Giuseppe Tartini (Giuseppe Tartini) |

Giuseppe Tartini

Tartini. Sonata g-moll, "Devil's Trills" →

Giuseppe Tartini ndi m'modzi mwa owunikira pasukulu yaku Italiya ya violin yazaka za zana la XNUMX, yomwe luso lake lasungabe ukadaulo wake mpaka lero. D. Oistrakh

Wopeka wodziwika bwino wa ku Italy, mphunzitsi, woyimba violinist komanso woimba nyimbo G. Tartini adatenga malo amodzi ofunikira kwambiri pachikhalidwe cha violin ku Italy koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Miyambo yochokera kwa A. Corelli, A. Vivaldi, F. Veracini ndi ena akuluakulu oyambirira ndi a m'nthawi yake adaphatikizidwa mu luso lake.

Tartini anabadwira m'banja la anthu olemekezeka. Makolo ankafuna kuti mwana wawo akhale mtsogoleri wachipembedzo. Choncho, iye anayamba kuphunzira pa sukulu ya parishi ku Pirano, ndiyeno Capo d'Istria. Kumeneko Tartini anayamba kuimba violin.

Moyo wa woimba umagawidwa mu 2 nthawi zosiyana kwambiri. Mphepo, wosadziletsa mwachibadwa, kuyang'ana zoopsa - woteroyo ali mu zaka zake zaunyamata. Kudzikonda kwa Tartini kunakakamiza makolo ake kusiya lingaliro la kutumiza mwana wawo panjira yauzimu. Amapita ku Padua kukaphunzira zamalamulo. Koma Tartini amakondanso mipanda kwa iwo, kulota za ntchito ya mpanda mipanda. Mogwirizana ndi mipanda, akupitirizabe kuchita nawo nyimbo mwadala.

Ukwati wachinsinsi kwa wophunzira wake, mphwake wa mtsogoleri wamkulu wachipembedzo, adasintha kwambiri mapulani onse a Tartini. Ukwatiwo unadzutsa mkwiyo wa achibale olemekezeka a mkazi wake, Tartini anazunzidwa ndi Kadinala Cornaro ndipo anakakamizika kubisala. Malo ake othawirapo anali amonke a Minorite ku Assisi.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo inayamba nthawi yachiwiri ya moyo wa Tartini. Nyumba ya amonkeyo sinangobisala achicheperewo ndipo idakhala malo ake othawirako zaka zaukapolo. Apa ndi pamene kubadwanso kwa makhalidwe ndi uzimu kwa Tartini kunachitika, ndipo apa anayamba kukula kwake koona monga wolemba nyimbo. Kunyumba ya amonke, adaphunzira chiphunzitso cha nyimbo ndi zolemba motsogoleredwa ndi wolemba nyimbo wa ku Czech ndi theorist B. Chernogorsky; paokha anaphunzira violin, kufika ungwiro woona podziwa chida, amene, malinga ndi anthu a m'nthawi, ngakhale kuposa masewera Corelli wotchuka.

Tartini adakhala m'nyumba ya amonke kwa zaka 2, ndipo kwa zaka 2 adasewera ku nyumba ya opera ku Ancona. Kumeneko woimbayo anakumana ndi Veracini, yemwe anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa ntchito yake.

Kuthamangitsidwa kwa Tartini kunatha mu 1716. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake, kupatula nthawi yopuma pang'ono, ankakhala ku Padua, kutsogolera gulu la oimba ku Tchalitchi cha St. Antonio ndikuchita ngati woyimba violin m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya Italy. . Mu 1723, Tartini anaitanidwa kuti akacheze ku Prague kuti akachite nawo zikondwerero zanyimbo pamwambo wovekedwa ufumu wa Charles VI. Ulendowu, komabe, unapitirira mpaka 1726: Tartini anavomera kuti atenge udindo wa woimba m'chipinda cha Prague cha Count F. Kinsky.

Kubwerera ku Padua (1727), wolemba nyimboyo adakonza sukulu yoimba kumeneko, kuthera mphamvu zake zambiri pakuphunzitsa. Anthu a m’nthawi yake ankamutchula kuti “mphunzitsi wa amitundu.” Mwa ophunzira aku Tartini pali oimba violin odziwika bwino azaka za zana la XNUMX monga P. Nardini, G. Pugnani, D. Ferrari, I. Naumann, P. Lausse, F. Rust ndi ena.

Zothandizira za woimba pa chitukuko chowonjezereka cha luso loimba violin ndi zazikulu. Anasintha mamangidwe a utawo, kuutalikitsa. Luso lotsogolera uta wa Tartini yekha, kuyimba kwake kodabwitsa pa violin kunayamba kuonedwa ngati chitsanzo. Wolembayo wapanga ntchito zambiri. Pakati pawo pali atatu a sonatas ambiri, pafupifupi 125 ma concerto, 175 sonatas a violin ndi cembalo. Zinali mu ntchito ya Tartini kuti womalizayo analandira mtundu wina ndi chitukuko cha stylistic.

Zithunzi zomveka bwino za kaganizidwe ka nyimbo za wolembayo zinadziwonetsera yekha m'chikhumbo chofuna kupereka mawu ang'onoang'ono a pulogalamu ku ntchito zake. Sonatas "Abandoned Dido" ndi "The Devil's Trill" adatchuka kwambiri. Wotsiriza wodabwitsa wa nyimbo za ku Russia V. Odoevsky adawona chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano muzojambula za violin. Pamodzi ndi ntchitozi, kuzungulira kwakukulu "The Art of the Bow" ndikofunikira kwambiri. Pokhala ndi mitundu 50 pamutu wa Corelli's gavotte, ndi mtundu wa njira zomwe zilibe tanthauzo lophunzitsira, komanso luso lapamwamba kwambiri. Tartini anali m'modzi mwa okonda oimba azaka za zana la XNUMX, malingaliro ake ongopeka sanawonekere m'nkhani zosiyanasiyana za nyimbo, komanso m'makalata ndi asayansi akuluakulu oimba a nthawiyo, zomwe zinali zolembedwa zofunika kwambiri m'nthawi yake.

I. Vetlitsyna

Tartini ndi woyimba zeze wodziwika bwino, mphunzitsi, wophunzira komanso wozama, woyambirira, woyimba nyimbo; chiwerengerochi chidakali kutali ndi kuyamikiridwa chifukwa cha ubwino wake ndi kufunika kwake m'mbiri ya nyimbo. N'zotheka kuti "adzadziwika" nthawi yathu ino ndipo zolengedwa zake, zambiri zomwe zimasonkhanitsa fumbi m'mabuku osungiramo zinthu zakale a ku Italy, zidzatsitsimutsidwa. Tsopano, ophunzira okha ndi omwe amaimba 2-3 ya sonatas, ndipo mu sewero la oimba akuluakulu, ntchito zake zodziwika bwino - "Devil's Trills", sonatas mu A wamng'ono ndi G zazing'ono nthawi zina zimadutsa. Nyimbo zake zodabwitsa sizikudziwika, zina zomwe zitha kutenga malo oyenerera pafupi ndi ma concert a Vivaldi ndi Bach.

Mu chikhalidwe cha violin ku Italy chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, Tartini adatenga malo apakati, ngati kuti akupanga mawonekedwe apamwamba anthawi yake pakuchita bwino komanso mwaluso. Zojambula zake zimakhudzidwa, ndikuphatikizana ndi kalembedwe ka monolithic, miyambo yomwe imachokera ku Corelli, Vivaldi, Locatelli, Veracini, Geminiani ndi ena oyambirira komanso amasiku ano. Zimachita chidwi ndi kusinthasintha kwake - mawu achikondi kwambiri mu "Abandoned Dido" (limenelo linali dzina la mmodzi wa violin sonatas), kutentha kwa melos mu "Devil's Trills", masewero abwino a konsati mu A- dur fugue, chisoni chachikulu mu Adagio pang'onopang'ono, akusungabe kulengeza komvetsa chisoni kalembedwe ka ambuye a nthawi ya nyimbo za baroque.

Pali chikondi chochuluka mu nyimbo ndi maonekedwe a Tartini: "Chikhalidwe chake chaluso. zikhumbo ndi maloto osagonjetseka, kuponyera ndi kulimbana, kukwera ndi kutsika kwamphamvu kwamalingaliro, mwa mawu, chilichonse chomwe Tartini adachita, pamodzi ndi Antonio Vivaldi, m'modzi mwa oyamba kwambiri achikondi mu nyimbo zaku Italy, anali odziwika. Tartini anasiyanitsidwa ndi kukopa kwa mapulogalamu, kotero khalidwe la romantics, chikondi chachikulu kwa Petrarch, woimba kwambiri nyimbo za chikondi cha Renaissance. "Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti Tartini, wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa violin sonatas, walandira kale dzina lachikondi la "Devil's Trills".

Moyo wa Tartini umagawidwa mu nthawi ziwiri zosiyana kwambiri. Yoyamba ndi zaka zaunyamata asanadzisungidwe ku nyumba ya amonke ya Assisi, yachiwiri ndi moyo wonse. Mphepo, kusewera, kutentha, kusadziletsa mwachilengedwe, kuyang'ana zoopsa, zamphamvu, zowonongeka, zolimba mtima - woteroyo ali mu nthawi yoyamba ya moyo wake. Chachiwiri, atakhala zaka ziwiri ku Assisi, uyu ndi munthu watsopano: wodziletsa, wodzipatula, nthawi zina wachisoni, nthawi zonse amangoganizira za chinachake, watcheru, wofuna kudziwa zambiri, wogwira ntchito mwakhama, wodekha kale m'moyo wake, koma koposa zonse. mosatopa kufufuza m'munda wa luso , kumene kugunda kwa chikhalidwe chake chotentha mwachibadwa kumapitirirabe.

Giuseppe Tartini anabadwa pa Epulo 12, 1692 ku Pirano, tauni yaing'ono yomwe ili ku Istria, dera lomwe lili kumalire ndi Yugoslavia masiku ano. Asilavo ambiri ankakhala ku Istria, "kunayambitsa zipolowe za anthu osauka - alimi ang'onoang'ono, asodzi, amisiri, makamaka ochokera m'magulu apansi a Asilavo - motsutsana ndi kuponderezedwa kwa Chingerezi ndi Chiitaliya. Zilakolako zinali zowopsa. Kuyandikira kwa Venice kudabweretsa chikhalidwe chakumaloko kumalingaliro a Renaissance, ndipo pambuyo pake kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, linga lomwe dziko lodana ndi apapa lidakhalabe m'zaka za zana la XNUMX.

Palibe chifukwa choyika Tartini pakati pa Asilavo, komabe, malinga ndi kafukufuku wina wakunja, m'nthawi zakale dzina lake linali ndi mapeto a Yugoslavia - Tartich.

Abambo a Giuseppe - Giovanni Antonio, wamalonda, Florentine wobadwa, anali wa "nobile", ndiye kalasi "yolemekezeka". Amayi - nee Catarina Giangrandi wochokera ku Pirano, mwachiwonekere, anali ochokera kumalo omwewo. Makolo ake ankafuna kuti mwana wake azichita zinthu zauzimu. Anayenera kukhala monke wachiFrancisca ku nyumba ya amonke ya Minorite, ndipo adaphunzira koyamba pasukulu ya parishi ku Pirano, kenako ku Capo d'Istria, komwe nyimbo zidaphunzitsidwa nthawi yomweyo, koma m'mapulogalamu apamwamba kwambiri. Apa Giuseppe wamng'ono anayamba kuimba violin. Ndani kwenikweni anali mphunzitsi wake sakudziwika. Sangakhale woimba wamkulu. Ndipo pambuyo pake, Tartini sanafunikire kuphunzira kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi wamphamvu wa violin. Luso lake linagonjetsedweratu ndi iyemwini. Tartini anali m’lingaliro lenileni la liwu lakuti kudziphunzitsa ( autodidact ).

Kudzifunira, kufunitsitsa kwa mnyamatayo kunakakamiza makolo kuti asiye lingaliro la kutsogolera Giuseppe panjira yauzimu. Anaganiza zopita ku Padua kukaphunzira zamalamulo. Ku Padua kunali yunivesite yotchuka, komwe Tartini adalowa mu 1710.

Anachita maphunziro ake ngati "slipshod" ndipo ankakonda kukhala ndi moyo wamphepo, wosasamala, wodzaza ndi mitundu yonse ya zochitika. Iye ankakonda kumanga mpanda m’malo mwa malamulo. Kukhala ndi luso limeneli kunaperekedwa kwa mnyamata aliyense "wolemekezeka", koma Tartini inakhala ntchito. Anatenga nawo mbali mu duels zambiri ndipo adapeza luso lomanga mipanda kotero kuti anali kulota kale ntchito ya lupanga, pamene mwadzidzidzi chochitika china chinasintha zolinga zake. Zoona zake n’zakuti kuwonjezera pa kumanga mpanda, anapitirizabe kuphunzira nyimbo ndipo ngakhale ankaphunzitsa nyimbo, akugwira ntchito pa ndalama zochepa zimene makolo ake anatumiza kwa iye.

Pakati pa ophunzira ake panali Elizabeth Premazzone, mphwake wa Archbishop wamphamvu zonse wa Padua, Giorgio Cornaro. Mnyamata wina wakhama anakondana ndi wophunzira wakeyo ndipo anakwatirana mwachinsinsi. Pamene ukwatiwo unadziwika, sizinasangalatse achibale olemekezeka a mkazi wake. Kadinala Cornaro anakwiya kwambiri. Ndipo Tartini anazunzidwa ndi iye.

Atadzibisa ngati wapaulendo kuti asadziwike, Tartini anathawa ku Padua n’kupita ku Roma. Komabe, atayendayenda kwa nthawi ndithu, anaima pa nyumba ya amonke ya a Minorite ku Assisi. Nyumba ya amonkeyo inabisala mnyamatayo, koma anasintha kwambiri moyo wake. Nthawi inayenda motsatizana, yodzaza ndi mapemphero a tchalitchi kapena nyimbo. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa chazochitika mwachisawawa, Tartini adakhala woimba.

Ku Assisi, mwamwayi kwa iye, ankakhala Padre Boemo, woimba nyimbo wotchuka, wopeka tchalitchi ndi theorist, Czech ndi fuko, asanamangidwe monki, yemwe anali ndi dzina la Bohuslav waku Montenegro. Ku Padua anali wotsogolera kwaya pa Cathedral ya Sant'Antonio. Pambuyo pake, ku Prague, K.-V. glitch. Motsogozedwa ndi woimba wodabwitsa wotero Tartini anayamba kukula mofulumira, kumvetsa luso la counterpoint. Komabe, sanachite chidwi ndi sayansi yanyimbo zokha, komanso violin, ndipo posakhalitsa adatha kusewera pamisonkhano motsagana ndi Padre Boemo. N'kutheka kuti anali mphunzitsi amene anayambitsa Tartini chikhumbo cha kafukufuku mu gawo la nyimbo.

Kukhala kwa nthawi yayitali m'nyumba ya amonke kunasiya chizindikiro pa khalidwe la Tartini. Anakhala wachipembedzo, wokhoterera ku zachinsinsi. Komabe, maganizo ake sanakhudze ntchito yake; Zolemba za Tartini zimatsimikizira kuti mkati mwake adakhalabe munthu wapadziko lapansi wolimbikira.

Tartini anakhala ku Assisi kwa zaka zoposa ziwiri. Iye anabwerera ku Padua chifukwa cha zinthu zina zimene zinachitika mwachisawawa, zimene A. Giller anasimba zakuti: “Panthaŵi ina pamene ankaimba violin m’makwaya patchuthi, mphepo yamkuntho inachititsa kuti chinsalu chotchinga kutsogolo kwa oimbawo chigwe. kotero kuti anthu amene anali mu mpingo anamuwona iye. Padua wina, yemwe anali m’gulu la alendowo, anamuzindikira ndipo pobwerera kwawo, anapereka malo a Tartini. Nkhaniyi idadziwika nthawi yomweyo ndi mkazi wake, komanso kadinala. Mkwiyo wawo unatha panthawiyi.

Tartini anabwerera ku Padua ndipo posakhalitsa anadziwika kuti anali woimba waluso. Mu 1716, adaitanidwa kuti achite nawo Academy of Music, chikondwerero chapadera ku Venice m'nyumba yachifumu ya Donna Pisano Mocenigo polemekeza Kalonga wa Saxony. Kuphatikiza pa Tartini, woyimba zeze wotchuka Francesco Veracini anali kuyembekezera.

Veracini anali wotchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Anthu aku Italiya adatcha kaseweredwe kake "kwatsopano kotheratu" chifukwa cha kubisika kwa malingaliro. Zinali zatsopano poyerekeza ndi kasewero kakang'ono komvetsa chisoni komwe kunalipo nthawi ya Corelli. Veracini anali kalambulabwalo wa "preromantic" sensibility. Tartini anayenera kukumana ndi mdani woopsa wotero.

Atamva kusewera kwa Veracini, Tartini adadzidzimuka. Pokana kulankhula, adatumiza mkazi wake kwa mchimwene wake ku Pirano, ndipo iye mwiniyo adachoka ku Venice ndikukhala m'nyumba ya amonke ku Ancona. Podzipatula, kutali ndi kupindika ndi mayesero, adaganiza zokwaniritsa ukadaulo wa Veracini kudzera mu maphunziro ozama. Anakhala ku Ancona kwa zaka 4. Kumeneko kunali komwe kunapangidwa woyimba zeze wakuya, wonyezimira, amene anthu a ku Italy anamutcha "II maestro del la Nazioni" ("World Maestro"), kutsindika kusapambana kwake. Tartini anabwerera ku Padua mu 1721.

Moyo wotsatira wa Tartini udakhala makamaka ku Padua, komwe adagwira ntchito ngati woyimba zeze komanso wotsogolera tchalitchi cha kachisi wa Sant'Antonio. Nyumba yopemphererayi inali ndi oimba 16 ndi oimba 24 ndipo inkaonedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa zabwino kwambiri ku Italy.

Kamodzi kokha komwe Tartini anakhala zaka zitatu kunja kwa Padua. Mu 1723 anaitanidwa ku Prague kukavekedwa ufumu Charles VI. Kumeneko anamvedwa ndi wokonda nyimbo wamkulu, wokonda chifundo Count Kinsky, ndipo adamunyengerera kuti apitirizebe utumiki wake. Tartini anagwira ntchito mu tchalitchi cha Kinsky mpaka 1726, ndiye kusowa kwawo kunamukakamiza kuti abwerere. Sanachokenso ku Padua, ngakhale kuti mobwerezabwereza ankaitanidwa kumalo ake ndi okonda nyimbo zapamwamba. Zimadziwika kuti Count Middleton ankamupatsa ndalama zokwana £3000 pachaka, panthawiyo ndalama zambiri, koma Tartini ankakana nthawi zonse.

Atakhazikika ku Padua, Tartini adatsegula pano mu 1728 High School of Violin Playing. Oimba violin odziwika kwambiri a ku France, England, Germany, Italy adakhamukirako, akufunitsitsa kuphunzira ndi katswiri wodziwika bwino. Nardini, Pasqualino Vini, Albergi, Domenico Ferrari, Carminati, woyimba zeze wotchuka Sirmen Lombardini, Afalansa Pazhen ndi Lagusset ndi ena ambiri adaphunzira naye.

M'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, Tartini anali munthu wodzichepetsa kwambiri. De Brosse akulemba kuti: “Tartini ndi waulemu, wokondana, wopanda kudzikuza ndi kufuna; amalankhula ngati mngelo komanso mopanda tsankho pazabwino za nyimbo zachi French ndi Italy. Ndinasangalala kwambiri ndi zomwe anachita komanso zokambirana zake. "

Kalata yake (March 31, 1731) kwa woyimba-wasayansi wotchuka Padre Martini yasungidwa, pomwe zikuwonekeratu kuti anali wofunikira bwanji pakuwunika kwa mawu ake ophatikizika, powaganizira mokokomeza. Kalata imeneyi ikuchitira umboni kudzichepetsa koipitsitsa kwa Tartini kuti: “Sindingavomereze kukambidwa pamaso pa asayansi ndi anthu anzeru kwambiri monga munthu wodzinyenga, wodzala ndi zopezedwa ndi masitayilo a nyimbo zamakono. Mulungu andipulumutse ku izi, ndimangoyesera kuphunzira kuchokera kwa ena!

"Tartini anali wokoma mtima kwambiri, ankathandiza osauka kwambiri, ankagwira ntchito kwaulere ndi ana amphatso za osauka. M'banja, iye anali wosasangalala kwambiri, chifukwa cha khalidwe losalekeza la mkazi wake. Iwo omwe amadziwa banja la Tartini adanena kuti anali Xanthippe weniweni, ndipo anali wokoma mtima ngati Socrates. Zinthu izi za moyo wabanja zinathandiziranso kuti adalowa muzojambula. Mpaka atakalamba, adasewera ku Basilica ya Sant'Antonio. Amati maestro, atakalamba kwambiri, amapita Lamlungu lililonse ku tchalitchi chachikulu ku Padua kukasewera Adagio kuchokera ku sonata yake "The Emperor".

Tartini anakhala ndi moyo zaka 78 ndipo anamwalira ndi scurbut kapena khansara mu 1770 m'manja mwa wophunzira wake wokondedwa, Pietro Nardini.

Ndemanga zingapo zasungidwa zamasewera a Tartini, komanso, omwe ali ndi zotsutsana. Mu 1723 anamveka mu chapel ya Count Kinsky ndi wotchuka German flutist ndi theorist Quantz. Nazi zimene analemba: “Panthaŵi imene ndinali ku Prague, ndinamvanso woyimba vayoli wa ku Italy wotchedwa Tartini, amene anali mu utumiki kumeneko. Iye analidi mmodzi wa oimba violin wamkulu. Anatulutsa phokoso lokongola kwambiri kuchokera ku chida chake. Zala zake ndi uta wake zinamumvera mofanana. Anachita zovuta zazikulu mosavutikira. Trill, ngakhale wawiri, adamenya ndi zala zonse mofanana ndikusewera mofunitsitsa m'malo apamwamba. Komabe, machitidwe ake sanali okhudza mtima ndipo kukoma kwake sikunali kopambana ndipo nthawi zambiri kumatsutsana ndi kuyimba kwabwino.

Ndemanga iyi ikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti pambuyo pa Ancona Tartini, mwachiwonekere, adakali ndi mavuto aukadaulo, adagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kuti apititse patsogolo zida zake.

Mulimonsemo, ndemanga zina zimanena mosiyana. Grosley, mwachitsanzo, analemba kuti masewera Tartini analibe nzeru, iye sakanakhoza kupirira izo. Pamene oimba nyimbo za violin a ku Italy anabwera kudzamusonyeza luso lawo, iye anamvetsera mwachifatse ndi kunena kuti: “Ndi yanzeru, yamoyo, ndi yamphamvu kwambiri, koma,” anawonjezera motero, akukweza dzanja lake pamtima, “sanandiuze kalikonse.

Malingaliro apamwamba kwambiri pamasewera a Tartini adanenedwa ndi Viotti, ndipo olemba a violin Methodology of the Paris Conservatory (1802) Bayot, Rode, Kreutzer adawona mgwirizano, kukoma mtima, ndi chisomo pakati pa mikhalidwe yosiyana ya kusewera kwake.

Mwa cholowa cha kulenga cha Tartini, ndi gawo laling'ono chabe lomwe linalandira kutchuka. Malinga ndi zomwe zili kutali ndi deta yonse, adalemba ma concerto 140 a violin pamodzi ndi quartet kapena chingwe quintet, 20 concerto grosso, 150 sonatas, 50 trios; 60 sonatas akhala lofalitsidwa, za 200 nyimbo akhalabe mu archives wa tchalitchi cha St. Antonio ku Padua.

Pakati pa sonatas ndi otchuka "Devil's Trills". Pali nthano ya iye, akuti idanenedwa ndi Tartini mwiniwake. “Usiku wina (munali mu 1713) ndinalota kuti ndagulitsa moyo wanga kwa mdierekezi ndipo anali kunditumikira. Chilichonse chidachitika mwakufuna kwanga - wantchito wanga watsopano amayembekezera chikhumbo changa chilichonse. Nthawi ina ndinaganiza kuti ndimupatse violin yanga kuti ndiwone ngati angayimbe china chake chabwino. Koma zidadabwitsidwa bwanji nditamva sonata yodabwitsa komanso yosangalatsa ndikuyimba mwaluso komanso mwaluso kotero kuti ngakhale malingaliro olimba mtima sangaganize chilichonse chonga icho. Ndinatengeka kwambiri, kukondwera komanso kuchita chidwi kwambiri moti zinandichotsera mpweya wanga. Ndinadzuka kuchokera ku chochitika chachikulu ichi ndipo ndinagwira violin kuti ndisunge osachepera ena a phokoso limene ndinamva, koma pachabe. Sonata yomwe ndinapeka, yomwe ndidayitcha "Sonata ya Mdyerekezi", ndi ntchito yanga yabwino kwambiri, koma kusiyana ndi yomwe idandisangalatsa kwambiri kotero kuti ndikanangotaya chisangalalo chomwe violin imandipatsa, Nthawi yomweyo ndikanathyola chida changa ndikusiya nyimbo mpaka kalekale.

Ndikufuna kukhulupirira nthano iyi, ngati si tsikuli - 1713 (!). Kulemba nkhani yokhwima yotere ku Ancona, ndili ndi zaka 21?! Ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti tsikulo lasokonezeka, kapena nkhani yonse ndi ya chiwerengero cha anecdotes. Autograph ya sonata yatayika. Idasindikizidwa koyamba mu 1793 ndi Jean-Baptiste Cartier m'gulu la Art of the Violin, ndi chidule cha nthano komanso cholemba kuchokera kwa wosindikiza: "Chidutswa ichi ndi chosowa kwambiri, ndili ndi ngongole kwa Bayo. Kusilira kwa womalizayo chifukwa cha zolengedwa zokongola za Tartini kunamupangitsa kuti apereke sonata kwa ine.

Pankhani ya kalembedwe, zolemba za Tartini zili, titero, ulalo pakati pa mitundu ya nyimbo zakale (kapena "zakale") ndi nyimbo zoyambirira. Anakhala m'nthawi yosinthika, pamphambano za nyengo ziwiri, ndipo ankawoneka kuti akutseka kusinthika kwa luso la violin la ku Italy lomwe lisanayambe nthawi ya classicism. Zina mwazolemba zake zili ndi mawu am'munsi mwadongosolo, ndipo kusakhalapo kwa autographs kumabweretsa chisokonezo chokwanira pakutanthauzira kwawo. Chifukwa chake, Moser amakhulupirira kuti "Dido Wosiyidwa" ndi sonata Op. 1 No. 10, kumene Zellner, mkonzi woyamba, anaphatikizapo Largo kuchokera ku sonata mu E wamng'ono (Op. 1 No. 5), transposing mu G wamng'ono. Wofufuza wa ku France Charles Bouvet akunena kuti Tartini mwiniwake, pofuna kutsindika kugwirizana pakati pa sonatas mu E wamng'ono, wotchedwa "Abandoned Dido", ndi G wamkulu, adapatsa dzina lakuti "Inconsolable Dido", ndikuyika Largo yemweyo mwa onse awiri.

Mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 50, kusiyanasiyana kwa XNUMX pamutu wa Corelli, wotchedwa Tartini "The Art of the Bow", kunali kotchuka kwambiri. Ntchitoyi inali ndi cholinga chophunzitsa, ngakhale mu kope la Fritz Kreisler, yemwe adatulutsa zosiyana zingapo, adakhala konsati.

Tartini analemba mabuku angapo ongopeka. Zina mwa izo ndi Treatise pa Zodzikongoletsera, momwe adayesera kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la luso la melismas khalidwe la luso lake lamakono; "Treatise on Music", yomwe ili ndi kafukufuku wokhudza kuyimba kwa violin. Anapereka zaka zake zomaliza ku ntchito yamagulu asanu ndi limodzi yophunzira za chikhalidwe cha nyimbo. Ntchitoyi idaperekedwa kwa pulofesa wa Padua Colombo kuti asinthidwe ndi kusindikizidwa, koma idasowa. Mpaka pano, sichinapezeke paliponse.

Pakati pa ntchito zophunzitsa za Tartini, chikalata chimodzi ndichofunika kwambiri - kalata-phunziro kwa wophunzira wake wakale Magdalena Sirmen-Lombardini, momwe amapereka malangizo ofunikira a momwe angagwiritsire ntchito violin.

Tartini adayambitsa zosintha zina zamapangidwe a uta wa violin. Wolowa nyumba weniweni wa miyambo ya luso la violin ya ku Italy, adayikapo kufunika kwapadera kwa cantilena - "kuimba" pa violin. Ndi chikhumbo cholemeretsa cantilena kuti kutalikitsa kwa Tartini kwa uta kumalumikizidwa. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kuti athe kugwira bwino, adapanga mizere yotalika pa ndodo (yotchedwa "fluting"). Pambuyo pake, chitolirocho chinasinthidwa ndikumangirira. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kalembedwe kameneka kamene kanayambika m'nthawi ya Tartini inkafuna kuti pakhale tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tomwe timavina bwino. Pakuchita kwawo, Tartini adalimbikitsa uta wofupikitsidwa.

Woimba-wojambula, woganiza mozama, mphunzitsi wamkulu - mlengi wa sukulu ya violinists yomwe inafalitsa mbiri yake ku mayiko onse a ku Ulaya panthawiyo - anali Tartini. Chilengedwe chonse cha chikhalidwe chake mwachisawawa chimabweretsa malingaliro a Renaissance, omwe anali wolowa nyumba weniweni.

L. Raaben, 1967