Isaac Stern |

Isaac Stern

Stern ndi wojambula-woyimba wodziwika bwino. Violin kwa iye ndi njira yolankhulirana ndi anthu. Kukhala ndi zida zonse za chidacho ndi mwayi wosangalatsa wofotokozera malingaliro, malingaliro, malingaliro ndi malingaliro - chilichonse chomwe moyo wauzimu wamunthu umakhala wolemera.

Isaac Stern anabadwa pa July 21, 1920 ku Ukraine, mumzinda wa Kremenets-on-Volyn. Ali wakhanda, anakakhala ndi makolo ake ku United States. “Ndinali ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri pamene mnyamata woyandikana naye nyumba, bwenzi langa, anali atayamba kale kuliza violin. Zinandilimbikitsanso. Tsopano munthuyu amagwira ntchito ya inshuwaransi, ndipo ine ndine woyimba zeze, ”anakumbukira Stern.

Isaac poyamba anaphunzira kuimba piyano motsogoleredwa ndi amayi ake, kenako anaphunzira violin ku San Francisco Conservatory m'kalasi ya mphunzitsi wotchuka N. Blinder. Mnyamatayo adakula bwino, pang'onopang'ono, osati ngati mwana wamba, ngakhale kuti adayambitsa gulu la oimba ali ndi zaka 11, akusewera konsati ya Bach iwiri ndi mphunzitsi wake.

Patapita nthawi, iye anayankha funso la zimene zinathandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko chake kulenga:

"Poyamba ndimayika aphunzitsi anga a Naum Blinder. Sanandiuze momwe ndimasewera, adangondiuza momwe ndisachitire, motero adandikakamiza kuti ndiyang'ane njira yoyenera yofotokozera ndi njira. N’zoona kuti ena ambiri ankandikhulupirira ndipo ankandithandiza. Ndidapanga konsati yanga yoyamba yodziyimira payokha ndili ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ku San Francisco ndipo sindinkawoneka ngati mwana wanzeru. Zinali zabwino. Ndidasewera Ernst Concerto - zovuta kwambiri, chifukwa chake sindinachitepo kuyambira pamenepo.

Ku San Francisco, Stern adanenedwa ngati nyenyezi yatsopano yomwe ikukwera mumlengalenga. Kutchuka mu mzindawu kunamtsegulira njira yopita ku New York, ndipo pa October 11, 1937, Stern anapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake muholo ya Town Hall. Komabe, konsatiyi sinakhale yosangalatsa.

“Chiyambi changa ku New York mu 1937 sichinali chanzeru, pafupifupi tsoka. Ndikuganiza kuti ndinasewera bwino, koma otsutsawo anali osachezeka. Mwachidule, ndinalumphira pa basi ina yapakati pa mizinda ina ndikuyenda kwa maola asanu kuchokera ku Manhattan kupita kumalo omalizira, osatsika, ndikusinkhasinkha za vuto la kupitirira kapena kukana. Patatha chaka chimodzi, adawonekeranso pabwalo ndipo sanasewere bwino, koma chitsutsocho chidandilandira mwachidwi.

Potsutsana ndi zochitika za ambuye anzeru aku America, Stern anali kutaya panthawiyo ndipo sakanatha kupikisana ndi Heifetz, Menuhin ndi "mafumu a violin". Isaac akubwerera ku San Francisco, kumene akupitiriza kugwira ntchito ndi uphungu wa Louis Persinger, mphunzitsi wakale wa Menuhin. Nkhondo imasokoneza maphunziro ake. Amayenda maulendo angapo kupita kumalo ankhondo aku US ku Pacific ndipo amapereka makonsati ndi asitikali.

V Rudenko analemba kuti: "Ziwonetsero zambiri zomwe zidapitilira m'zaka za Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, "zinathandiza wojambulayo kuti adzipeze yekha, apeze "mawu" ake, njira yowonetsera mtima, yolunjika. Zosangalatsazo zinali konsati yake yachiwiri ku New York ku Carnegie Hall (1943), pambuyo pake adayamba kuyankhula za Stern ngati m'modzi mwa oyimba odziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi.

Stern akuzunguliridwa ndi impresario, amapanga zochitika zazikulu za konsati, kupereka ma concert 90 pachaka.

Chikoka chachikulu pakupanga Stern ngati wojambula chinali kulumikizana kwake ndi Casals wodziwika bwino waku Spain. Mu 1950, woyimba violini woyamba adabwera ku chikondwerero cha Pablo Casals mumzinda wa Prades kum'mwera kwa France. Msonkhano ndi Casals unatembenuza malingaliro onse a woimba wachinyamatayo mozondoka. Pambuyo pake, adavomereza kuti palibe aliyense wa oimba violin yemwe adamukhudza chotero.

"Casals adatsimikizira zambiri zomwe sindimamva komanso zomwe ndimalakalaka nthawi zonse," akutero Stern. — Mawu anga aakulu ndi violin ya nyimbo, osati nyimbo za violin. Kuti muzindikire mwambi uwu, ndikofunikira kuthana ndi zopinga za kutanthauzira. Ndipo kwa Casals kulibe. Chitsanzo chake chimatsimikizira kuti, ngakhale kupyola malire okhazikitsidwa a kukoma, sikoyenera kumira muufulu wofotokozera. Chilichonse chomwe Casals adandipatsa chinali chamba, osati chachindunji. Simungatsanzire katswiri wodziwa bwino zaluso, koma mutha kuphunzira kwa iye momwe angagwiritsire ntchito bwino.

Pambuyo pake, Prada Stern adachita nawo zikondwerero za 4.

Kupambana kwa magwiridwe antchito a Stern kudayamba cha m'ma 1950s. Kenako omvera ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi makontinenti anadziwa luso lake. Chotero, mu 1953, woimba violin anapanga ulendo wofikira pafupifupi dziko lonse: Scotland, Honolulu, Japan, Philippines, Hong Kong, Calcutta, Bombay, Israel, Italy, Switzerland, England. Ulendowu unamalizidwa pa 20 December 1953 ku London ndikuchita ndi Royal Orchestra.

"Monga wosewera aliyense, pakuyenda kosatha ndi Stern, nkhani zoseketsa kapena zochitika zidachitika kangapo," akulemba LN Raaben. Chifukwa chake, pakusewera ku Miami Beach mu 1958, adapeza wokonda osafunikira yemwe analipo pakonsati. Inali cricket yaphokoso yomwe idasokoneza machitidwe a konsati ya Brahms. Ataimba mawu oyamba, woyimba zezeyo adatembenukira kwa omvera nati: "Nditasaina mgwirizanowu, ndimaganiza kuti ndikhala ndekha ndekha mu konsatiyi, koma, mwachiwonekere, ndinali ndi mdani." Ndi mawu amenewa, Stern analoza mitengo ya kanjedza itatu yomizidwa pa siteji. Nthawi yomweyo anadza atumiki atatu ndi kumvetsera mwatcheru ku mitengo ya kanjedza. Palibe! Osalimbikitsidwa ndi nyimbo, cricket inakhala chete. Koma wojambulayo atangoyambiranso masewerawa, duet ndi cricket inayambanso nthawi yomweyo. Ndinayenera kuchotsa "woyang'anira" wosaitanidwa. Manja anatulutsidwa, ndipo Stern anamaliza konsati modekha, monga nthawi zonse ndi kuwomba m'manja.

Mu 1955, Stern anakwatira yemwe kale anali wogwira ntchito ku UN. Mwana wawo wamkazi anabadwa chaka chotsatira. Vera Stern nthawi zambiri amatsagana ndi mwamuna wake paulendo wake.

Owunikira sanapatse Stern mikhalidwe yambiri: "luso losawoneka bwino, malingaliro ophatikizidwa ndi kudziletsa kwabwino kwa kukoma koyengedwa bwino, luso lodabwitsa la uta. Kufanana, kupepuka, "kupanda malire" kwa uta, kumveka kopanda malire, zomveka bwino, zachimuna, ndipo potsirizira pake, chuma chosawerengeka cha zikwapu zodabwitsa, kuchokera kumagulu ambiri mpaka ku staccato yochititsa chidwi, zikuwonekera pamasewera ake. Chodabwitsa ndi luso la Stern pakusiyanitsa kamvekedwe ka chidacho. Amadziwa momwe angapezere phokoso lapadera osati zolemba za nthawi zosiyanasiyana ndi olemba, komanso mkati mwa ntchito yomweyo, phokoso la violin yake "limabadwanso" mopanda kuzindikira.

Stern kwenikweni ndi wolemba nyimbo, koma kusewera kwake sikunali kwachilendo kwa sewero. Iye anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi luso la kachitidwe ka zinthu zosiyanasiyana, lokongola mofanana ndi kukongola kosaoneka bwino kwa kamasuliridwe ka Mozart, mu “Gothic” ya Bach yomvetsa chisoni komanso kugunda kochititsa chidwi kwa Brahms.

"Ndimakonda nyimbo zamayiko osiyanasiyana," akutero, "zachikale, chifukwa ndizabwino komanso zapadziko lonse lapansi, olemba amakono, chifukwa amandiuza zinazake komanso nthawi yathu, ndimakondanso zomwe zimatchedwa "hackneyed" ntchito, monga. Ma concerto a Mendelssohn ndi Tchaikovsky.

V. Rudenko analemba kuti:

"Kuthekera kodabwitsa kwa kusintha kwachilengedwe kumapangitsa kuti wojambulayo azitha kuwonetsa" kalembedwe kokha, koma kuganiza mophiphiritsira momwemo, osati "kuwonetsa" malingaliro, koma kufotokoza zochitika zenizeni zenizeni mu nyimbo. Ichi ndi chinsinsi cha zamakono za wojambula, omwe kalembedwe kake kachitidwe kachitidwe kachitidwe ndi luso lazojambula zojambulajambula zikuwoneka kuti zaphatikizidwa. Kumverera kwachidziwitso cha zida, chikhalidwe cha violin ndi mzimu wakusintha ndakatulo zaulere zomwe zimachokera pazifukwa izi zimalola woimba kuti adzipereke kwathunthu kuthawa zongopeka. Nthawi zonse imakopa, imakopa omvera, imabweretsa chisangalalo chapadera chimenecho, kulowererapo kwa anthu ndi wojambula, omwe amalamulira pamakonsati a I. Stern.

Ngakhale kunja, masewera a Stern anali ogwirizana kwambiri: osasunthika modzidzimutsa, osasunthika, komanso osasinthika. Munthu amatha kusirira dzanja lamanja la woyimba zezeyo. “Kugwira” kwa uta kumakhala bata ndi chidaliro, ndi njira yachilendo yogwirira uta. Zimatengera kusuntha kwamphamvu kwa mkono komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mapewa kwachuma.

Fikhtengolts analemba kuti: “Zithunzi zanyimbo zimasonyeza m’matanthauzira ake zinthu zooneka bwino ngati zosemasema, “komanso nthawi zina kusinthasintha kwachikondi, mithunzi yochulukirachulukira, “masewera” a katchulidwe ka mawu. Zingawonekere kuti chikhalidwe choterocho chimachotsa Stern kutali ndi zamakono komanso "zapadera" zomwe ziri zodziwika bwino komanso zomwe sizinalipo kale. "Kutseguka" kwamalingaliro, kufulumira kwa kufalikira kwawo, kusowa kwachipongwe komanso kukayikira zinali zodziwika bwino za m'badwo wakale wa oimba nyimbo zachikondi, omwe adabweretsabe mpweya wazaka za zana la XNUMX kwa ife. Komabe, sizili choncho: “Zojambula za Stern zili ndi lingaliro lamakono lamakono. Kwa iye, nyimbo ndi chinenero chamoyo cha zilakolako, zomwe sizilepheretsa kufanana kumeneku kuti zisayambe kulamulira mu lusoli, zomwe Heine analemba - kufanana komwe kulipo "pakati pa changu ndi luso lathunthu."

Mu 1956, Stern anafika koyamba ku USSR. Kenako wojambulayo adayendera dziko lathu kangapo. K. Ogievsky analankhula momveka bwino za ulendo wa maestro ku Russia mu 1992:

"Isaac Stern ndiwabwino kwambiri! Kotala la zana lapita kuchokera paulendo wake womaliza m'dziko lathu. Tsopano maestro ndi oposa makumi asanu ndi awiri, ndipo zeze m'manja ake enchanting akuimbabe ali wamng'ono, kusisita khutu ndi kumveka phokoso. Mawonekedwe amphamvu a ntchito zake amadabwa ndi kukongola kwake ndi kukula kwake, kusiyana kwa ma nuances ndi zamatsenga "zowuluka" za phokoso, zomwe zimalowa momasuka ngakhale m'makona a "ogontha" a maholo oimba.

Njira yake ikadali yopanda cholakwika. Mwachitsanzo, mafanizo a "mikanda" mu Concerto ya Mozart (G-dur) kapena ndime zazikulu za Beethoven's Concerto Stern amachita moyera komanso mwanzeru, ndipo kulumikizana kwa manja ake kungasinthidwe. Dzanja lamanja la inimitable la maestro, lomwe kusinthasintha kwake kwapadera kumalola kusunga umphumphu wa mzere wa phokoso posintha uta ndi kusintha zingwe, akadali olondola komanso odalirika. Ndikukumbukira kuti kusadziwika kodabwitsa kwa "kusintha" kwa Stern, komwe kunadzutsa chisangalalo cha akatswiri omwe kale anali maulendo ake apitawo, kunapangitsa aphunzitsi a sukulu za nyimbo ndi makoleji okha, komanso a Moscow Conservatory, kuonjezera chidwi chawo ku chinthu chovuta kwambiri. violin njira.

Koma chodabwitsa kwambiri ndipo, zikuwoneka, chodabwitsa ndi momwe Stern's vibrato imakhalira. Monga mukudziwira, kugwedezeka kwa violin ndi nkhani yovuta, yokumbutsa zokometsera zozizwitsa zomwe woimbayo adawonjezera ku "zakudya zanyimbo" zomwe amakonda. Si chinsinsi kuti oimba violin, monga oimba, nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi kusintha kosasinthika mu khalidwe la vibrato mu zaka pafupi ndi mapeto a konsati. Zimakhala zosayendetsedwa bwino, matalikidwe ake mosadziletsa amawonjezeka, mafupipafupi amachepetsa. Dzanja lamanzere la woyimba violini, monga zingwe za mawu a oimba, limayamba kutaya mphamvu ndipo limasiya kumvera kukongola kwa "I" kwa wojambula. Kugwedezeka kumawoneka ngati kofanana, kumataya mphamvu zake, ndipo womvetsera amamva kumveka kwa phokoso. Ngati mumakhulupirira kuti kugwedezeka kokongola kumaperekedwa ndi Mulungu, zimakhala kuti patapita nthawi, Wamphamvuyonse amasangalala kubweza mphatso zake. Mwamwayi, zonsezi ziribe kanthu kochita ndi masewera a mlendo wotchuka: Mphatso ya Mulungu imakhalabe ndi iye. Komanso, zikuwoneka kuti mawu a Stern akuphuka. Kumvetsera masewerawa, mukukumbukira nthano ya chakumwa chodabwitsa, kukoma kwake kumakhala kosangalatsa, kununkhira kumakhala konunkhira komanso kukoma kumakhala kokoma kwambiri kotero kuti mumafuna kumwa mochuluka, ndipo ludzu limangowonjezereka.

Omwe adamva Stern m'zaka zapitazi (wolemba mizere iyi anali ndi mwayi wopita ku makonsati ake onse ku Moscow) samachimwa pamaso pa chowonadi akamalankhula za chitukuko champhamvu cha talente ya Stern. Masewera ake, omwe amakongoleredwa mowolowa manja ndi chithumwa cha umunthu ndi kuwona mtima kosayerekezeka, mawu ake, ngati kuti adalukidwa ndi mantha auzimu, amachita mwachinyengo.

Ndipo womvera amalandira chiwongola dzanja chodabwitsa cha mphamvu zauzimu, majekeseni ochiritsa a ulemu weniweni, amakumana ndi zochitika zakuchita nawo ntchito yolenga, chisangalalo chokhala.

Woimbayo wachitapo mafilimu kawiri. Nthawi yoyamba iye ankaimba udindo wa mzimu mu filimu John Garfeld "Humoresque", kachiwiri - udindo wa Eugene Ysaye mu filimu "Lero tikuimba" (1952) za wotchuka American impresario Yurok.

Stern imasiyanitsidwa ndi kumasuka kochita ndi anthu, kukoma mtima komanso kuyankha. Wokonda mpira wa baseball, amatsatira nkhani zamasewera mwansanje monga momwe amachitira nyimbo zaposachedwa. Posatha kuwonera masewera a timu yomwe amamukonda, amafunsa kuti afotokoze zotsatira zake, ngakhale pamakonsati.

“Sindidzaiwala chinthu chimodzi: palibe woimba yemwe ali wapamwamba kuposa nyimbo,” akutero katswiriyo. - Nthawi zonse imakhala ndi mwayi wochulukirapo kuposa akatswiri aluso kwambiri. Ichi ndichifukwa chake zimachitika kuti ma virtuosos asanu amatha kutanthauzira tsamba lomwelo la nyimbo m'njira zosiyanasiyana - ndipo onse amakhala ofanana mwaluso. Nthawi zina mumamva chisangalalo chowoneka kuti mwachita zinazake: ndikusilira nyimbo. Kuti ayese, woimbayo ayenera kusunga mphamvu zake, osati kuzigwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso.