi ya St. Petersburg ya Russian Musical Society.

Ukwati wa Venyavsky unachitika ku Paris mu August 1860. Ukwatiwo unapezeka ndi Berlioz ndi Rossini. Pa pempho la makolo a mkwatibwi Venyavsky inshuwaransi moyo wake kwa ndalama zokwana 200 francs. “Zopereka zazikulu zimene zinkaperekedwa chaka chilichonse ku kampani ya inshuwalansi zinachititsa kuti Venyavsky avutike pazachuma nthaŵi zonse ndiponso chimodzi mwa zifukwa zimene zinachititsa kuti aphedwe mwadzidzidzi,” akuwonjezera motero wolemba mbiri ya ku Soviet woimba violin I. Yampolsky.

Pambuyo pa ukwati, Venyavsky anatenga Isabella kumudzi kwawo. Kwa nthawi ndithu ankakhala Lublin, kenako anasamukira ku Warsaw, kumene anakhala mabwenzi apamtima ndi Moniuszko.

Venyavsky anabwera ku St. Petersburg pa nthawi ya kukwera mofulumira kwa moyo wa anthu. Mu 1859, Russian Musical Society (RMO) inatsegulidwa, mu 1861 kusintha kunayamba kuwononga njira yakale ya serfdom ku Russia. Chifukwa cha mtima wawo wonse, kusintha kumeneku kunasintha kwambiri zenizeni za Russia. Zaka za m'ma 60 zidadziwika ndi chitukuko champhamvu cha malingaliro omasula, ademokalase, omwe adayambitsa chilakolako cha dziko ndi zenizeni muzojambula. Malingaliro a kuunika kwa demokalase adasokoneza malingaliro abwino kwambiri, ndipo chikhalidwe champhamvu cha Venyavsky, ndithudi, sichikanatha kukhalabe osayanjanitsika ndi zomwe zikuchitika kuzungulira. Pamodzi ndi Anton Rubinstein, Venyavsky anatenga gawo mwachindunji ndi yogwira mu bungwe la Russian Conservatory. M'dzinja la 1860, makalasi a nyimbo anatsegulidwa mu dongosolo la RMO - wotsogolera wa Conservatory. “Oimba opambana a panthaŵiyo, amene anali mu St. Petersburg,” Rubinstein analemba pambuyo pake, “anapereka ntchito yawo ndi nthaŵi kaamba ka malipiro ocheperapo, ngati kungoyala maziko a cholinga chabwino kwambiri: Leshetitsky, Nissen-Saloman, Venyavsky ndi ena adatenga kuti zidachitika ...

Pa Conservatory lotseguka Venyavsky anakhala pulofesa wake woyamba mu kalasi ya violin ndi chipinda ensemble. Anayamba kuchita chidwi ndi kuphunzitsa. Achinyamata ambiri omwe ali ndi luso adaphunzira m'kalasi mwake - K. Putilov, D. Panov, V. Salin, omwe pambuyo pake adakhala odziwika bwino komanso oimba nyimbo. Dmitry Panov, mphunzitsi wa Conservatory, anatsogolera Russian Quartet (Panov, Leonov, Egorov, Kuznetsov); Konstantin Putilov anali wodziwika bwino wa konsati, Vasily Salin anaphunzitsa ku Kharkov, Moscow ndi Chisinau, komanso ankachita nawo zochitika za m'chipinda. P. Krasnokutsky, pambuyo pake wothandizira wa Auer, anayamba kuphunzira ndi Venyavsky; I. Altani anasiya kalasi ya Venyavsky, ngakhale kuti amadziwika bwino ngati woyendetsa, osati woyimba violini. Ambiri, Venyavsky ntchito anthu 12.

Mwachiwonekere, Venyavsky analibe dongosolo la maphunziro otukuka ndipo sanali mphunzitsi m'lingaliro lenileni la mawu, ngakhale kuti pulogalamu yolembedwa ndi iye, yomwe inasungidwa mu State Historical Archive ku Leningrad, imasonyeza kuti ankafuna kuphunzitsa ophunzira ake pamitundu yosiyanasiyana. repertoire yomwe inali ndi ntchito zambiri zakale. "Mwa iye ndi m'kalasi, wojambula wamkulu, wopupuluma, wotengedwa, popanda kudziletsa, popanda ndondomeko, anali ndi zotsatira," analemba V. Bessel, pokumbukira zaka za maphunziro ake. Koma, "zimanena kuti mawuwo ndi chiwonetsero chokha, ndiko kuti, ntchito m'kalasi ya ndime zovuta, komanso zizindikiro zoyenera za njira zogwirira ntchito, zonsezi, zotengedwa pamodzi, zinali ndi mtengo wapamwamba. ” M'kalasi, Venyavsky anakhalabe wojambula, wojambula yemwe adakopa ophunzira ake ndikuwalimbikitsa ndi masewera ake ndi luso lake.

Kuwonjezera pedagogy, Venyavsky anachita ntchito zina zambiri mu Russia. Anali woyimba payekha m'gulu la oimba ku Imperial Opera ndi Ballet Theatres, woyimba payekha m'khothi, komanso adachitanso ngati kondakitala. Koma, ndithudi, makamaka Venyavsky anali woimba konsati, anapereka zoimbaimba ambiri payekha, ankaimba ensembles, anatsogolera RMS quartet.

Quartet idasewera mu 1860-1862 ndi mamembala otsatirawa: Venyavsky, Pikkel, Weikman, Schubert; kuyambira 1863, Karl Schubert m'malo ndi wotchuka Russian cellist Karl Yulievich Davydov. Posakhalitsa, quartet ya nthambi ya St. Petersburg ya RMS inakhala imodzi mwa zabwino kwambiri ku Ulaya, ngakhale kuti anthu a m'nthawi ya Venyavsky adawona zofooka zingapo monga quartetist. Chikhalidwe chake chachikondi chinali chotentha kwambiri komanso chodzifunira kuti chisungidwe mkati mwa dongosolo lolimba la machitidwe a ensemble. Ndipo komabe, ntchito yokhazikika mu quartet inamupanga iye, inapangitsa kuti ntchito yake ikhale yokhwima komanso yakuya.

Komabe, osati quartet yokha, koma chilengedwe chonse cha moyo wa nyimbo za ku Russia, kulankhulana ndi oimba monga A. Rubinstein, K. Davydov, M. Balakirev, M. Mussorgsky, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, anali ndi phindu pa Venyavsky monga wojambula m'njira zambiri. Ntchito ya Wienyavsky mwiniyo ikuwonetsa momwe chidwi chake paukadaulo wa bravura chacheperachepera ndipo kulakalaka kwake mawu kwakula.

Nyimbo zake za konsati zidasinthanso, pomwe malo akulu adakhala ndi anthu akale - Chaconne, solo sonatas ndi partitas ndi Bach, concerto ya violin, sonatas ndi ma quartets a Beethoven. Pa sonatas za Beethoven, adakonda Kreutzer. Mwinamwake, iye anali pafupi naye mu kuwala kwake kwa konsati. Venyavsky ankaimba mobwerezabwereza Kreutzer Sonata ndi A. Rubinstein, ndipo pa nthawi yake yomaliza ku Russia, kamodzi anachita ndi S. Taneyev. Anapanga nyimbo zake za nyimbo za Beethoven's Violin Concerto.

Kutanthauzira kwa Venyavsky za classics kumachitira umboni zakuya kwa luso lake laluso. Mu 1860, pamene anafika ku Russia koyamba, munthu anatha kuŵerenga m’zobwereza za makonsati ake kuti: “Ngati tiweruza mosamalitsa, popanda kutengeka ndi nzeru, n’kosatheka kuti tisazindikire kuti kudekha kowonjezereka, kuchita mantha pang’ono m’kuimba kuno kukanakhala kopambana. zothandiza kuwonjezera pa ungwiro” ( Tikukamba za machitidwe a concerto ya Mendelssohn). Zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, kuwunika kwa momwe amagwirira ntchito imodzi mwamagawo omaliza a Beethoven ndi katswiri wochenjera ngati IS Turgenev ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana kwambiri. Pa January 14, 1864, Turgenev analembera Pauline Viardot kuti: “Lero ndamva Beethoven Quartet, Op. 127 (posthume), adasewera ndi ungwiro ndi Venyavsky ndi Davydov. Zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi za Morin ndi Chevillard. Wieniawski wakula modabwitsa kuyambira pomwe ndidamumva komaliza; adayimba Bach's Chaconne pa solo ya violin kotero kuti adatha kumvetsera ngakhale pambuyo pa Joachim wosayerekezeka.

Moyo wa Venyavsky unasintha pang'ono ngakhale atakwatirana. Sadakhazike mtima pansi. Gome lotchova njuga lomwe linali lobiriwira ndipo akazi adamukodola kwa iwo.

Auer adasiya chithunzi chamoyo cha Wieniawski wosewera mpira. Atafika ku Wiesbaden adayendera kasino. "Nditalowa m'kasino, mukuganiza kuti ndidawona ndani chapatali, ngati si Henryk Wieniawski, yemwe adabwera kwa ine kuchokera kuseri kwa tebulo limodzi lotchova njuga, wamtali, wokhala ndi tsitsi lalitali lakuda la Liszt ndi maso akulu owoneka bwino ... anandiuza kuti sabata imodzi isanachitike kuti adasewera ku Caen, kuti adachokera ku St. Petersburg ndi Nikolai Rubinstein, ndipo panthawi yomwe adandiwona, anali wotanganidwa. ntchito pa imodzi mwa matebulo otchova njuga, adagwiritsa ntchito "dongosolo" lolondola kotero kuti adayembekeza kuwononga banki ya kasino wa Wiesbaden mu nthawi yaifupi kwambiri. Iye ndi Nikolai Rubinstein adagwirizanitsa mitu yawo, ndipo popeza Nikolai ali ndi khalidwe labwino, tsopano akupitiriza masewerawo yekha. Venyavsky anandifotokozera zonse za "dongosolo" lodabwitsali, lomwe, malinga ndi iye, limagwira ntchito mosalephera. Kuchokera pamene anafika,” iye anandiuza kuti, “pafupifupi masabata aŵiri apitawo, aliyense waikapo ndalama zokwana 1000 franc m’bizinesi wamba, ndipo kuyambira tsiku loyamba lomwe amawabweretsera phindu la ma franc 500 tsiku lililonse.”

Rubinstein ndi Venyavsky adakokera Auer mu "ntchito" yawo. "Dongosolo" la abwenzi onsewo linagwira ntchito bwino kwa masiku angapo, ndipo mabwenziwo ankakhala moyo wosasamala komanso wachimwemwe. "Ndinayamba kulandira gawo langa la ndalama zomwe ndimapeza ndipo ndimaganiza zosiya ntchito yanga ku Düsseldorf kuti ndikapeze ntchito yokhazikika ku Wiesbaden kapena Baden-Baden kuti "ndigwire ntchito" maola angapo patsiku malinga ndi "dongosolo" lodziwika bwino ... tsiku lina Rubinstein adawonekera, atataya ndalama zonse.

-Titani tsopano? Ndidafunsa. – Kodi? anayankha, “Kutani? “Tidya chakudya chamasana!”

Venyavsky anakhala ku Russia mpaka 1872. Zaka 4 zisanachitike, ndiko kuti, mu 1868, adachoka ku Conservatory, akupereka njira kwa Auer. Mwinamwake, sanafune kukhalabe pambuyo poti Anton Rubinstein adamusiya, yemwe adasiya kukhala wotsogolera mu 1867 chifukwa cha kusagwirizana ndi maprofesa angapo. Venyavsky anali bwenzi lalikulu la Rubinstein, ndipo, mwachiwonekere, zomwe zinachitika pa Conservatory pambuyo pa kuchoka kwa Anton Grigorievich sizinali zovomerezeka kwa iye. Ponena za kuchoka ku Russia mu 1872, pankhaniyi, mwinamwake, kukangana kwake ndi bwanamkubwa wa Warsaw, wopondereza woopsa wa ufumu wa Poland, Count FF Berg, adagwira ntchito.

Nthaŵi ina, pa konsati ya khoti, Wieniawski analandira chiitano chochokera kwa Berg kuti akamucheze ku Warsaw kuti akachite nawo konsati. Komabe, atafika kwa bwanamkubwa, anamuthamangitsa mu ofesiyo, ponena kuti analibe nthawi yochitira zoimbaimba. Kuchoka, Venyavsky anatembenukira kwa adjutant:

"Ndiuzeni, kodi viceroy nthawi zonse amakhala aulemu kwa alendo?" - Inde! Adatelo mthandizi wanzeru. “Sindingachitirenso mwina koma kukuyamikirani,” anatero woyimba zezeyo, akutsanzikana ndi wothandizirayo.

Wothandizirayo atauza Berg mawu a Wieniawski, adakwiya kwambiri ndipo adalamula kuti wojambulayo atulutsidwe ku Warsaw pa 24 koloko chifukwa chonyoza mkulu wa tsarist. Wieniawski adawonedwa ndi maluwa ndi Warsaw yonse yoimba. Koma zimene zinachitikira bwanamkubwayu zinakhudza kwambiri udindo wake kukhoti la ku Russia. Choncho, mwa chifuniro cha zochitika Venyavsky anayenera kuchoka m'dziko limene anapereka zaka 12 zabwino kwambiri za moyo wake.

Moyo wosalongosoka, vinyo, masewera a makadi, azimayi adasokoneza thanzi la Wieniawski koyambirira. Matenda oopsa a mtima anayamba ku Russia. Chowopsa kwambiri kwa iye chinali ulendo wopita ku United States mu 1872 ndi Anton Rubinstein, pomwe adachita makonsati 244 m'masiku 215. Komanso, Venyavsky anapitiriza kukhala kuthengo. Anayamba chibwenzi ndi woimba Paola Lucca. “Pakati pa kayimbidwe koopsa ka makonsati ndi zisudzo, woimba violin anapeza nthaŵi yotchova juga. Zinali ngati akuwotcha dala moyo wake, osapulumutsa thanzi lake lomwe linali kale.

Kutentha, kupsa mtima, kutengeka mtima, kodi Venyavsky angadzipulumutse? Pambuyo pake, adawotcha m'zonse - muzojambula, m'chikondi, m'moyo. Komanso, iye analibe ubwenzi uliwonse wauzimu ndi mkazi wake. A bourgeois wamng'ono, wolemekezeka, anabala ana anayi, koma sanathe, ndipo sanafune kukhala wapamwamba kuposa dziko la banja lake. Iye ankangoganizira za chakudya chokoma cha mwamuna wake. Anamudyetsa ngakhale kuti Venyavsky, yemwe anali kunenepa ndi kudwala ndi mtima, anali woopsa kwambiri. Zokonda zaluso za mwamuna wake zidakhala zachilendo kwa iye. Choncho, m'banja, palibe chomwe chinamusunga, palibe chomwe chinamupangitsa kukhala wokhutira. Isabella sanali kwa iye zomwe Josephine Aeder anali ku Viet Nam, kapena Maria Malibran-Garcia kwa Charles Bériot.

Mu 1874 anabwerera ku Ulaya akudwala kwambiri. M'dzinja la chaka chomwecho, anaitanidwa ku Brussels Conservatory kuti atenge udindo wa pulofesa wa violin m'malo mwa Viettan wopuma pantchito. Venyavsky anavomera. Pakati pa ophunzira ena, Eugene Ysaye anaphunzira naye. Komabe, atachira kudwala kwake, Vietang anafuna kubwerera ku malo osungiramo zinthu zakale mu 1877, Wieniawski mofunitsitsa anapita kukakumana naye. Zaka za maulendo osalekeza zabweranso, ndipo izi zawonongeka kwathunthu!

November 11, 1878 Venyavsky anapereka konsati ku Berlin. Joachim anabweretsa kalasi yake yonse ku konsati yake. Makani anali atamunyengerera kale, adakakamizika kusewera atakhala. Pakati pa konsatiyo, kupsa mtima kunamukakamiza kusiya kusewera. Kenako, kuti apulumutse zinthu, Joachim adakwera siteji ndikumaliza madzulo ndikusewera Chaconne ya Bach ndi zidutswa zina zingapo.

Kusatetezeka kwachuma, kufunika kolipira inshuwaransi kunakakamiza Venyavsky kupitirizabe kupereka zoimbaimba. Chakumapeto kwa 1878, ataitanidwa ndi Nikolai Rubinstein, anapita ku Moscow. Ngakhale panthawiyi, masewera ake amakopa omvera. Ponena za konsatiyo, imene inachitika pa December 15, 1878, iwo analemba kuti: “Omvera ndiponso, monga mmene ife tinkaonera, wojambulayo anaiwala zonse ndipo anatengedwa kupita kudziko lamatsenga. Munali paulendo uwu kuti Venyavsky adasewera Kreutzer Sonata ndi Taneyev pa December 17.

Konsatiyo sinapambane. Kachiwiri, monga Berlin, wojambula anakakamizika kusokoneza ntchito pambuyo gawo loyamba la sonata. Arno Gilf, mphunzitsi wachinyamata ku Moscow Conservatory, anamaliza kusewera kwa iye.

Pa December 22, Venyavsky amayenera kutenga nawo mbali mu konsati yachifundo mokomera thumba lothandizira akazi amasiye ndi ana amasiye a ojambula. Poyamba ankafuna kusewera Beethoven Concerto, koma m'malo mwake ndi Mendelssohn Concerto. Komabe, poganiza kuti sangathenso kusewera gawo lalikulu, adaganiza zokhala ndi zidutswa ziwiri - Beethoven's Romance in F major ndi The Legend of his own composition. Koma iye analephera kukwaniritsa cholinga ichi mwina - pambuyo Romance anachoka pa siteji.

M'chigawo ichi, Venyavsky anachoka kumayambiriro kwa 1879 kum'mwera kwa Russia. Anayamba motero ulendo wake womaliza wa konsati. Mnzakeyo anali woimba wotchuka wa ku France Desiree Artaud. Iwo anafika Odessa, kumene pambuyo zisudzo ziwiri (February 9 ndi 11) Venyavsky anadwala. Panalibe funso kupitiriza ulendo. Anagona m'chipatala kwa miyezi iŵiri, movutikira anapereka (April 14) konsati ina ndipo anabwerera ku Moscow. Pa November 20, 1879, matendawa adagonjetsanso Wieniawski. Anamuika m’chipatala cha Mariinsky, koma pa February 14, 1880, katswiri wina wothandiza anthu wa ku Russia, NF von Meck, ataumirira, anasamutsidwira kunyumba kwake, kumene anapatsidwa chisamaliro chapadera ndi chisamaliro. Anzake a woyimba violin anakonza konsati ku St. Msonkhanowu unapezeka ndi AG ndi NG Rubinstein, K. Davydov, L. Auer, mchimwene wake wa violinist Józef Wieniawski ndi ojambula ena akuluakulu.

Pa March 31, 1880, Venyavsky anamwalira. P. Tchaikovsky von Meck analemba kuti: “Tinataya mwa iye woyimba vayolini yemwe anali waluso kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, ndimaona kuti Wieniawski ali ndi mphatso zambiri. Nthano yake yosangalatsa komanso mbali zina za concerto zazing'ono zimachitira umboni za luso lopanga zinthu.

Pa April 3, mwambo wamaliro unachitika ku Moscow. Motsogozedwa ndi N. Rubinstein, gulu la oimba, kwaya ndi oimba pawokha a Bolshoi Theatre adachita Requiem ya Mozart. Kenako bokosi ndi phulusa la Wieniawski linatengedwa kupita ku Warsaw.

Maliro adafika ku Warsaw pa Epulo 8. Mzindawu unali wachisoni. “M’tchalitchi chachikulu cha St. Cross, chokwezedwa kotheratu munsalu yamaliro, pa galimoto yonyamula anthu yokwezeka, yozunguliridwa ndi nyali zasiliva ndi makandulo oyaka, anapumira bokosi lamaliro, lokwezeredwa ndi velveti wofiirira ndi okongoletsedwa kwambiri ndi maluwa. Unyinji wa nkhata wodabwitsa unagona pabokosi lamaliro ndi pamasitepe a galimoto yamoto. Pakati pa bokosilo munagona vayolini ya wojambula wamkulu, zonse zamaluwa ndi chophimba chamaliro. Ojambula a zisudzo za ku Poland, ophunzira a Conservatory ndi mamembala a gulu loimba ankaimba Requiem ya Moniuszko. Kupatulapo "Ave, Maria" yolembedwa ndi Cherubini, ntchito zokha za oimba a ku Poland zidapangidwa. Woyimba zeze wachichepere, waluso G. Bartsevich adachita mwaluso kwambiri nthano ya ndakatulo ya Venyavsky, motsagana ndi limba.

Chifukwa chake likulu la Poland lidawona wojambulayo paulendo wake womaliza. Anaikidwa m'manda, malinga ndi chikhumbo chake, chomwe mobwerezabwereza adanena asanamwalire, kumanda a Povoznkovsky.

L. Raaben