Georges Bizet |

Georges Bizet

…Ndikufuna bwalo la zisudzo: popanda iyo sindine kanthu. J. Bizet

Wolemba nyimbo wa ku France dzina lake J. Bizet anathera moyo wake waufupi m’bwalo la zisudzo. Pachimake pa ntchito yake - "Carmen" - akadali mmodzi wa opera wokondedwa kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri.

Bizet anakulira m'banja lophunzira chikhalidwe; bambo anali mphunzitsi woimba, amayi ankaimba piyano. Kuyambira ali ndi zaka 4, Georges anayamba kuphunzira nyimbo motsogoleredwa ndi amayi ake. Ali ndi zaka 10 adalowa ku Paris Conservatoire. Oimba otchuka kwambiri a ku France anakhala aphunzitsi ake: woimba piyano A. Marmontel, katswiri wamaphunziro P. Zimmerman, olemba nyimbo za opera F. Halévy ndi Ch. Gounod. Ngakhale pamenepo, talente yosunthika ya Bizet idawululidwa: anali woyimba piyano wanzeru (F. Liszt mwiniwake adasilira kusewera kwake), adalandira mphotho mobwerezabwereza m'maphunziro aukadaulo, adakonda kusewera limba (kenako, atayamba kale kutchuka, adaphunzira ndi S. Frank).

M'zaka za Conservatory (1848-58), ntchito zimawoneka zodzaza ndi kutsitsimuka kwaunyamata komanso kumasuka, pakati pawo pali Symphony in C yayikulu, sewero lamasewera la The Doctor's House. Kutha kwa Conservatory kunadziwika ndi kulandira Mphotho ya Roma ya cantata "Clovis ndi Clotilde", yomwe idapereka ufulu wokhala ku Italy kwa zaka zinayi komanso maphunziro a boma. Pa nthawi yomweyi, pa mpikisano wolengezedwa ndi J. Offenbach, Bizet analemba operetta Doctor Miracle, yomwe inapatsidwanso mphoto.

Ku Italy, Bizet, yemwe adachita chidwi ndi chikhalidwe chakumwera chakumwera, zipilala zamamangidwe ndi zojambula, adagwira ntchito zambiri komanso zopindulitsa (1858-60). Amaphunzira luso, amawerenga mabuku ambiri, amamvetsetsa kukongola m'mawonekedwe ake onse. Zabwino kwa Bizet ndi dziko lokongola, logwirizana la Mozart ndi Raphael. Zoonadi chisomo cha Chifalansa, mphatso yanyimbo zowolowa manja, ndi kukoma kofewa zakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri ya kalembedwe ka wolembayo. Bizet amakopeka kwambiri ndi nyimbo za opera, zomwe zimatha "kuphatikizana" ndi zochitika kapena ngwazi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pa siteji. M'malo mwa cantata, yomwe wolembayo amayenera kuwonetsa ku Paris, akulemba sewero lamasewera Don Procopio, mwamwambo wa G. Rossini. Ode-symphony "Vasco da Gama" ikupangidwanso.

Ndi kubwerera ku Paris, chiyambi cha kufufuza kwakukulu kwa kulenga komanso panthawi imodzimodziyo mwakhama, ntchito yachizolowezi chifukwa cha chidutswa cha mkate imagwirizanitsidwa. Bizet amayenera kulemba zolemba za anthu ena a opera, kulemba nyimbo zosangalatsa zamakonsati komanso nthawi yomweyo kupanga ntchito zatsopano, kugwira ntchito maola 16 patsiku. "Ndimagwira ntchito ngati munthu wakuda, ndatopa, ndikuphwanya ... Ndangomaliza kumene zachikondi kwa wofalitsa watsopanoyo. Ndikuwopa kuti zinakhala mediocre, koma ndalama zofunika. Ndalama, ndalama nthawi zonse - ku gehena! Kutsatira Gounod, Bizet atembenukira ku mtundu wanyimbo zanyimbo. Ake "Pearl Seekers" (1863), kumene maonekedwe achilengedwe akumverera akuphatikizidwa ndi oriental exoticism, adayamikiridwa ndi G. Berlioz. The Beauty of Perth (1867, yochokera pa chiwembu cha W. Scott) chimasonyeza moyo wa anthu wamba. Kupambana kwa ma opera awa sikunali kwakukulu kotero kuti kulimbitsa udindo wa wolemba. Kudzidzudzula, kuzindikira mozama za zolakwa za The Perth Beauty kunakhala chinsinsi cha zomwe Bizet adzachita m'tsogolo: "Ili ndi sewero lochititsa chidwi, koma otchulidwawo sanafotokozedwe bwino ... Tiyeni timuike m'manda popanda chisoni, popanda chisangalalo - ndi kutsogolo! Zolinga zingapo za zaka zimenezo sizinakwaniritsidwe; opera yomalizidwa, koma yosapambana ya Ivan the Terrible sinaseweredwe. Kuphatikiza pa zisudzo, Bizet amalemba nyimbo za orchestra ndi chipinda: amamaliza nyimbo ya ku Roma, yomwe idayambika ku Italy, akulemba zidutswa za piyano m'manja 4 "Masewera a Ana" (ena a iwo mu orchestral anali "Little Suite"), zachikondi. .

Mu 1870, panthaŵi ya Nkhondo ya Franco-Prussia, pamene dziko la France linali m’mavuto aakulu, Bizet analowa m’gulu la asilikali a National Guard. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, malingaliro ake okonda dziko adawonekera mu "Motherland" (1874). Zaka za m'ma 70 - kukula kwa luso la wolemba. Mu 1872, sewero loyamba la opera "Jamile" (lochokera pa ndakatulo ya A. Musset) linachitika, kumasulira mochenjera; nyimbo zamtundu wa Chiarabu. Zinali zodabwitsa kwa alendo opita ku bwalo lamasewera la Opera-Comique kuti aone ntchito yomwe imafotokoza za chikondi chopanda dyera, chodzaza ndi mawu oyera. Odziwa nyimbo zenizeni komanso otsutsa kwambiri adawona Jamil chiyambi cha siteji yatsopano, kutsegulidwa kwa njira zatsopano.

M'ntchito za zaka izi, chiyero ndi kukongola kwa kalembedwe (nthawi zonse zokhala mu Bizet) sikulepheretsa kufotokoza zoona, kosasunthika kwa sewero la moyo, mikangano yake ndi zotsutsana zomvetsa chisoni. Tsopano mafano a wolembayo ndi W. Shakespeare, Michelangelo, L. Beethoven. M'nkhani yake "Kukambirana pa Nyimbo", Bizet amalandira "mtima wokonda, wachiwawa, nthawi zina ngakhale wosadziletsa, monga Verdi, zomwe zimapereka luso lamoyo, ntchito yamphamvu, yopangidwa kuchokera ku golidi, matope, bile ndi magazi. Ndimasintha khungu langa ngati wojambula komanso ngati munthu, "akutero Bizet za iyemwini.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za ntchito ya Bizet ndi nyimbo za sewero la A. Daudet The Arlesian (1872). Masewero a sewerolo sanapambane, ndipo wopekayo adapanga gulu la okhestra kuchokera ku manambala abwino kwambiri (gulu lachiwiri pambuyo pa imfa ya Bizet linapangidwa ndi mnzake, wopeka E. Guiraud). Monga momwe zinalili m'mbuyomu, Bizet amapatsa nyimboyi kununkhira kwapadera kwa zochitikazo. Apa ndi Provence, ndipo woimbayo amagwiritsa ntchito nyimbo za Provencal, zomwe zimadzaza ntchito yonse ndi mzimu wa mawu akale achi French. Oimba akumveka bwino, opepuka komanso owoneka bwino, Bizet amapeza zotsatira zosiyanasiyana: uku ndikulira kwa mabelu, kunyezimira kwamitundu pachithunzi cha tchuthi cha dziko ("Farandole"), kumveka bwino kwachipinda cha chitoliro chokhala ndi zeze. (mu minuet yochokera ku Second Suite) ndi "kuimba" komvetsa chisoni kwa saxophone (Bizet anali woyamba kulowetsa chida ichi mu orchestra ya symphony).

Ntchito zomaliza za Bizet zinali opera yomwe sinamalizidwe Don Rodrigo (kutengera sewero la Corneille The Cid) ndi Carmen, yomwe idayika wolemba wake m'modzi mwa akatswiri ojambula kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Sewero loyamba la Carmen (1875) linalinso kulephera kwakukulu kwa Bizet m'moyo: opera idalephera ndi chipongwe ndipo idayambitsa kuwunika kwa atolankhani. Pambuyo pa miyezi itatu, pa June 3, 3, woimbayo anamwalira kunja kwa Paris, Bougival.

Ngakhale kuti Carmen adachita pa Comic Opera, zimafanana ndi mtundu uwu ndi zinthu zina. Kwenikweni, iyi ndi sewero lanyimbo limene linavumbula zotsutsana zenizeni za moyo. Bizet adagwiritsa ntchito chiwembu cha nkhani yachidule ya P. Merimee, koma adakweza zithunzi zake pamtengo wa zizindikiro zandakatulo. Ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, onse ndi anthu "amoyo" omwe ali ndi maonekedwe owala, apadera. Wolembayo amabweretsa zochitika zamtundu wa anthu kuti zichitike ndikuwonetsa mphamvu zawo, zosefukira ndi mphamvu. Kukongola kwa Gypsy Carmen, wowombera ng'ombe Escamillo, ozembetsa amawonedwa ngati gawo la chinthu chaulere ichi. Kupanga "chithunzi" cha munthu wamkulu, Bizet amagwiritsa ntchito nyimbo ndi nyimbo za habanera, seguidilla, polo, etc.; pa nthawi yomweyo, iye anakwanitsa kulowa kwambiri mu mzimu Spanish nyimbo. Jose ndi mkwatibwi wake Michaela ndi a dziko losiyana kotheratu - momasuka, kutali ndi mkuntho. duet yawo idapangidwa mumitundu ya pastel, zofewa zachikondi. Koma Jose kwenikweni "wagwidwa" ndi chilakolako cha Carmen, mphamvu zake ndi kusanyengerera. Sewero lachikondi "wamba" limakwera ku tsoka la kulimbana kwa anthu otchulidwa, mphamvu yomwe imaposa mantha a imfa ndikugonjetsa. Bizet amaimba za kukongola, ukulu wa chikondi, kuledzera kwa ufulu; popanda kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino, amavumbula mowona kuunika, chisangalalo cha moyo ndi tsoka lake. Izi zikuwonetsanso ubale wakuya wauzimu ndi wolemba Don Juan, wamkulu Mozart.

Pakatha chaka chimodzi chitatha kuwonekera koyamba kugulu kopambana, Carmen amasewera ndi chipambano pazigawo zazikulu kwambiri ku Europe. Pakupanga ku Grand Opera ku Paris, E. Guiraud adalowa m'malo mwa zokambirana ndikubwerezabwereza, adayambitsa zovina zingapo (kuchokera ku ntchito zina za Bizet) mpaka kuchitapo kanthu komaliza. M'kope lino, opera amadziwika kwa omvera amakono. Mu 1878, P. Tchaikovsky analemba kuti: "Carmen ali ndi luso lapamwamba kwambiri, ndiko kuti, chimodzi mwa zinthu zochepa zomwe zimayenera kusonyeza zokhumba za nyimbo za nthawi yonseyi mpaka kumlingo wamphamvu kwambiri ... Ndikukhulupirira kuti m'zaka khumi "Carmen" idzakhala opera yotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ..."

K. Zenkin

Miyambo yabwino kwambiri yopita patsogolo ya chikhalidwe cha ku France idawonekera m'ntchito ya Bizet. Uwu ndiye gawo lalikulu la zokhumba zenizeni mu nyimbo zaku France zazaka za zana la XNUMX. M'mabuku a Bizet, zinthu zomwe Romain Rolland adazifotokoza ngati mawonekedwe amtundu wa mbali imodzi ya akatswiri aku France adagwidwa momveka bwino: "... kuchita bwino kwambiri, kuledzera ndi kulingalira, kuseka, kukonda kuwala." Izi, malinga ndi wolembayo, ndi "France ya Rabelais, Molière ndi Diderot, ndi nyimbo ... France ya Berlioz ndi Bizet."

Moyo waufupi wa Bizet unali wodzala ndi ntchito zopanga zamphamvu. Sizinatenge nthawi kuti adzipeze. Koma zodabwitsa umunthu Khalidwe la wojambulayo lidadziwonetsera muzonse zomwe adachita, ngakhale kuti poyamba kufufuza kwake kwamaganizo ndi luso kunalibe cholinga. Kwa zaka zambiri, Bizet anayamba kuchita chidwi kwambiri ndi moyo wa anthu. Kukopa molimba mtima ziwembu za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kunamuthandiza kupanga zithunzi zomwe zidachotsedwa ndendende kuchokera ku zenizeni zozungulira, kulemeretsa zaluso zamakono ndi mitu yatsopano komanso zowona kwambiri, njira zamphamvu zowonetsera malingaliro athanzi, amagazi athunthu mumitundu yawo yonse.

Kuchuluka kwa anthu kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 60 ndi 70 kunachititsa kuti anthu asinthe maganizo pa ntchito ya Bizet, ndipo adamutsogolera kumtunda wapamwamba. "Zokhutira, zokhutira poyamba!" anafuula m’modzi mwa makalata ake m’zaka zimenezo. Amakopeka ndi luso ndi kukula kwa malingaliro, kufalikira kwa lingaliro, kuwona kwa moyo. M'nkhani yake yokhayo, yomwe idasindikizidwa mu 1867, Bizet adalemba kuti: "Ndimadana ndi anthu oyenda pansi komanso malingaliro abodza… Ntchito yoweta m'malo mopanga. Pali olemba ocheperako, koma maphwando ndi magulu akuchulutsa ad infinitum. Zojambula zimasauka mpaka umphawi wathunthu, koma luso laukadaulo limalemeretsedwa ndi mawu…Tiyeni tikhale achindunji, oona: tisafune kwa katswiri waluso zomwe akusowa, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zomwe ali nazo. Pamene munthu wokonda, wokondwa, ngakhale waukali, monga Verdi, amapereka luso ndi ntchito yamphamvu, yopangidwa kuchokera ku golidi, matope, ndulu ndi magazi, sitingayerekeze kunena naye mozizira kuti: "Koma, bwana, izi sizokongola. .” "Zokongola? .. Ndi Michelangelo, Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Rabelais zabwino? .. ".

Kukula kwa malingaliro, koma nthawi yomweyo kutsatira mfundo, kunalola Bizet kukonda ndi kulemekeza kwambiri luso la nyimbo. Pamodzi ndi Verdi, Mozart, Rossini, Schumann ayenera kutchulidwa pakati pa olemba omwe amayamikiridwa ndi Bizet. Iye ankadziwa kutali ndi masewero onse a Wagner (ntchito za nthawi ya Lohengrin sizinali kudziwika ku France), koma adasirira luso lake. "Kusangalatsa kwa nyimbo zake n'kodabwitsa, sikumveka. Izi ndi voluptuousness, chisangalalo, chikondi, chikondi! .. Izi si nyimbo zam'tsogolo, chifukwa mawu oterowo sakutanthauza chilichonse - koma izi ... nyimbo za nthawi zonse, chifukwa ndi zokongola "(kuchokera mu kalata ya 1871). Ndikumverera kwaulemu waukulu, Bizet adachitira Berlioz, koma adakonda Gounod kwambiri ndipo adalankhula mokoma mtima za zomwe adachita m'nthawi yake - Saint-Saens, Massenet ndi ena.

Koma koposa zonse, iye anaika Beethoven, amene iye anamupembedza, kumutcha titan, Prometheus; "... mu nyimbo zake," adatero, "chifuniro chimakhala champhamvu nthawi zonse." Chinali chikhumbo chokhala ndi moyo, kuchitapo kanthu chimene Bizet anaimba m’zolemba zake, chofuna kuti malingaliro asonyezedwe ndi “njira zamphamvu.” Mdani wa zinthu zosadziwika bwino, zodzionetsera m’zaluso, iye analemba kuti: “chokongola ndicho kugwirizana kwa zinthu ndi mawonekedwe.” "Palibe masitayilo opanda mawonekedwe," adatero Bizet. Kuchokera kwa ophunzira ake, iye anafuna kuti zonse “zichitidwe mwamphamvu.” Yesetsani kuti masitayilo anu akhale omveka bwino, omveka bwino komanso omveka bwino. "Khalani oimba," anawonjezera, "lembani nyimbo zabwino poyamba." Kukongola kotereku ndi kusiyanitsa, kukopa, mphamvu, mphamvu ndi kumveka bwino kwa mawu ndizomwe zimachitika muzolengedwa za Bizet.

Zochita zake zazikulu zopanga zimagwirizana ndi zisudzo, zomwe adalemba ntchito zisanu (kuphatikiza, ntchito zingapo sizinamalizidwe kapena, pazifukwa zina, sizinachitike). Kukopa kwa zisudzo ndi siteji, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakonda nyimbo zaku France, ndizodziwika bwino za Bizet. Nthawi ina adauza Saint-Saens kuti: "Sindinabadwire nyimboyi, ndimafunikira zisudzo: popanda izo sindine kanthu." Bizet anali wolondola: sizinali zoyimba zomwe zidamubweretsera kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale kuti luso lawo laukadaulo silingatsutsidwe, koma ntchito zake zaposachedwa ndi nyimbo za sewero la "Arlesian" ndi opera "Carmen". M'ntchitozi, luso la Bizet linawululidwa mokwanira, luso lake lanzeru, lomveka bwino komanso loona powonetsa sewero lalikulu la anthu ochokera kwa anthu, zithunzi zokongola za moyo, kuwala kwake ndi mthunzi wake. Koma chachikulu ndi chakuti iye sanafe ndi nyimbo zake chifuniro chosasinthika cha chimwemwe, maganizo ogwira mtima ku moyo.

Saint-Saens anafotokoza Bizet ndi mawu akuti: "Iye ndi zonse - unyamata, mphamvu, chisangalalo, mzimu wabwino." Umu ndi momwe amawonekera mu nyimbo, akuwonetsa chiyembekezo chadzuwa powonetsa zotsutsana za moyo. Makhalidwe amenewa amapangitsa kuti zinthu zomwe adapanga zikhale zofunika kwambiri: wojambula wolimba mtima yemwe adagwira ntchito mopitirira muyeso asanakwanitse zaka makumi atatu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri, Bizet adadziwika kwambiri pakati pa olemba theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi chisangalalo chake chosatha, komanso zomwe adapanga posachedwa - makamaka sewero la Carmen - ndi la nyimbo zabwino kwambiri, zomwe nyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi zimatchuka nazo.

M. Druskin

Zolemba:

Amagwira ntchito ku zisudzo "Dokotala Chozizwitsa", operetta, libretto Battue ndi Galevi (1857) Don Procopio, comic opera, libretto ndi Cambiaggio (1858-1859, osati anachita pa moyo wa wolembayo) The Pearl Seekers, opera, libretto ndi Carré ndi Cormon (1863) Ivan The Terrible, opera, libretto ndi Leroy ndi Trianon (1866, osati kuchitidwa nthawi ya moyo wa wolemba) Belle wa Perth, opera, libretto ndi Saint-Georges ndi Adeni (1867) "Jamile", opera, libretto ndi Galle (1872) "Arlesian ", nyimbo ya sewero la Daudet (1872; First suite for orchestra - 1872; Chachiwiri chopangidwa ndi Guiraud pambuyo pa imfa ya Bizet) "Carmen", opera, libretto Meliaca ndi Galevi (1875)

Symphonic ndi mawu-symphonic ntchito Symphony mu C-dur (1855, yomwe sinapangidwe nthawi ya moyo wa wolembayo) "Vasco da Gama", symphony-cantata ku malemba a Delartra (1859-1860) "Rome", symphony (1871; original version - "Memories of Rome" , 1866-1868) "Little Orchestral Suite" (1871) "Motherland", dramatic overture (1874)

Piano imagwira ntchito Grand concert waltz, nocturne (1854) "Song of the Rhine", zidutswa 6 (1865) "Fantastic Hunt", capriccio (1865) 3 zojambula nyimbo (1866) "Chromatic Variations" (1868) "Pianist-woyimba", 150 zosavuta Zolemba za piyano za nyimbo zamawu (1866-1868) Kwa piano manja anayi "Masewera a Ana", gulu la zidutswa 12 (1871; 5 mwa zidutswazi zidaphatikizidwa mu "Little Orchestral Suite") Zolemba zingapo za olemba ena.

Songs "Album Leaves", 6 nyimbo (1866) 6 Spanish (Pyrenean) nyimbo (1867) 20 canto, compendium (1868)