John Kage |
John Kage
Wolemba nyimbo wa ku America ndi theorist, yemwe ntchito yake yotsutsana inakhudza kwambiri osati nyimbo zamakono zokha, komanso zochitika zonse za luso la m'zaka za m'ma 20, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu "mwachisawawa" (aleatoric) ndi "yaiwisi" zochitika zamoyo. Cage adauziridwa ndi ziphunzitso za Zen Buddhism, malinga ndi zomwe chilengedwe chilibe dongosolo lamkati, kapena utsogoleri wa zochitika. Anakhudzidwanso ndi malingaliro amakono a kugwirizana kwa zochitika zonse, zopangidwa ndi katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu M. McLuhan ndi katswiri wa zomangamanga B. Fuller. Chotsatira chake, Cage inabwera ku nyimbo zomwe zimaphatikizapo zinthu za "phokoso" ndi "chete", zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachibadwa, "zopezeka" zomveka, komanso zamagetsi ndi ma aleatorics. Zipatso za zochitikazi sizingaganizidwe nthawi zonse ku gulu la ntchito zaluso, koma izi zikugwirizana ndendende ndi lingaliro la Cage, malinga ndi zomwe zochitika zoterezi "zimatidziwitsa ife ku chiyambi cha moyo umene timakhala. .”
Cage anabadwa September 5, 1912 ku Los Angeles. Anaphunzira ku Pomona College, kenako ku Ulaya, ndipo atabwerera ku Los Angeles anaphunzira ndi A. Weiss, A. Schoenberg ndi G. Cowell. Osakhutira ndi zolephera zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi chikhalidwe cha Western tonal, anayamba kupanga nyimbo ndi kuphatikizika kwa phokoso, zomwe magwero ake sanali zida zoimbira, koma zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimazungulira munthu pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, ma rattles, crackers, komanso phokoso. opangidwa ndi njira zachilendo monga, mwachitsanzo, kumiza zitsulo zogwedezeka m'madzi. Mu 1938, Cage anapanga zomwe zimatchedwa. piyano yokonzekera momwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimayikidwa pansi pa zingwe, chifukwa chake piyano imasandulika kukhala gulu laling'ono la percussion. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1950, anayamba kutchula nyimbo za aleatoriki m’zolemba zake, akumagwiritsira ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusintha ndi dayisi, makadi, ndi Bukhu la Zosintha (I Ching), buku lakale lachitchaina la kuwombeza. Olemba ena nthawi zina adagwiritsapo ntchito "mwachisawawa" m'zolemba zawo m'mbuyomu, koma Cage anali woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mwadongosolo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale mfundo yayikulu yopangira nyimbo. Analinso m'modzi mwa oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu omveka komanso mwayi wapadera wosintha mawu achikhalidwe omwe amapezeka pogwira ntchito ndi chojambulira.
Nyimbo zitatu za Cage zodziwika bwino zidayamba kuchitidwa mu 1952. Pakati pawo pali chidutswa chodziwika bwino cha 4'33 ", chomwe ndi mphindi 4 ndi masekondi 33 a chete. Komabe, chete mu ntchitoyi sikutanthauza kusowa kwathunthu kwa phokoso, popeza Cage, mwa zina, ankafuna kukopa chidwi cha omvera ku phokoso lachilengedwe la chilengedwe chomwe 4'33 ikuchitika. Imaginary Landscape No. 4 (Imaginary Landscape No. 4) imalembedwa kwa mawailesi a 12, ndipo apa chirichonse - kusankha kwa njira, mphamvu ya phokoso, nthawi ya chidutswa - zimatsimikiziridwa mwangozi. Ntchito yopanda dzina, yomwe inachitikira ku Black Mountain College ndi wojambula R. Rauschenberg, wovina ndi choreographer M. Cunningham ndi ena, adakhala chitsanzo cha mtundu wa "zikuchitika", momwe zinthu zochititsa chidwi ndi zoimba zimaphatikizidwa ndi nthawi imodzi, nthawi zambiri. zochita zopanda pake za ochita. Ndichidziwitso ichi, komanso ntchito yake m'makalasi opangira maphunziro a New School for Social Research ku New York, Cage adakhudza kwambiri m'badwo wonse wa ojambula omwe adatengera malingaliro ake: chilichonse chomwe chimachitika chimawonedwa ngati zisudzo (" zisudzo” ndi chilichonse chomwe chimachitika nthawi imodzi), ndipo bwaloli ndi lofanana ndi moyo.
Kuyambira m’zaka za m’ma 1940, Cage anapeka ndi kuimba nyimbo zovina. Nyimbo zake zovina sizigwirizana ndi choreography: nyimbo ndi kuvina kumawonekera nthawi imodzi, kusunga mawonekedwe awo. Zambiri mwazolembazi (zomwe nthawi zina zimagwiritsa ntchito kubwereza "zochitika") zinapangidwa mogwirizana ndi gulu lovina la M. Cunningham, momwe Cage anali wotsogolera nyimbo.
Zolemba za Cage, kuphatikiza Silence (Silence, 1961), Chaka kuyambira Lolemba (Chaka kuyambira Lolemba, 1968) ndi For the Birds (For the Birds, 1981), zimapitilira nkhani zanyimbo, zimaphimba malingaliro onse okhudza ” masewera opanda cholinga” a wojambula ndi umodzi wa moyo, chilengedwe ndi luso. Cage anamwalira ku New York pa August 12, 1992.
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