Nikolai Yakovlevich Myaskovsky (Nikolai Myaskovsky).
Nikolai Myaskovsky
N. Myaskovsky ndi woimira wakale kwambiri wa chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za Soviet, yemwe anali pachiyambi chake. "Mwinamwake, palibe aliyense wa oimba a Soviet, ngakhale amphamvu kwambiri, owala kwambiri, amalingalira ndi malingaliro ogwirizana a njira yolenga kuchokera ku moyo wakale wa nyimbo za ku Russia kupyolera mu zochitika zofulumira kwambiri zamtsogolo, monga pa Myaskovsky. ,” analemba motero B. Asafiev. Choyamba, izi zikutanthawuza za symphony, yomwe inadutsa njira yayitali komanso yovuta mu ntchito ya Myaskovsky, inakhala "mbiri yake yauzimu". Symphony imasonyeza maganizo a wolembayo za masiku ano, momwe munali mikuntho ya kusintha, nkhondo yapachiweniweni, njala ndi chiwonongeko cha zaka zapambuyo pa nkhondo, zochitika zoopsa za 30s. Moyo unatsogolera Myaskovsky kupyola m'mavuto a Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lapansi, ndipo kumapeto kwa masiku ake anali ndi mwayi wokumana ndi zowawa zazikulu za zifukwa zopanda chilungamo mu chisankho choyipa cha 1948. Nyimbo za 27 za Myaskovsky ndizovuta kwa moyo wonse, nthawi zina zowawa kufufuza. zabwino zauzimu, zomwe zinkawoneka mu mtengo wokhalitsa ndi kukongola kwa moyo ndi maganizo aumunthu. Kuwonjezera symphonies, Myaskovsky analenga 15 symphonic ntchito za Mitundu ina; ma concertos a violin, cello ndi orchestra; 13 zingwe quartets; 2 sonatas ya cello ndi piyano, violin sonata; piyano zopitilira 100; nyimbo za brass band. Myaskovsky ali ndi chikondi chodabwitsa chozikidwa pa mavesi a olemba ndakatulo a ku Russia (c. 100), cantatas, ndi ndakatulo ya mawu-symphonic Alastor.
Myaskovsky anabadwira m'banja la injiniya wa asilikali ku linga la Novogeorgievsk m'chigawo cha Warsaw. Kumeneko, ndiyeno ku Orenburg ndi Kazan, adakhala zaka zake zaubwana. Myaskovsky anali ndi zaka 9 pamene amayi ake anamwalira, ndipo mlongo wa abambo anasamalira ana asanu, omwe "anali mkazi wanzeru komanso wachifundo ... sizikanatha kuwonetsedwa pa anthu athu, "adalemba alongo a Myaskovsky, omwe, malinga ndi iwo, anali ali mwana "mnyamata wodekha komanso wamanyazi ...
Ngakhale kuti ankakonda kwambiri nyimbo, Myaskovsky, malinga ndi mwambo wa banja, anasankhidwa ntchito ya usilikali. Kuyambira 1893 adaphunzira ku Nizhny Novgorod, ndipo kuchokera ku 1895 ku Second St. Petersburg Cadet Corps. Anaphunziranso nyimbo, ngakhale kuti sanaphunzire nthawi zonse. Zoyeserera zoyamba zopanga - ma preludes a piyano - ndi azaka khumi ndi zisanu. Mu 1889, Myaskovsky, potsatira zofuna za abambo ake, adalowa ku St. Petersburg Military Engineering School. Pambuyo pake analemba kuti: “Pa masukulu onse a usilikali otsekedwa, iyi ndi imodzi yokha imene ndimakumbukira monyansidwa kwambiri. Mwina anzake atsopano a wolemba nyimboyo anathandizapo pa kafukufukuyu. Anakumana ... "ndi okonda nyimbo zingapo, kuphatikizanso, njira yatsopano kwa ine - Wamphamvu Wamphamvu." Chisankho chodzipereka pa nyimbo chinakhala champhamvu komanso champhamvu, ngakhale kuti sikunali kopanda kusagwirizana kwauzimu kowawa. Ndipo kotero, atamaliza maphunziro awo ku koleji mu 1902, Myaskovsky, anatumizidwa kukatumikira m'magulu ankhondo a Zaraysk, ndiye Moscow, anatembenukira kwa S. Taneyev ndi kalata yoyamikira kuchokera kwa N. Rimsky-Korsakov ndi malangizo ake kwa miyezi 5 kuyambira January. mpaka May 1903 G. anapita ndi R. Gliere njira yonse ya mgwirizano. Atasamukira ku St. Petersburg, anapitiriza maphunziro ake ndi wophunzira wakale wa Rimsky-Korsakov, I. Kryzhanovsky.
Mu 1906, mobisa kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a asilikali, Myaskovsky adalowa mu St. Nyimbo zidapangidwa panthawiyi, malinga ndi iye, "mokwiya", ndipo pomaliza maphunziro ake ku Conservatory (1911), Myaskovsky anali kale wolemba ma symphonies awiri, Sinfonietta, ndakatulo ya symphonic "Silence" (yolemba E. Poe), sonatas zinayi za piano, quartet, zachikondi . Ntchito za nthawi ya Conservatory ndi zina zotsatila ndizosautsa komanso zosokoneza. "Imvi, yowopsa, yamvula yophukira yokhala ndi mitambo yowirira," Asafiev amawafotokozera motere. Myaskovsky mwiniyo adawona chifukwa chake mu "zochitika za tsoka laumwini" zomwe zinamukakamiza kuti amenyane ndi kuchotsa ntchito yake yosakondedwa. M'zaka za Conservatory, ubwenzi wapamtima unayamba ndipo unapitirira moyo wake wonse ndi S. Prokofiev ndi B. Asafiev. Anali Myaskovsky amene ankatsogolera Asafiev atamaliza maphunziro a Conservatory ku ntchito yovuta kwambiri ya nyimbo. "Kodi simungagwiritse ntchito bwanji luso lanu lotsutsa"? - adamulembera kalata mu 1914. Myaskovsky adayamikira Prokofiev monga wolemba nyimbo waluso kwambiri: "Ndili ndi kulimba mtima kuti ndimuganizire kuti ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa Stravinsky ponena za talente ndi chiyambi."
Pamodzi ndi abwenzi, Myaskovsky amasewera nyimbo, amakonda ntchito za C. Debussy, M. Reger, R. Strauss, A. Schoenberg, amapita ku "Evenings of Modern Music", yomwe kuyambira 1908 iye adakhala nawo monga wolemba nyimbo. . Misonkhano ndi ndakatulo S. Gorodetsky ndi Vyach. Ivanov amadzutsa chidwi ndi ndakatulo za Symbolists - 27 zachikondi zimawonekera pa mavesi a Z. Gippius.
Mu 1911, Kryzhanovsky anayambitsa Myaskovsky kwa wotsogolera K. Saradzhev, yemwe pambuyo pake anakhala woyamba woimba nyimbo zambiri za wolembayo. M'chaka chomwecho, ntchito yoimba nyimbo ya Myaskovsky inayamba mu "Music" mlungu uliwonse, yofalitsidwa ku Moscow ndi V. Derzhanovsky. Kwa zaka 3 za mgwirizano mu magazini (1911-14), Myaskovsky anasindikiza nkhani 114 ndi zolemba, zosiyanitsidwa ndi kuzindikira ndi kuya kwa chiweruzo. Ulamuliro wake monga woimba nyimbo unalimbikitsidwa kwambiri, koma kuphulika kwa nkhondo ya imperialist kunasintha kwambiri moyo wake wotsatira. M'mwezi woyamba wa nkhondo Myaskovsky anasonkhana, anafika kutsogolo Austria, analandira concussion lalikulu pafupi Przemysl. "Ndikumva ... kudzimva kuti ndipatukana mosadziwika bwino pa chilichonse chomwe chikuchitika, ngati kuti mkangano wopusa, nyama, wankhanza ukuchitika pa ndege yosiyana kotheratu," alemba Myaskovsky, akuwona "chisokonezo chowonekera" kutsogolo. , ndipo amafika pomaliza kuti: “Ku helo ndi nkhondo iriyonse!”
Pambuyo pa Revolution ya October, mu December 1917, Myaskovsky anasamutsidwa kukatumikira ku likulu la Main Naval ku Petrograd ndipo anayambiranso ntchito yake yolemba nyimbo, atapanga ma symphonies a 3 m'miyezi iwiri ndi theka: yochititsa chidwi yachinayi ("kuyankha kwa odziwa zambiri, koma ndi mapeto owala ") ndi Chachisanu, chomwe kwa nthawi yoyamba nyimbo ya Myaskovsky, nyimbo zamtundu ndi zovina zinamveka, kukumbukira miyambo ya olemba a Kuchkist. Zinali za ntchito zoterezi zomwe Asafiev analemba kuti: ... "Sindikudziwa china chilichonse chokongola mu nyimbo za Myaskovsky kusiyana ndi nthawi zomveka bwino zauzimu ndi kuunikira kwauzimu, pamene mwadzidzidzi nyimbo zimayamba kuwala ndi kutsitsimula, ngati nkhalango ya masika pambuyo pa mvula. ” Symphony iyi posakhalitsa inabweretsa kutchuka kwa dziko la Myaskovsky.
Kuyambira 1918, Myaskovsky amakhala ku Moscow ndipo nthawi yomweyo amachita nawo nyimbo ndi zochitika zamagulu, akuphatikiza ndi ntchito za General Staff (zomwe zinasamutsidwa ku Moscow zokhudzana ndi kusamuka kwa boma). Amagwira ntchito mu gawo la nyimbo la State Publishing House, mu dipatimenti ya nyimbo ya People's Commissariat of Russia, akugwira nawo ntchito yopanga gulu la "Collective of Composers", kuyambira 1924 akugwira nawo ntchito limodzi m'magazini ya "Modern Music" .
Pambuyo demobilization mu 1921, Myaskovsky anayamba kuphunzitsa pa Moscow Conservatory, umene unatenga zaka pafupifupi 30. Anabweretsa gulu lonse la oimba a Soviet (D. Kabalevsky, A. Khachaturian, V. Shebalin, V. Muradeli, K. Khachaturian, B. Tchaikovsky, N. Peiko, E. Golubev ndi ena). Pali osiyanasiyana odziwa nyimbo. Myaskovsky mofunitsitsa amachita nawo nyimbo madzulo ndi P. Lamm, woimba amateur M. Gube, V. Derzhanovsky, kuyambira 1924 anakhala membala wa ASM. M'zaka izi, chikondi chinawonekera pa mavesi a A. Blok, A. Delvig, F. Tyutchev, 2 piano sonatas, m'ma 30s. Wolembayo akutembenukira ku mtundu wa quartet, akuyesetsa mowona mtima kuyankha zofuna za demokalase za moyo wa proletarian, amapanga nyimbo zambiri. Komabe, symphony nthawi zonse imakhala patsogolo. Mu 20s. 5 aiwo adalengedwa, mzaka khumi zikubwerazi, 11 enanso. Zoonadi, si onse omwe ali ndi luso lofanana, koma mu nyimbo zabwino kwambiri za Myaskovsky amakwaniritsa nthawi yomweyo, mphamvu ndi ulemu, popanda zomwe, malinga ndi iye, palibe nyimbo kwa iye.
Kuchokera ku symphony kupita ku symphony, munthu amatha kutsata momveka bwino chizolowezi cha "kuphatikiza", chomwe Asafiev adachitcha "mafunde awiri - kudzidziwa wekha ... Myaskovsky mwiniwake adalemba za ma symphonies "omwe nthawi zambiri amawalemba pamodzi: olimba kwambiri m'maganizo ... komanso ocheperako." Chitsanzo cha choyamba ndi Chakhumi, chomwe "chinali yankho ... ku lingaliro losautsa kwa nthawi yayitali ... - kupereka chithunzi cha chisokonezo chauzimu cha Eugene kuchokera ku Pushkin's Bronze Horseman." Chikhumbo cha chiganizo chodziwika bwino ndi chikhalidwe cha Eighth Symphony (kuyesera kukhala ndi chithunzi cha Stepan Razin); chakhumi ndi chiwiri, chokhudzana ndi zochitika zamagulu; wakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, wodzipereka ku kulimba mtima kwa oyendetsa ndege a Soviet; Chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, cholembedwa cha brass band. Pakati pa ma symphonies a 20-30s. Zofunikira kwambiri ndi zachisanu ndi chimodzi (1923) ndi makumi awiri ndi chimodzi (1940). The Sixth Symphony ndi yomvetsa chisoni kwambiri komanso yovuta pazomwe zili. Zithunzi za revolutionary element zimalumikizidwa ndi lingaliro la nsembe. Nyimbo za symphony ndizodzaza ndi zosiyana, zosokonezeka, zopupuluma, mpweya wake umatenthedwa mpaka malire. Chachisanu ndi chimodzi cha Myaskovsky ndi chimodzi mwazolemba zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zanthawiyo. Ndi ntchito iyi, "lingaliro lalikulu la nkhawa moyo, chifukwa kukhulupirika kwake akulowa mu symphony Russian" (Asafiev).
Kumverera komweko kumadzazidwa ndi Twenty-First Symphony. Koma amasiyanitsidwa ndi kudziletsa kwakukulu kwamkati, kukhazikika, ndi kukhazikika. Lingaliro la wolemba limakhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo, limafotokoza za iwo mwachikondi, moona mtima, ndi kukhudza kwachisoni. Mitu ya symphony imadzazidwa ndi mawu a nyimbo za ku Russia. Kuchokera pa makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, njira yafotokozedwa mpaka yotsiriza, Twenty-seventh Symphony, yomwe inamveka pambuyo pa imfa ya Myaskovsky. Njirayi imadutsa mu ntchito ya zaka za nkhondo, yomwe Myaskovsky, monga olemba onse a Soviet, amatanthauza mutu wa nkhondo, kuwonetserako popanda kunyada ndi njira zabodza. Umu ndi momwe Myaskovsky adalowa m'mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za Soviet, woona mtima, wosanyengerera, waluntha weniweni wa ku Russia, yemwe maonekedwe ake ndi zochita zake zinali chizindikiro cha uzimu wapamwamba kwambiri.
O. Averyanova
- Nikolai Myaskovsky: anaitanidwa →
