Spinet

SPINET (spinetta waku Italiya, epinette waku France, espineta waku Spain, German Spinett, wochokera ku Latin spina - munga, munga) ndi chida chaching'ono choduliridwa ndi kiyibodi chazaka za XNUMX-XNUMX. Monga lamulo, inali kompyuta ndipo inalibe miyendo yake. Mtundu wa cembalo (harpsichord).

Kunja, spinet ili ngati piyano. Ndi thupi loyima pa ndodo zinayi. Ili ndi mawonekedwe a 3-6-malasha a trapezoidal kapena oval (mosiyana ndi namwali wamakona anayi).

Mbali yaikulu ya thupi ndi kiyibodi. Pali chivundikiro pamwamba, chokweza chomwe mutha kuwona zingwe, zikhomo zowongolera ndi tsinde. Zigawo zonsezi zili mu uvuni. Kutalika kwa chidacho kumatha kufika masentimita makumi asanu ndi atatu, ndipo m'lifupi - osapitirira mita imodzi ndi theka.

Kiyi iliyonse ikufanana ndi chingwe chimodzi. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya harpsichord, zingwe za spinet zimapindika kumanja kwa kiyibodi. Spinet ili ndi 1 manual, osiyanasiyana ndi 1-2 octaves.

Magwero a dzina loti "spinet" (kuchokera ku "munga") amawonetsa luso la kamvekedwe ka mawu - amapangidwa ndi kukoka ("kutsina") chingwe ndi kumapeto kwenikweni kwa tsinde la nthenga za mbalame. Spinet idasinthidwa gawo lachisanu kapena octave pamwamba kuposa Grand vane.

Ma spinets oyambilira amachokera ku Italy ndipo adayambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 5. Pakati pawo pali zida zambiri za mawonekedwe a 6 kapena 1493 (ndi kiyibodi kumbali yayitali kwambiri). Chitsanzo choyambirira kwambiri chomwe chidakhalapo chidapangidwa ndi A. Passy ku Modena (Italy), spinet yachiwiri, komanso ya ntchito yaku Italy (XNUMX), imasungidwa ku Cologne.

Zida 2 (1565 ndi 1593) zili mu State Central Museum of Musical Culture yotchedwa MI Glinka ku Moscow.

Ku Italy, ma spinets okhala ndi mapiko adapangidwanso amtundu womwe udali wotchuka kwambiri ku England, kuthamangitsidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. rectangular virginal ngati chida chodziwika bwino chopangira nyimbo zapanyumba. Matupi a spinets anali opangidwa ndi ebony, okongoletsedwa ndi zipangizo zamtengo wapatali - minyanga ya njovu, amayi a ngale.

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zinayikidwa pa chivindikiro chomangika: "Gloria mu excelsis" (lat.) - "Ulemerero kumwamba" kapena "Haec fac ut felix vivis" (lat.) - "Chitani kuti mukhale mosangalala." Kukongoletsa kolemera kunapangitsa kuti ikhale yokongoletsera nyumbayo ngati mipando yokongola. Anaikidwa mubokosi la mtedza, amangiriridwa pa chivindikiro ndi zomangira zamkuwa zopyapyala, ndipo anali ndi choyimira cha oak kapena mahogany.

Spinet idapangidwa kuti izipanga nyimbo zapayekha ndi chipinda chapanyumba. Ma spinets ang'onoang'ono, opangidwa ndi octave apamwamba kuposa nyimbo zoimbira (Italian spinetti kapena ottavina), nthawi zambiri amapangidwa m'mabokosi amanja, mabuku, ndi zina zambiri, okongoletsedwa ndi gilding, kusema, ndi inlay.

Mu Russian court moyo mu con. M'zaka za m'ma XVII panali spinets otchedwa "okhtavki". Pakalipano, spinet ndi gawo la nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale kuposa chida choimbira, koma iyi si axiom. Posachedwapa, munthu akhoza kunena kuwonjezeka kwa chidwi pa zida zakale. Ndicho chifukwa chake spinet tsopano ikubadwanso, zomwe, mosakayika, zidzakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za dziko.