Lyra: kufotokoza kwa chida, zikuchokera, mbiri, phokoso, ntchito, kusewera njira

Pali mawu otchuka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kuganizira za chiyambi chawo. Ndakatulo, nthabwala, nyimbo, zokambirana zitha kukhala zanyimbo - koma kodi epithet iyi ikutanthauza chiyani? Nanga liwu lomveka bwino lakuti “lyric” linachokera kuti m’zinenero zosiyanasiyana?

Kodi lira ndi chiyani

Maonekedwe a epithet yauzimu ndi mawu akuti umunthu amachokera kwa Agiriki akale. Zeze ndi chida choimbira, chomwe chinali gawo la maphunziro a nzika za Greece Yakale. Chiwerengero cha zingwe pa lyre yachikale chinali zisanu ndi ziwiri, molingana ndi chiwerengero cha mapulaneti, ndipo chimaimira mgwirizano wa dziko.

Motsatizana ndi zezezo, nyimbo za epic solo zidawerengedwa pagulu komanso ntchito zamakanema ang'onoang'ono m'magulu osankhidwa, motero dzina la mtundu wa ndakatulo - mawu. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, liwu loti lyra limapezeka mwa wolemba ndakatulo Archilochus - zopezekazo zidayamba chapakati pazaka za m'ma XNUMX BC. Agiriki adagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa kuti atchule zida zonse za banja la lyre, otchuka kwambiri mwa iwo - kupanga, komwe kumatchulidwa mu Iliad, barbit, cithara ndi helis (kutanthauza kamba mu Greek).

Chida chakale chodulidwa ndi zingwe, chofanana ndi zeze chodziwika bwino m'mabuku akale, masiku ano chimatchedwa chizindikiro cha luso loimba, chizindikiro chapadziko lonse cha ndakatulo ndi magulu ankhondo.

Chida chipangizo

Kalata wa zingwe anatengera mawonekedwe ake ozungulira kuchokera ku zinthu zoyamba zopangidwa ndi chigoba cha kamba. Thupi lathyathyathyalo linali lophimbidwa ndi chikopa cha ng’ombe, chokhala ndi nyanga ziwiri za ambalape kapena zopindika zamatabwa m’mbali mwake. Kumtunda kwa nyangazo kunali mtanda wopingasa.

Pansanjika yomalizidwayo, yomwe inkaoneka ngati kolala, ankakoka zingwe zautali wofanana kuchokera m’matumbo a nkhosa kapena m’kansalu, fulakesi, kuyambira 3 mpaka 11. Anazimanga pamtengowo ndi pathupipo. Pochita zisudzo, Agiriki ankakonda zida za zingwe 7. Panalinso 11-12-zingwe ndi zosiyana 18-zingwe zoyeserera.

Mosiyana ndi Agiriki ndi Aroma, zikhalidwe zina zakale za ku Mediterranean ndi Near Eastern nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito quadrangular resonator.

Pambuyo pake anzawo a kumpoto kwa Ulaya nawonso anali ndi kusiyana kwawo. Zeze zakale kwambiri zaku Germany zomwe zidapezeka m'zaka za m'ma 1300, ndipo rotta yaku Scandinavia idayamba ku XNUMX. Rotta ya ku Germany yakale imapangidwa molingana ndi mfundo zomwezo monga zitsanzo za Hellenic, koma thupi, mizati ndi crossbar amajambula kuchokera ku matabwa olimba.

History

Muzojambula ndi ziboliboli zakale, Apollo, Muses, Paris, Eros, Orpheus, ndipo, ndithudi, mulungu Hermes amawonetsedwa ndi zeze. Agiriki ananena kuti chida choyamba chinapangidwa ndi munthu wokhala ku Olympus. Malinga ndi nthano, mulungu wakale wakhanda anavula matewera ake nanyamuka kukaba ng’ombe zopatulika za mulungu wina, Apollo. Ali m'njira, mwana wopusa adapanga zeze ndi kamba ndi ndodo. Zakuba zitadziwika, Hermes adachita chidwi kwambiri ndi Apollo ndi luso lake kotero kuti adamusiyira ng'ombe ndikutenga chidole choyimbacho. Choncho, Agiriki amatcha chida chachipembedzo Apollonian, mosiyana ndi Dionysian wind aulos.

Chida choimbira chofanana ndi kolala chikuwonetsedwa pazinthu zakale za anthu a ku Middle East, Sumer, Rome, Greece, Egypt, zomwe zimatchulidwa kuti "kinnor" mu Torah. M’chigawo cha Sumeriya cha Uri, azeze akale anasungidwa m’manda, imodzi mwa iyo inali ndi zizindikiro za zikhomo 11. Chida chofanana cha 2300 chazaka zakubadwa chinapezeka ku Scotland, chomwe chimawoneka ngati mchira. Zeze amaonedwa ngati kholo la zoimbira zazingwe zingapo zamakono.

kugwiritsa

Chifukwa cha ndakatulo za Homer, tsatanetsatane wasungidwa momwe zida zoimbira zidathandizira moyo wa anthu a Mycenaean kumapeto kwa 2nd Millennium BC. Nyimbo za zingwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita ntchito limodzi, polemekeza milungu, maholide wamba achi Greek, nkhani zosiyirana ndi maulendo achipembedzo.

Alakatuli ndi oimba ankaimba nyimbo zotsatizana ndi azeze pamisonkhano yolemekeza kupambana pankhondo, mpikisano wamasewera, ndi Sewero la Pythian. Popanda kutsagana ndi olemba ndakatulo, zikondwerero zaukwati, maphwando, kukolola mphesa, miyambo ya maliro, miyambo yapakhomo ndi zisudzo za zisudzo sizikanatheka. Oimba adagwira nawo gawo lofunika kwambiri la moyo wauzimu wa anthu akale - maholide polemekeza milungu. Dithyrambs ndi nyimbo zina zotamanda zinali kuwerengedwa podula zingwe.

Kuphunzira kuimba zeze kunagwiritsidwa ntchito polera mbadwo watsopano wogwirizana. Aristotle ndi Plato anaumirira kufunika kwa nyimbo popanga umunthu. Kuimba chida choimbira kunali chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa maphunziro a Agiriki.

Kuyimba zeze

Kunali chizolowezi kugwirizira chidacho molunjika, kapena kupendekera kutali ndi inu, pafupifupi pamakona a 45 °. Owerenga adayimirira kapena atakhala. Ankasewera ndi fupa lalikulu la mafupa, akugwedeza zingwe zina, zosafunikira ndi dzanja lawo laulere. Chingwe chinalumikizidwa ku plectrum.

Kusintha kwa chida chakale kunkachitika motsatira sikelo ya masitepe 5. Njira yoimbira zoimbira zamitundumitundu ndi yodziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Komanso, mulingo wa zingwe 7 unkasungidwa m'banja lonse la zingwe.

Mipikisano yambiri idatsutsidwa ngati yochulukirapo, zomwe zimatsogolera ku polyphony. Kuyambira woimba m'nthawi zakale ankafuna kudziletsa mu kagwiridwe ntchito ndi olemekezeka okhwima. Kuimba kwa zeze kunali kwa amuna ndi akazi. Chiletso chokhacho cha jenda chinali ndi cithara chokhala ndi matabwa akuluakulu - anyamata okha ndi omwe amaloledwa kuphunzira. Oimba omwe ali ndi kitharas (kifarods) adayimba ndakatulo za Homer ndi mavesi ena a hexametric kuti apange nyimbo zoimbidwa mwapadera - nome.