Wilhelm Kempff |

Wilhelm Kempff

Muzojambula zazaka za m'ma 20, kukhalapo komanso kulimbana kwa machitidwe awiri, malo awiri osiyana siyana aluso ndi malingaliro pa ntchito ya woimba akhoza kutsatiridwa bwino. Ena amawona wojambulayo makamaka (ndipo nthawi zina kokha) ngati mkhalapakati pakati pa woimba ndi womvetsera, yemwe ntchito yake ndikudziwitsa omvera zomwe zalembedwa ndi wolembayo, pokhalabe mumthunzi. Ena, m'malo mwake, amatsimikiza kuti wojambula ndi womasulira m'matanthauzo oyambirira a mawu, omwe amafunsidwa kuti awerenge osati zolemba zokha, komanso "pakati pa zolemba", kuti afotokoze maganizo a wolemba, komanso maganizo a wolemba. maganizo ake kwa iwo, ndiye kuti, kuwadutsa mu prism ya kulenga kwanga "Ine". Zoonadi, muzochita, kugawanika koteroko nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovomerezeka, ndipo si zachilendo kuti ojambula amatsutsa zolengeza zawo ndi machitidwe awo. Koma ngati pali akatswiri ojambula omwe maonekedwe awo angatchulidwe kuti ndi amodzi mwa maguluwa, ndiye kuti Kempf ndi yake ndipo nthawi zonse imakhala yachiwiri mwa iwo. Kwa iye, kuimba piyano kunali ndipo kumakhalabe kulenga mozama, mawonekedwe owonetsera malingaliro ake mwaluso mofanana ndi malingaliro a wolembayo. Pakufunitsitsa kwake kumvera, kuwerengera nyimbo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, Kempf mwina ndiye antipode yochititsa chidwi kwambiri kwa anzawo komanso Backhaus wamasiku ano. Iye ali wokhutiritsidwa kwambiri kuti “kungoyambitsa nyimbo, monga ngati kuti ndinu msilikali wodalirika kapena wovomerezeka, wopangidwa kuti atsimikizire kulondola kwa dzanja la wolemba, ndiko kusokeretsa anthu. Ntchito ya munthu aliyense wolenga moona mtima, kuphatikizapo wojambula, ndiyo kusonyeza zimene wolembayo ankafuna pagalasi la umunthu wake.

Zakhala ngati izi - kuyambira pachiyambi cha ntchito ya woyimba piyano, koma osati nthawi zonse ndipo osati nthawi yomweyo Credo kulenga koteroko kunamupangitsa iye kuti azitha kutanthauzira luso. Kumayambiriro kwa ulendo wake, nthawi zambiri ankapita patali kwambiri mu malangizo a subjectivism, anawoloka malire amene zilandiridwenso akusanduka kuphwanya chifuniro cha wolemba, mu kudzipereka mwaufulu wa woimba. Kalelo mu 1927, katswiri wanyimbo A. Berrsche anafotokoza woyimba piyano wachichepere, yemwe anali atangoyamba kumene njira yaluso, motere: “Kempf ali ndi kukhudza kochititsa chidwi, kochititsa chidwi, ngakhalenso kodabwitsa monga kukonzanso kokhutiritsa kwa chida chimene chinachitidwa mwankhanza. nanyozedwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Amamva mphatso yakeyi kotero kuti nthawi zambiri munthu amakayikira zomwe amakondwera nazo - Beethoven kapena kuyera kwa phokoso la chidacho.

Komabe, m'kupita kwa nthawi, pokhalabe ndi ufulu waluso komanso osasintha mfundo zake, Kempf adadziwa luso lamtengo wapatali lopanga kutanthauzira kwake, kukhalabe woona ku mzimu ndi malemba, zomwe zinamubweretsera kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Zaka makumi ambiri pambuyo pake, wotsutsa wina anatsimikizira izi ndi mizere iyi: "Pali omasulira omwe amalankhula za Chopin" chawo, "Bach" wawo, "Beethoven" wawo, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo samakayikira kuti akuchita upandu mwa kuvomereza. katundu wa munthu wina. Kempf samalankhula konse za "wake" Schubert, "wake" Mozart, "wake" Brahms kapena Beethoven, koma amawasewera mosalakwitsa komanso mosayerekezeka.

Pofotokoza za ntchito ya Kempf, chiyambi cha kalembedwe kake, munthu ayenera kulankhula poyamba za woimba, ndiyeno pokha ponena za woyimba piyano. M'moyo wake wonse, makamaka m'zaka zake zachinyamata, Kempf ankakonda kwambiri kupanga. Ndipo osati popanda kupambana - ndikwanira kukumbukira kuti kumbuyo kwa 20s, W. Furtwängler adaphatikizapo ma symphonies ake awiri mu repertoire yake; kuti m'zaka za m'ma 30, nyimbo zake zabwino kwambiri, The Gozzi Family, zinali kusewera pazigawo zingapo ku Germany; kuti pambuyo pake Fischer-Dieskau anayambitsa omvera ku zachikondi zake, ndipo oimba piyano ambiri ankaimba nyimbo zake za piyano. Zolemba sizinali "zokonda" kwa iye, zinkakhala ngati njira yowonetsera kulenga, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, kumasulidwa ku maphunziro a piyano tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kempf's composing hypostasis ikuwonekeranso mu machitidwe ake, nthawi zonse amadzaza ndi zongopeka, masomphenya atsopano, osayembekezereka a nyimbo zodziwika kwa nthawi yaitali. Chifukwa chake kupuma kwaulere kwa kupanga kwake nyimbo, komwe otsutsa nthawi zambiri amatanthauzira kuti "kuganiza pa piyano."

Kempf ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino a cantilena woyimba, wachilengedwe, wosalala, ndikumumvetsera akuimba, kunena kuti, Bach, wina amakumbukira modzifunira luso la Casals ndi kuphweka kwake komanso umunthu wonjenjemera wa mawu aliwonse. "Ndili mwana, ma fairies adandipangira mphatso yamphamvu, ludzu losagonjetseka kuvala nyimbo zadzidzidzi, zosawoneka bwino," akutero wojambulayo. Ndipo ndiye ndendende ufulu wotanthauzira, kapena m'malo mwake, kutanthauzira komwe kumatsimikizira kudzipereka kwa Kempf ku nyimbo za Beethoven ndi ulemerero womwe adapambana monga m'modzi mwa oimba bwino kwambiri nyimboyi lero. Amakonda kunena kuti Beethoven nayenso anali wochita bwino kwambiri. Momwe woyimba piyano amamvetsetsa dziko la Beethoven zimatsimikiziridwa osati ndi kutanthauzira kwake kokha, komanso ndi ma cadenza omwe adalembera onse koma omaliza a ma concerto a Beethoven.

Mwanjira ina, omwe amatcha Kempf "woimba piyano kwa akatswiri" mwina ali olondola. Koma osati, zowona, kuti amalankhula ndi omvera odziwa zambiri - ayi, kutanthauzira kwake ndi demokalase pazomvera zawo zonse. Koma ngakhale ogwira nawo ntchito nthawi zonse amawulula zambiri zosawoneka bwino mwa iwo, nthawi zambiri amazemba anzawo.

Nthaŵi ina Kempf moseka, ananena motsimikiza kuti anali mbadwa yeniyeni ya Beethoven, ndipo anafotokoza kuti: “Mphunzitsi wanga Heinrich Barth anaphunzira ndi Bülow ndi Tausig, awo ndi Liszt, Liszt ndi Czerny, ndi Czerny ndi Beethoven. Choncho khalani tcheru pamene mukuyankhula kwa ine. Komabe, pali chowonadi mu nthabwala iyi, - anawonjezera mozama, - ndikufuna kutsindika izi: kuti mulowe mu ntchito za Beethoven, muyenera kumizidwa mu chikhalidwe cha nthawi ya Beethoven, mumlengalenga umene unabala nyimbo zabwino zazaka za zana la XNUMX, ndikutsitsimutsanso lero ”.

Zinatenga Wilhelm Kempf zaka zambiri kuti afikire kumvetsetsa kwa nyimbo zabwino, ngakhale kuti luso lake la piyano lodziwika bwino linadziwonetsera ali wamng'ono, ndipo chidwi chophunzira za moyo ndi malingaliro owunikira adawonekeranso koyambirira kwambiri, mulimonsemo, ngakhale asanakumane ndi. G. Bart. Komanso, iye anakulira m'banja ndi mwambo wautali nyimbo: onse agogo ake ndi abambo anali ziwiya otchuka. Anakhala ubwana wake m'tauni ya Uteborg, pafupi ndi Potsdam, kumene bambo ake ankagwira ntchito kwaya ndi oimba. Pamayeso olowera ku Berlin Singing Academy, Wilhelm wazaka zisanu ndi zinayi sanangosewera momasuka, komanso adasinthira mafungulo ndi ma fugues kuchokera ku Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier kukhala kiyi iliyonse. Mtsogoleri wa sukuluyo Georg Schumann, yemwe anakhala mphunzitsi wake woyamba, anapatsa mnyamatayo kalata yoyamikira kwa woyimba zeze wamkulu I. Joachim, ndipo maestro okalamba anam'patsa maphunziro omwe anamulola kuti aphunzire m'magulu awiri nthawi imodzi. Wilhelm Kempf anakhala wophunzira wa G. Barth mu piyano ndi R. Kahn mu nyimbo. Barth anaumirira kuti mnyamatayo choyamba alandire maphunziro ochuluka.

Kempf ntchito konsati inayamba mu 1916, koma kwa nthawi yaitali anaphatikiza ndi ntchito okhazikika pedagogical. Mu 1924 adasankhidwa kuti alowe m'malo mwa Max Power monga director of Higher School of Music ku Stuttgart, koma adasiya udindowu patatha zaka zisanu kuti akhale ndi nthawi yochulukirapo yoyendera. Iye anapereka ambiri zoimbaimba chaka chilichonse, anapita angapo mayiko European, koma analandira kuzindikira kwenikweni pambuyo Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Izi zinali makamaka kuzindikira kwa womasulira wa ntchito ya Beethoven.

Onse 32 Beethoven sonatas adaphatikizidwa mu repertoire ya Wilhelm Kempf, kuyambira zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka lero akhalabe maziko ake. Kanayi Deutsche Gramophone inatulutsa zolemba za kusonkhanitsidwa kwathunthu kwa sonatas za Beethoven, zopangidwa ndi Kempf pazaka zosiyanasiyana za moyo wake, womaliza adatuluka mu 1966. Ndipo mbiri iliyonse yotereyi ndi yosiyana ndi yakale. “Pali zinthu zina m’moyo,” akutero wojambulayo, “zomwe nthaŵi zonse zimakhala magwero a zokumana nazo zatsopano. Pali mabuku omwe amatha kuwerengedwanso kosatha, ndikutsegula malingaliro atsopano mwa iwo - monga Goethe's Wilhelm Meister ndi epic ya Homer kwa ine. N’chimodzimodzinso ndi ma sonata a Beethoven. Kujambula kwatsopano kulikonse kwa kuzungulira kwake kwa Beethoven sikuli kofanana ndi koyambirirako, kumasiyana ndi mwatsatanetsatane komanso kumasulira kwa magawo. Koma mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino, umunthu wozama, chikhalidwe china chapadera cha kumizidwa muzinthu za nyimbo za Beethoven sichinasinthidwe - nthawi zina kusinkhasinkha, filosofi, koma nthawi zonse yogwira ntchito, yodzaza ndi kukwera modzidzimutsa ndi ndende yamkati. Wotsutsayo analemba kuti: “Pansi pa zala za Kempf, ngakhale nyimbo za Beethoven zooneka ngati zodekha zimakhala ndi zamatsenga. Ena amatha kuyisewera mophatikizana, yamphamvu, yabwino kwambiri, yachiwanda kwambiri - koma Kempf ali pafupi ndi mwambi, kuchinsinsi, chifukwa amalowera mozama popanda zovuta zowoneka.

Kumverera komweko kwa kutenga nawo mbali poulula zinsinsi za nyimbo, kunjenjemera kwa "nthawi imodzi" ya kutanthauzira kumagwira omvera pamene Kempf akuchita ma concerto a Beethoven. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, m'zaka zake zokhwima, kusinthasintha kotereku kumaphatikizidwa mu kutanthauzira kwa Kempf ndi kulingalira kosamalitsa, kutsimikizika koyenera kwa dongosolo lakuchita, kwenikweni Beethovenian scale ndi monumentality. Mu 1965, wojambulayo atapita ku GDR, komwe anakaimba nyimbo za Beethoven, magazini yotchedwa Musik und Gesellschaft inanena kuti “pamasewera ake, phokoso lililonse linkaoneka ngati mwala womangira nyumba yomangidwa ndi lingaliro losamaliridwa bwino lomwe. anawunikira mawonekedwe a konsati iliyonse, ndipo, panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, akuchokera kwa iye.

Ngati Beethoven anali ndipo amakhalabe wa "chikondi choyamba" cha Kempf, ndiye kuti iye mwini amatcha Schubert "kutulukira mochedwa kwa moyo wanga." Izi, ndithudi, ndizogwirizana kwambiri: muzojambula zazikulu za ojambula, ntchito za okondana - ndipo pakati pawo Schubert - akhala akutenga malo ofunika kwambiri. Koma otsutsa, kupereka msonkho kwa masculinity, kuzama ndi ulemu wa masewera a wojambula, anamukana iye mphamvu zofunika ndi luntha pamene izo zinafika, mwachitsanzo, kutanthauzira Liszt, Brahms kapena Schubert. Ndipo atatsala pang'ono kubadwa kwa zaka 75, Kempf adaganiza zoyang'ananso nyimbo za Schubert. Zotsatira zakusaka kwake "zinalembedwa" m'gulu lathunthu lomwe linasindikizidwa pambuyo pake la sonatas, zolembedwa, monga nthawi zonse ndi wojambula uyu, ndi chisindikizo chakuya ndi umunthu wake. “Zimene timamva m’ntchito zake,” akulemba motero wotsutsa E. Croher, “ndi kuyang’ana zakale kuchokera masiku ano, ameneyu ndi Schubert, woyeretsedwa ndi kumveketsedwa ndi chidziŵitso ndi uchikulire . . .

Olemba ena akale amakhalanso ndi malo ofunikira mu repertoire ya Kempf. “Iye amasewera Schumann wowala kwambiri, wampweya, wamagazi ochuluka amene munthu angathe kulota; amabwezeretsanso Bach ndi chikondi, kumverera, kuya ndi ndakatulo za sonic; akulimbana ndi Mozart, kusonyeza chisangalalo chosatha ndi nzeru; amakhudza ma Brahms mwachikondi, koma osati ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda,” analemba motero mmodzi wa olemba mbiri ya Kempf. Komabe, kutchuka kwa wojambula lero kumagwirizana ndendende ndi mayina awiri - Beethoven ndi Schubert. Ndipo ndizodziwika kuti nyimbo zomveka bwino za ntchito za Beethoven, zofalitsidwa ku Germany pa nthawi ya zaka 200 za kubadwa kwa Beethoven, zinaphatikizapo zolemba 27 zomwe zinalembedwa ndi Kempf kapena ndi kutenga nawo mbali (woyimba zeze G. Schering ndi cellist P. Fournier) .

Wilhelm Kempf adakhalabe ndi mphamvu zopanga zambiri mpaka atakalamba. Kalelo m'zaka za m'ma 80, adapereka makonsati 10 pachaka. Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya zochitika zambiri za ojambula m'zaka za nkhondo itatha inali ntchito yophunzitsa. Anayambitsa ndi kuchititsa maphunziro a Beethoven kumasulira chaka chilichonse m'tawuni ya ku Italy ya Positano, komwe amapempha oimba piyano achichepere 15-XNUMX omwe amawasankha pamaulendo oimba. Kwa zaka zambiri, akatswiri ambiri aluso adutsa kusukulu ya luso lapamwamba kwambiri pano, ndipo lero akhala akatswiri odziwika bwino a siteji ya konsati. Mmodzi mwa apainiya ojambulira, Kempf akulembabe zambiri lero. Ndipo ngakhale luso la woyimba uyu likhoza kukhazikitsidwa "kamodzi kokha" (sabwerezabwereza, ndipo ngakhale matembenuzidwe opangidwa panthawi yojambulira amasiyana kwambiri ndi mzake), koma kutanthauzira kwake komwe kunajambulidwa kumapangitsa chidwi kwambiri. .

"Nthawi ina ndinkanyozedwa," Kempf analemba m'ma 70s, "kuti ntchito yanga inali yowonekera kwambiri, moti ndinaphwanya malire akale. Tsopano ndimanenedwa kuti ndine katswiri wakale, wozoloŵereka komanso wophunzira kwambiri, yemwe amadziwa bwino luso lazojambula. Sindikuganiza kuti masewera anga asintha kwambiri kuyambira pamenepo. Posachedwapa ndinali kumvetsera zojambulidwa ndi zojambulira zanga zomwe ndinapanga mu izi - 1975, ndikuziyerekeza ndi zakalezo. Ndipo ndinkaonetsetsa kuti sindisintha nyimbo. Ndipotu, ndimakhulupirira kuti munthu ndi wamng'ono mpaka nthawi yomwe sanathe kudera nkhawa, kuzindikira zomwe akuwona, komanso kudziwa.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya., 1990