Wilhelm Friedemann Bach |

Wilhelm Friedemann Bach

... adandiyankhula za nyimbo komanso za woyimba wina wamkulu dzina lake WF Bach ... Woyimba uyu ali ndi mphatso yopambana pa chilichonse chomwe ndamva (kapena chomwe ndingaganizire), kuzama kwa chidziwitso chomveka bwino komanso mphamvu yoimba ... G. van Swiegen - Prince. Kaunitz Berlin, 1774

Ana a JS Bach adasiya chizindikiro chowala panyimbo zazaka za zana la XNUMX. Mlalang'amba waulemerero wa abale anayi-olemba moyenerera amatsogozedwa ndi wamkulu wa iwo Wilhelm Friedemann, wotchulidwa m'mbiri yakale ndi "Gallic" Bach. Woyamba kubadwa ndi wokondedwa, komanso mmodzi mwa ophunzira oyambirira a atate wake wamkulu, Wilhelm Friedemann anatengera miyambo yoperekedwa kwa iye kumlingo waukulu kwambiri. “Nayu mwana wanga wokondedwa,” Johann Sebastian ankakonda kunena, mogwirizana ndi nthano, “chifuniro changa chili mwa iye.” Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti wolemba mbiri woyamba wa JS Bach, I. Forkel, anakhulupirira kuti “Wilhelm Friedemann, ponena za chiyambi cha nyimboyo, anali pafupi kwambiri ndi atate wake,” ndipo, nawonso, olemba mbiri ya mwana wake amamuika pakati pa “ atumiki omalizira a mwambo wa zida za baroque.” Komabe, khalidwe linanso sililinso locheperapo: "chikondi pakati pa akatswiri a nyimbo za rococo ku Germany." Kwenikweni palibe kutsutsana apa.

Wilhelm Friedemann nayenso anali wokhwima maganizo komanso wongopeka, njira zochititsa chidwi komanso mawu omveka bwino, ubusa wowonekera komanso kusinthasintha kwa nyimbo zovina. Kuyambira ali mwana, maphunziro a nyimbo za woimbayo adayikidwa paukadaulo. Kwa iye, JS Bach woyamba adayamba kulemba "maphunziro" a clavier, omwe, pamodzi ndi ntchito zosankhidwa ndi olemba ena, adaphatikizidwa mu "Clavier Book of WF Bach" yotchuka. Mlingo wa maphunzirowa - apa ma preludes, zopangidwa, zidutswa zovina, makonzedwe a chorale, omwe akhala sukulu ya mibadwo yonse yotsatira - akuwonetseratu kukula kwachangu kwa Wilhelm Friedemann monga harpsichordist. Zokwanira kunena kuti mawu oyamba a Volume I wa Well-Tempered Clavier, omwe anali mbali ya kabukuka, adapangidwira woimba wazaka khumi ndi ziwiri (!). Mu 1726, maphunziro a violin ndi IG Braun adawonjezedwa ku maphunziro a clavier, ndipo mu 1723 Friedemann adamaliza maphunziro awo ku Leipzig Thomasschule, atalandira maphunziro olimba a woimba ku yunivesite ya Leipzig. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, iye ndi wothandizira mwakhama kwa Johann Sebastian (panthawiyo cantor wa Tchalitchi cha St. Thomas), yemwe adatsogolera kubwereza ndi kukonza maphwando, nthawi zambiri amalowetsa bambo ake pagulu. Mwachiwonekere, Six Organ Sonatas anawonekera panthawiyo, yolembedwa ndi Bach, malinga ndi Forkel, "kwa mwana wake wamwamuna wamkulu Wilhelm Friedemann, kuti amupange kukhala katswiri wosewera limba, lomwe pambuyo pake anadzakhala." N'zosadabwitsa kuti ndi kukonzekera kotero, Wilhelm Friedemann mwanzeru anapambana mayeso udindo wa organist mu Mpingo wa St. Sophia ku Dresden (1733), kumene Komabe, iwo anatha kale kuzindikira iye ndi clavirabend anapatsidwa kale limodzi ndi. Johann Sebastian. Bambo ndi mwana wake anachita ma concerto awiri, mwachiwonekere opangidwa ndi Bach Sr. makamaka pamwambowu. Zaka 13 za Dresden ndi nthawi yakukula kwakukulu kwa woimba, komwe kunathandizidwa kwambiri ndi mlengalenga wa imodzi mwamalo oimba kwambiri ku Ulaya. M'gulu la anzake atsopano a Leipzigian wamng'ono, mtsogoleri wa Dresden Opera ndi wotchuka I. Hasse ndi mkazi wake wosachepera, woimba F. Bordoni, komanso oimba nyimbo za khoti. Momwemonso, Dresdeners adakopeka ndi luso la Wilhelm Friedemann, woyimba zeze ndi woimba. Amakhala mphunzitsi wa mafashoni.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, wachipembedzo cha Chiprotestanti, kwa amene Wilhelm Friedemann anakhalabe wokhulupirika mozama mogwirizana ndi zimene atate wake anam’lamula, sakanachitira mwina koma kudzipatula ku Dresden yachikatolika, kumene mwinamwake kunatumikira monga chisonkhezero cha kusamutsira kumunda wotchuka kwambiri wa ku Dresden. dziko la Chiprotestanti. Mu 1746, Wilhelm Friedemann (popanda kuzengedwa mlandu!) anatenga udindo wolemekezeka kwambiri wa oimba ku Liebfrauenkirche ku Halle, kukhala wolowa m'malo woyenera wa F. Tsakhov (mphunzitsi GF Handel) ndi S. Scheidt, amene poyamba analemekeza parishi yawo.

Kuti afananize ndi omwe adamutsogolera, Wilhelm Friedemann adakopa gulu la nkhosa ndi malingaliro ake owuziridwa. "Gallic" Bach adakhalanso wotsogolera nyimbo zamzindawu, yemwe ntchito yake idaphatikizapo kuchita zikondwerero za mzinda ndi tchalitchi, momwe makwaya ndi oimba a matchalitchi akuluakulu atatu amzindawu adatenga nawo gawo. Musaiwale Wilhelm Friedemann ndi kwawo ku Leipzig.

Nthawi ya Gallic, yomwe idatha pafupifupi zaka 20, inalibe mitambo. "Wolemekezeka kwambiri komanso wophunzira Bambo Wilhelm Friedemann," monga momwe adatchulidwira mu nthawi yake mu kuitana kwa Gallic, adapeza mbiri, yotsutsana ndi makolo a mzindawo, ya munthu woganiza mwaufulu yemwe sakufuna kukwaniritsa mosakayikira. “changu cha moyo waukoma ndi wachitsanzo” chomwe chafotokozedwa m’panganoli. Komanso, zomwe sizinasangalatse akuluakulu a tchalitchicho, nthawi zambiri ankapita kukafunafuna malo abwino kwambiri. Pomaliza, mu 1762, iye anasiya kwathunthu udindo wa woimba "mu utumiki", kukhala, mwina, woyamba ufulu wojambula mu mbiri ya nyimbo.

Wilhelm Friedemann, komabe, sanasiye kusamala za nkhope yake yapagulu. Kotero, pambuyo pa zonena za nthawi yaitali, mu 1767 adalandira udindo wa khoti la Darmstadt Kapellmeister, akukana, komabe, mwayi woti atenge malowa osati mwadzina, koma kwenikweni. Atakhala ku Halle, sanapeze zofunika pa moyo monga mphunzitsi ndi woimba nyimbo, yemwe adadabwitsabe odziwa zambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa maloto ake. Mu 1770, motsogozedwa ndi umphawi (chuma cha mkazi wake chinagulitsidwa pansi pa nyundo), Wilhelm Friedemann ndi banja lake anasamukira ku Braunschweig. Olemba mbiri ya mbiri yakale amawona kuti nthawi ya Brunswick inali yowopsa kwambiri kwa wolemba nyimboyo, yemwe amadziwononga mosasankha ndikuwononga maphunziro osalekeza. Kusasamala kwa Wilhelm Friedemann kunali ndi chiyambukiro chomvetsa chisoni pa kusungirako zolembedwa pamanja za atate wake. Wolowa nyumba wamtengo wapatali wa Bach autographs, anali wokonzeka kusiya nawo mosavuta. Pambuyo pa zaka 4 adakumbukira, mwachitsanzo, cholinga chake chotsatira: "... kuchoka kwanga ku Braunschweig kunali kofulumira kotero kuti sindinathe kulemba mndandanda wa zolemba zanga ndi mabuku omwe ndinasiya kumeneko; za The Art of Fugue ya abambo anga… Ndimakumbukirabe, koma nyimbo zina zamatchalitchi ndi ma seti apachaka…. Olemekezeka … adandilonjeza kuti andipanga ndalama pogulitsira limodzi ndi oyimba wina yemwe amamvetsetsa zolemba zotere.

Kalata iyi idatumizidwa kale kuchokera ku Berlin, komwe Wilhelm Friedemann adalandiridwa mokoma mtima ku khoti la Mfumukazi Anna Amalia, mlongo wake wa Frederick Wamkulu, wokonda kwambiri nyimbo komanso woyang'anira zaluso, yemwe adakondwera ndi kusintha kwa ziwalo za mbuye wake. Anna Amalia amakhala wophunzira wake, komanso Sarah Levy (agogo aakazi a F. Mendelssohn) ndi I. Kirnberger (wopeka m’khoti, amene nthaŵi ina anali wophunzira wa Johann Sebastian, amene anali woyang’anira Wilhelm Friedemann ku Berlin). M'malo moyamikira, mphunzitsi watsopanoyo anali ndi malingaliro a malo a Kirnberger, koma nsonga ya chiwembucho imamutembenukira: Anna-Amalia amachotsa chisomo cha Wilhelm Friedemann.

Zaka khumi zapitazi za moyo wa wolemba nyimbo zadziŵika ndi kusungulumwa ndi kugwiritsidwa mwala. Kupanga nyimbo m'gulu la anthu odziwa zambiri ("Pamene ankasewera, ndinagwidwa ndi mantha opatulika," akukumbukira Forkel, "chilichonse chinali chopambana ndi chodziwika ... ") chinali chinthu chokha chomwe chinawalitsa masiku amdima. Mu 1784, Wilhelm Friedemann anamwalira, kusiya mkazi wake ndi mwana wake wamkazi alibe zopezera zofunika pamoyo. Zimadziwika kuti zosonkhanitsira zochokera ku Berlin's Messiah ya Handel mu 1785 zidaperekedwa kuti ziwathandize. Umu ndi kutha komvetsa chisoni kwa woyambitsa woyamba waku Germany, malinga ndi obituary.

Kuphunzira za cholowa cha Friedemann ndizovuta kwambiri. Choyamba, malinga ndi Forkel, "adachita bwino kuposa momwe adalembera." Kuwonjezera apo, mipukutu yambiri ya pamanja sitingadziŵike ndi kukhala ndi deti. Apocrypha ya Friedemann sichinaululidwenso mokwanira, kupezeka kwake komwe kumasonyezedwa ndi zosintha zosavomerezeka zomwe zinapezeka panthawi ya moyo wa wolemba: nthawi ina, adasindikiza ntchito za abambo ake ndi siginecha yake, m'malo mwake, akuwona. ndi chidwi chotani chomwe cholembedwa pamanja cha Johann Sebastian chimadzutsa, adawonjezera kwa iye ma opus ake awiri. Kwa nthawi yayitali Wilhelm Friedemann adanenanso kuti organ Concerto mu D yaying'ono, yomwe idatsikira kwa ife mu buku la Bach. Monga momwe zinakhalira, wolembayo ndi wa A. Vivaldi, ndipo bukuli linapangidwa ndi JS Bach m'zaka za Weimar, pamene Friedemann anali mwana. Pazonsezo, ntchito ya Wilhelm Friedemann ndi yayikulu, imatha kugawidwa m'magawo anayi. Ku Leipzig (isanafike 4) zidutswa zingapo makamaka clavier zinalembedwa. Ku Dresden (1733-1733) zidapangidwa makamaka nyimbo zoimbira (makonsati, sonatas, ma symphonies). Ku Halle (46-1746), pamodzi ndi nyimbo zoimbira, ma cantatas 70 adawonekera - gawo losangalatsa kwambiri la cholowa cha Friedemann.

Johann Sebastian motsatizanatsatizana, nthawi zambiri ankapeka nyimbo zake zochokera m'zojambula za abambo ake komanso zolemba zawo zoyambirira. Mndandanda wa ntchito za mawu akuwonjezeredwa ndi cantatas angapo akudziko, Misa ya ku Germany, arias payekha, komanso opera yosamalizidwa Lausus ndi Lydia (1778-79, mbisoweka), yomwe idabadwa kale ku Berlin. Ku Braunschweig ndi Berlin (1771-84) Friedemann adangogwiritsa ntchito nyimbo za harpsichord ndi nyimbo zosiyanasiyana zachipinda. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti cholowa ndi moyo wonse wa chiwalo anasiya pafupifupi palibe chiwalo cholowa. Wowongolera wanzeru, tsoka, sakanatha (ndipo mwina sanalimbikire), kuweruza ndi mawu a Forkel omwe atchulidwa kale, kukonza malingaliro ake oyimba pamapepala.

Mndandanda wamitundu, komabe, supereka zifukwa zowonera kusinthika kwa kalembedwe ka master. Fugue "wakale" ndi sonata "yatsopano", symphony ndi miniature sizinalowe m'malo mwa dongosolo la nthawi. Choncho, "pre-romantic" 12 polonaises inalembedwa ku Halle, pamene 8 fugues, amene akupereka cholembedwa cha mwana weniweni wa atate wawo, analengedwa mu Berlin ndi kudzipereka kwa Mfumukazi Amalia.

"Zakale" ndi "zatsopano" sizinapangitse kalembedwe kameneka kameneka, kamene kamafanana ndi Philipp Emanuel Bach. Wilhelm Friedemann amadziwika kwambiri ndi kusinthasintha kosalekeza pakati pa "zakale" ndi "zatsopano" nthawi zina mkati mwa dongosolo limodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mu Concerto yodziwika bwino ya ma cembalos awiri, sonata yachikale mumayendedwe 1 imayankhidwa ndi mawonekedwe omaliza a nyimbo za baroque.

Zosamveka bwino m'chilengedwe ndizongopeka zomwe Wilhelm Friedemann adachita. Kumbali imodzi, uku ndikupitilira, kapena m'malo mwake chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwachikhalidwe choyambirira cha baroque. Ndi ndime zambiri zopanda malire, kupuma kwaulere, kubwereza momveka bwino, Wilhelm Friedemann akuwoneka kuti akuphulika pamwamba pa "zosalala". Kumbali ina, monga, mwachitsanzo, mu Sonata ya viola ndi clavier, mu 12 polonaises, mu clavier sonatas zambiri, zodabwitsa thematism, kulimba mtima modabwitsa ndi machulukitsidwe a mgwirizano, sophistication wa zazikulu zazing'ono chiaroscuro, lakuthwa rhythmic kulephera, structural chiyambi. amafanana ndi masamba a Mozart, Beethoven, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale masamba a Schubert ndi Schumann. Mbali iyi ya chikhalidwe cha Friedemann ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yosonyezera mbali iyi ya chikhalidwe cha Friedemann, mwa njira, chikondi chenicheni mu mzimu, zomwe ananena wolemba mbiri wa ku Germany F. Rochlitz: "Fr. Bach, wotalikirana ndi chilichonse, wopanda zida komanso wodalitsidwa popanda kalikonse koma zongopeka zapamwamba, zakumwamba, adayendayenda, akupeza chilichonse chomwe adakopeka nacho mwakuya kwa luso lake.

T. Frumkis