Piano Mbiri

Piano ndi dzina lodziwika bwino la zida za zingwe zokhala ndi nyundo. Kukhoza kusewera ndi chizindikiro cha kukoma kwabwino. Chithunzi cha woimba wakhama, waluso wazaka za zana lino amatsagana ndi woyimba piyano aliyense. Titha kunena kuti ichi ndi chida cha anthu osankhika, ngakhale kudziwa bwino masewerawa ndi gawo lofunikira la maphunziro aliwonse oimba.

Kuphunzira za mbiriyakale kumathandiza kumvetsetsa bwino mapangidwe ndi zenizeni za ntchito zakale.

Mbiri ya piyano

Mbiri ya piyano imatenga zaka zoposa mazana awiri. Kwenikweni, piyano yoyamba inapangidwa nthawi imodzi ku America (J. Hawkins kumapeto kwa 1800) ndi Austria (M. Müller kumayambiriro kwa 1801). M'kupita kwa nthawi, chida chotukuka chinalandira ma pedals. Mawonekedwe enieni okhala ndi chimango chachitsulo, zingwe zopingasa, ndi makonzedwe amitundu yambiri a dampers opangidwa pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19.

Zodziwika kwambiri ndi "piyano zapampando". Ali ndi kukula kwa thupi la 1400 × 1200 mm, ma octave 7 osiyanasiyana, makina opondaponda okwera pansi, cholumikizira cholumikizira cholumikizidwa ndi mwendo wa piyano ndi mtengo. Choncho, mbiri ya kulengedwa kwa piyano ndi pafupifupi zaka zana lalifupi kuposa nthawi ya chitukuko cha chida ichi.

Kalambulabwalo wa limba anali monochord

Zida zonse zoimbira zitha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu malinga ndi njira yopangira mawu. Izi ndi zoimbira za zingwe, zoimbira ndi zoimbira. Zida monga clavichord, harpsichord ndi dulcimer zitha kuonedwa ngati zotsogola za piyano. Koma ngati tiyang'ana mopitirira, zikuwonekeratu kuti limba ndi mbadwa ya monochord. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kutengera mbiri ya chiyambi cha piyano, zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha gulu la zoimbira za zingwe.

Chiyambi cha piyano

Njira ya piyano ndi yofanana ndi ya dulcimer

Piyano ikhoza kutchulidwa ngati chida cha zingwe, potengera kuti phokoso limachokera ku kugwedezeka kwa zingwe. Koma tinganenenso kuti ndi zida zoimbira, chifukwa phokoso limamveka chifukwa cha kugunda kwa nyundo pazingwe. Izi zimapangitsa kuti piyano ikhale yogwirizana ndi dulcimer.

Dulcimer adawonekera ku Middle East ndipo adafalikira ku Europe m'zaka za zana la 11. Ndi thupi lokhala ndi zingwe zotambasulidwa kuchokera pamwamba. Mofanana ndi piyano, nyundo yaing’ono imamenya zingwe. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake dulcimer amaonedwa kuti ndi amene adatsogolera piyano.

Clavichord - sitepe yaikulu ku piyano

Piyano imakhalanso m'gulu la zida za kiyibodi. Zida za kiyibodi zakhalapo kuyambira Middle Ages. Amachokera ku chiwalo chimene mpweya umatumizidwa kudzera m’machubu ena kuti utulutse mawu. Ambuye adawongolera chiwalocho ndikupanga chida chomwe chidakhala sitepe imodzi pafupi ndi piyano - clavichord.

Clavichord adawonekera koyamba m'zaka za zana la 14 ndipo adadziwika mu nthawi ya Renaissance. Pamene fungulo likuphwanyidwa, pini yachitsulo yokhala ndi mutu wathyathyathya - tangent - imagunda chingwe, ndikuyambitsa kugwedezeka. Chifukwa chake, ndizotheka kutulutsa mawu kuchokera pama octave anayi mpaka asanu.

Kufanana kwa piyano ndi harpsichord

Harpsichord idapangidwa ku Italy cha m'ma 1500 ndipo pambuyo pake idafalikira ku France, Germany, Flanders ndi Great Britain. Pamene kiyi inakanidwa, ndodo yapadera (spiller) inakwera pa chingwe, ndikukankhira plectrum, yomwe imayika zingwezo kuyenda.

Dongosolo la zingwe ndi bolodi la mawu, komanso kapangidwe kake ka chida ichi, kamafanana ndi momwe piyano yamakono imapangidwira.

Cristofori, mlengi wa piyano yoyamba

Piyano inapangidwa ndi Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655-1731) ku Italy.

Mu harpsichord Cristofori sanakonde mfundo yakuti oimba anali ndi mphamvu pang'ono pa voliyumu ya phokoso. Mu 1709, adasintha makina odulira ndi nyundo ndikupanga piyano yamakono.

Chidacho poyamba chidatchedwa "clavicembalo col piano e forte" (harpsichord yokhala ndi mawu ofewa komanso okweza). Pambuyo pake, dzina ili mu zilankhulo za ku Ulaya linafupikitsidwa ku "piyano" yovomerezeka masiku ano. M'Chirasha, dzina lapafupi ndi loyambirira lasungidwa - pianoforte.

Makolo a chida chamakono

Oimira akale kwambiri a kalasi iyi ndi clavichord ndi harpsichord. Ndani ndi chaka chomwe adayambitsa kapena kupanga zida zodulira kiyibodi zomwe zidatsogola piyano sizikudziwika. Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 14, zidafalikira ku Europe m'zaka za zana la 16-18.

Kusiyana pakati pa harpsichord ndi mawu omveka bwino. Amapezedwa chifukwa cha ndodo yokhala ndi nthenga yomwe imamangiriridwa kumapeto kwa fungulo. Chipangizochi chimakoka chingwe, kuchititsa phokoso. The peculiarity ndi otsika melodiousness, amene salola kukhala zazikulu zosiyanasiyana, necessitating chipangizo awiri kiyibodi, mokweza ndi chete. Zomwe zimakongoletsa kunja kwa harpsichord: kukongola ndi mitundu yoyambirira ya makiyi. Kiyibodi yapamwamba ndi yoyera, pansi ndi yakuda.

Wina wotsogolera piyano anali clavichord. Amatanthauza zida zamtundu wa chipinda. Bangolo limasinthidwa ndi mbale zachitsulo zomwe sizimakoka, koma kukhudza zingwe. Izi zimatsimikizira kamvekedwe ka mawu, zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kugwira ntchito yolemera kwambiri.

Mphamvu ndi kuwala kwa phokoso ndizochepa, choncho chidacho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga nyimbo zapakhomo, osati pamakonsati.

Mbiri ya kulengedwa kwa chida chatsopano ndi kusinthika kwake

M'kupita kwa nthawi, luso la nyimbo lakhala lofunika kwambiri pa khalidwe la mphamvu. Zida zakale za kiyibodi zidasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono. Umu ndi momwe piyano inabadwira. Woyambitsa wake ndi Florentine Bartalameo Cristofori. Cha m’ma 1709, wopanga piyano wa ku Italy anaika nyundo pansi pa zingwezo. Kapangidwe kameneka kanatchedwa gravicembalo col piano e forte. Ku France, luso lofananalo linapangidwa ndi J. Marius mu 1716, ku Germany ndi KG Schroeter mu 1717. Chifukwa cha kupangidwa kwa Erar kwa kubwereza kawiri, kunali kotheka kubwereza mofulumira makiyi, kutulutsa phokoso lomveka bwino komanso lamphamvu. . Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18, idalowa m'malo mwa harpsichords ndi clavichords zomwe zidadziwika kale. Nthawi yomweyo, ma hybrids achilendo adawuka, kuphatikiza chiwalo, harpsichord ndi piano furs.nisms.

Kusiyanitsa pakati pa chida chatsopano ndi kukhalapo kwa mbale zachitsulo m'malo mwa mabango. Izi zinakhudza phokoso, kukulolani kuti musinthe voliyumu. Kuphatikizika kwaphokoso (forte) ndi chete (piyano) kumveka pa kiyibodi yomweyo kunapatsa chidacho dzina lake. Mafakitale a piano pang'onopang'ono anayamba kukula. Makampani otchuka kwambiri ndi Streicher ndi Stein.

Mu Ufumu wa Russia, Tischner ndi Wirta ankachita nawo chitukuko chake mu 1818-1820s.

Chifukwa cha kupanga kwapadera, kusintha kwa chida kunayamba, chomwe chinatenga malo ake mu chikhalidwe cha nyimbo cha m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi. Mapangidwe ake asintha kangapo. M'zaka za zana lino, amisiri a ku Italy, German, English adapanga kusintha kwa chipangizochi. Chopereka chachikulu chinali ntchito ya Silbermann, Zumpe, Schroeter ndi Stein. Pakadali pano, miyambo yosiyana yakupanga piyano yayamba, yosiyana pamakanika. Komanso, pamaziko a zida zakale, zatsopano zidawonekera: synthesizer , piano zamagetsi.

Kutulutsidwa kwa zida ku USSR, ngakhale zinali zambiri, sizinali zapamwamba kwambiri. Mafakitole "Red October", "Zarya", "Accord", "Lira", "Kama", "Rostov-Don", "Nocturne", "Swallow" adapanga zinthu zotsika mtengo zapamwamba kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe, zotsika poyerekeza ndi anzawo aku Europe. Pambuyo kugwa kwa Union, kupanga pianoforte mu Russia pafupifupi mbisoweka.

Zida zamtengo wapatali m'mbiri

Kukula kwa piyano kunasintha kwambiri mbiri ya nyimbo. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, ma concerts omwe adatenga udindo wotsogolera asintha. Izi zinatsimikizira kukula kwachangu kwa kutchuka panthawi ya classicism ndi romanticism. Panabuka gulu la nyenyezi la oimba omwe anangopereka ntchito yawo ku chida ichi. Mmodzi mwa oyamba kuidziwa bwino anali WA Mozart, J. Haydn, L. Beethoven, R. Schumann, C. Gounod. Mitundu yambiri ya nyimbo za piyano imadziwika. Ngakhale zidutswa zomwe sizinapangidwe piyano zimamveka zosangalatsa kwambiri kuposa zida zina.

Mbiri ya Piano muvidiyo

Kutsiliza

Maonekedwe a piyano ndi mtundu wa kuyankha kwaumisiri pakufunika kofulumira mu chikhalidwe cha nyimbo kwa chida chatsopano cha kiyibodi chokhala ndi phokoso lamphamvu komanso mithunzi yambiri yamphamvu. Pokhala oyenera kuyimba nyimbo zabwino kwambiri komanso zovuta, zakhala chikhalidwe chosasinthika cha malo olemekezeka ndi nyumba za anzeru zamakono. Ndipo mbiri ya kulengedwa kwa piyano ndi ulendo wopambana wa chida choyenera.