Zojambulajambula |

Kukongoletsa (Chijeremani Stilisierung, kalembedwe ka French, kuchokera ku Latin stylus, Greek stulos - ndodo yolembera pamapiritsi opaka phula, kulemba, syllable) - kusangalatsa mwadala kwapadera. mawonekedwe a nyimbo k.-l. anthu, nthawi yolenga, luso. mayendedwe, kaŵirikaŵiri kalembedwe ka wolemba payekha m'ntchito, za mtundu wina kapena wosakhalitsa wosanjikiza, wa kulenga. umunthu ndi zaluso zina. zoikamo. S. sali wofanana ndi kukopa miyambo, pamene anakhazikitsa luso. zikhalidwe zimasamutsidwa ku zokhudzana ndi zachilengedwe kwa iwo (mwachitsanzo, kupitiriza kwa miyambo ya Beethoven mu ntchito ya I. Brahms), komanso kutsanzira, ndiko kukopera kopanda khalidwe latsopano (mwachitsanzo, nyimbo zachikalekale). mtundu wa F. Lachner) ndikusintha mosavuta kutsanzira. Mosiyana ndi iwo, S. amatengera kuchotsedwa kwa chitsanzo chosankhidwa ndi kusinthidwa kwa chitsanzo ichi kukhala chinthu cha fano, chinthu chotsanzira (mwachitsanzo, suite mu kalembedwe kakale "Kuchokera ku Times of Holberg" op. 40 Grieg). Mlembi wa S. amakonda kumuchitira ngati chinachake chimene chagona kunja, kukopa ndi zachilendo zake, koma akukhalabe patali - osakhalitsa, dziko, munthu stylistic; S. amasiyana ndi kutsatira mwambo osati kugwiritsa ntchito, koma kutulutsa zomwe zidapezeka kale, osati mwachilengedwe. kugwirizana nacho, koma kulengedwanso kwa icho kunja kwa chikhalidwe chimene chinachibala. chilengedwe; chiyambi cha S. chiri mu chikhalidwe chake chachiwiri (popeza S. ndi zosatheka popanda kutsata machitidwe omwe alipo kale). M'kati mwa S. stylized zochitika kukhala kosatha. pamlingo wocheperako wokhazikika, ndiko kuti, wofunika osati kwambiri mwa iwo okha, koma monga onyamula tanthauzo lophiphiritsa. Kuti zojambulajambula izi ziwonekere, mphindi ya "kusiyana" ndiyofunikira (mawu a VB Shklovsky, omwe amatanthauza zikhalidwe zomwe zimaphwanya "kuzindikira kodziwikiratu" ndikupangitsa munthu kuwona china chake mwachilendo), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonekere. kukonzanso, chikhalidwe chachiwiri cha C.

Mphindi yofooketsa yotereyi imatha kukhala kukokomeza mawonekedwe apachiyambi (mwachitsanzo, mu No 4 ndi No 7 kuchokera ku Ravel's Noble and Sentimental Waltzes, pali chithumwa cha Viennese chochulukirapo kuposa choyambirira cha Viennese, ndipo Madzulo a Debussy ku Grenada amaposa Chisipanishi chenicheni. nyimbo), kuyambika kwa kalembedwe kachilendo kwa iwo. zinthu (mwachitsanzo, zosagwirizana ndi masiku ano pakuwukitsa kwakale kwa gawo lachiwiri la sonata ya piano ndi Stravinsky) komanso ngakhale nkhani yakeyo (momwe, mwachitsanzo, gawo lalikulu la kuvina kwa stylized mu Minuet ya Taneyev likuwululidwa) , komanso pazochitika zolondola kwambiri zobereketsa - mutu (fp. wa sewero "Mwa njira ya ... Borodin, Chabrier" ndi Ravel, "Tribute to Ravel" ndi Honegger). Kunja kwa kusokoneza, S. imataya tsatanetsatane wake. khalidwe komanso - kutengera kuchita mwaluso - kumayandikira choyambirira (kutulutsanso zidziwitso zonse za nyimbo yodziwika bwino ya "Chorus of the Villages" kuchokera mu sewero lachinayi la opera "Prince Igor" yolemba Borodin; nyimbo ya Lyubasha kuchokera pachiwonetsero choyamba cha opera. "Mkwatibwi wa Tsar" ndi Rimsky-Korsakov).

S. ali ndi malo ofunikira mu dongosolo lonse la nyimbo. ndalama. Amalemeretsa luso la nthawi yake ndi dziko lake ndi zisudzo. zopezedwa za nyengo ndi mayiko ena. Kubwerera m'mbuyo kwa semantics ndi kusowa kwatsopano koyambirira kumalipidwa ndi ma semantics okhazikika okhudzana ndi kuyanjana. Kuwonjezera apo, S. imafuna chikhalidwe chapamwamba ponse paŵiri kwa oyambitsa ake (kupanda kutero S. sichimakwera pamwamba pa mlingo wa eclecticism) ndi kwa womvetsera, amene ayenera kukhala wokonzeka kuyamikira "nyimbo za nyimbo." Kudalira kusonkhanitsa chikhalidwe ndi mphamvu ndi kufooka kwa S.: zoperekedwa kwa luntha ndi kukoma kotukuka, S. nthawi zonse amachokera ku chidziwitso, koma motero amapereka nsembe mwamsanga maganizo ndi zoopsa kukhala zomveka.

Cholinga cha S. chikhoza kukhala pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya nyimbo. Nthawi zambiri zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za nyimbo zonse za mbiri yakale zimasinthidwa kukhala stylized. nthawi kapena chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za dziko (kumveka komveka bwino mu chikhalidwe cha kwaya ya polyphony yolembedwa mwamphamvu mu Wagner's Parsifal; Lalo's Russian Concerto ya violin ndi okhestra). Misewu yomwe idapita kale nthawi zambiri imasinthidwa. Mitundu (Gavotte ndi Rigaudon kuchokera ku Prokofiev's Ten Pieces for limba, op. 12; Hindemith's madrigals for choir a cappella), nthawi zina amapanga (pafupifupi mawonekedwe a Haydnian sonata mu Prokofiev's Classical Symphony) ndi nyimbo. njira (khalidwe la mitu yama polyphonic ya nthawi ya Baroque, maziko amutu, kukulitsa motsatizana ndi kutsiriza magawo mu mutu woyamba wa fugue kuchokera ku Stravinsky's Symphony of Psalms). Mawonekedwe a kalembedwe ka wolemba payekha amapangidwanso kaŵirikaŵiri (kusintha kwa Mozart mu opera Mozart ndi Salieri ndi Rimsky-Korsakov; "devilish pizzicato" ya Paganini mu kusiyana kwa 1 kuchokera ku Rhapsody ya Rachmaninov pa Mutu wa Paganini; zongopeka za Bambo zafala kwambiri mu nyimbo zamagetsi). Nthawi zambiri, k.-l. ndi stylized. nyimbo. Chilankhulo: kukhumudwa kwa harmonic. miyambo (zokumbukira nyimbo ya modal diatonic "Ronsard - to his soul" yolembedwa ndi Ravel), rhythmic. ndi tsatanetsatane wa kapangidwe kake (kuyenda kozama mu mzimu wa JB Lully wofuna "19 Violins of the King" m'mawu oyamba a Stravinsky's Apollo Musagete; kutsagana ndi "chikondi" mu duet ya Natasha ndi Sonya kuchokera pachiwonetsero choyamba cha opera "War and the World" ndi Prokofiev), ogwira ntchito (zida zamakedzana za ballet "Agon" ndi Stravinsky) ndi kalembedwe kachitidwe ("Nyimbo ya ashug" mu kalembedwe ka mugham kuchokera ku opera "Almast". "Wolemba Spendiarov), timbre ya chida (phokoso la psaltery lopangidwanso ndi kuphatikiza kwa zeze ndi piyano kumayambiriro kwa opera "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila", magitala - kuphatikiza zeze ndi violin yoyamba makamaka. gawo la "Jota of Aragon" la Glinka). Pomaliza, S. amagonja ku chinthu china chochulukirapo - mtundu kapena malingaliro omwe amakhalapo mozama kwambiri kuposa kukhala ndi ma prototypes enieni (mavinidwe am'magawo aku China ndi Arabic kuchokera ku ballet The Nutcracker by Tchaikovsky; Old Castle" "Zithunzi pa Chiwonetsero" cha Mussorgsky; kusinkhasinkha mwaulemu m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages mu "Epic Song" kuchokera ku "Nyimbo Zitatu za Don Quixote mpaka Dulcinea" pa mawu ndi piyano Ravel). Choncho, mawu akuti "S". ali ndi mithunzi yambiri, ndipo mndandanda wake wa semantic ndi waukulu kwambiri kotero kuti malire enieni a lingaliro la S. amachotsedwa: m'mawonetseredwe ake ovuta kwambiri, S. mwina amakhala osadziwika bwino ndi stylized, kapena ntchito zake zimakhala zosadziwika bwino ndi ntchito za nyimbo iliyonse.

S. ndi mbiri yakale. Izo sizinali ndipo sizikanakhoza kukhala mu preclassic. Nthawi ya mbiri ya nyimbo: oimba a Middle Ages, ndipo mbali ina ya Renaissance, sanadziwe kapena kuyamikira payekha wolembayo, akugwirizanitsa kufunikira kwakukulu kwa luso la kuchita ndi kulemberana kwa nyimbo ku liturgical yake. kusankhidwa. Komanso ambiri nyimbo. maziko a zikhalidwe izi, kukwera Ch. ayi. ku nyimbo ya Gregorian, adatsutsa kuthekera kwa "stylistic". madontho.” Ngakhale mu ntchito ya JS Bach, yodziwika ndi munthu wamphamvu, amakhala pafupi ndi nyimbo zamtundu wokhwima, mwachitsanzo. kutengera kwakwaya kwa "Durch Adams Fall ist ganz verderbt", osati S., koma kulemekeza miyambo yakale, koma osati yakufa (nyimbo yachipulotesitanti). Zakale za Viennese, zomwe zimalimbitsa kwambiri gawo la stylistic. kuyambira, nthawi yomweyo wotanganidwa kwambiri zilandiridwenso. udindo wotsekera C: osakongoletsedwa, koma adaganizanso mwaluso Nar. Mitundu yamitundu yolembedwa ndi J. Haydn, njira zaku Italy. bel canto wolemba WA ​​Mozart, nyimbo zoyimba za Great French. kusintha kwa L. Beethoven. Pa gawo la S. ayenera kukonzanso zakunja. Makhalidwe akummawa. nyimbo (mwina chifukwa cha chidwi cha Kum'mawa motengera zochitika zandale zakunja za nthawiyo), nthawi zambiri zosewerera ("ng'oma yaku Turkey" mu rondo alla turca kuchokera ku sonata ya piano A-dur, K.-V. 331, Mozart ; "Chorus Janissaries" kuchokera ku opera ya Mozart "The Abduction from the Seraglio"; ziwerengero zoseketsa za "alendo ochokera ku Constantinople" mu opera "Pharmacist" yolembedwa ndi Haydn, ndi zina). Siziwoneka kawirikawiri ku Ulaya. nyimbo kale ("Gallant India" lolemba Rameau), kum'mawa. zachilendo kalekale anakhalabe chikhalidwe. chinthu chokhazikika S. mu nyimbo za opera (CM Weber, J. Wiese, G. Verdi, L. Delibes, G. Puccini). Chikondi, ndi chidwi chake chowonjezereka ku kalembedwe ka munthu, mtundu wa m'deralo, ndi mlengalenga wa nthawiyo, zinatsegula njira yofalitsira S. .(mwachitsanzo, Chopin) , “Paganini”, “German Waltz” kuchokera ku “Carnival” ya pianoforte Schumann). Thin S. amapezeka mu Russian. olemba (mwachitsanzo, duet Lisa ndi Polina, interlode "Kuona mtima wa m'busa" ku opera "Mfumukazi Spades" ndi Tchaikovsky; nyimbo alendo ochokera ku opera "Sadko" ndi Rimsky-Korsakov: mu nyimbo. wa mlendo wa Vedenets, malinga ndi VA Tsukkerman, S. polyphony ya kalembedwe yokhwima imasonyeza nthawi, ndi mtundu wa barcarolle - malo ochitirapo kanthu). Rus. Kwa mbali zambiri, nyimbo za Kum'mawa sizingatchulidwe kuti S., kotero kuti ku Russia kunali kumvetsetsa kwa mzimu wa dera lakum'maŵa komanso mbiri yakale ya kum'mawa (ngakhale kumveka bwino, kusakhala ndi ethnography, kulondola). Komabe, modabwitsa, masamba a "kum'maŵa mopitirira" mu opera "Golden Cockerel" ndi Rimsky-Korsakov akhoza kuwerengedwa ngati S.

S. adalandira chitukuko chachikulu m'zaka za zana la 20 zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi zizolowezi zamakono zamakono. nyimbo. Mmodzi mwa makhalidwe ake ofunika kwambiri (ndipo ambiri makhalidwe a zamakono) ndi universalism, mwachitsanzo, chidwi mu nyimbo zikhalidwe pafupifupi eras ndi anthu. Chidwi pa zinthu zauzimu zomwe zapezedwa m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages sizimasonyezedwa kokha pakuchita kwa G. de Machaux’s Play ya Robin ndi Marion, komanso popanga Respighi’s Gregorian Violin Concerto; kuyeretsedwa ku zoipa zamalonda. Jazz Akuyimira C. Negro. nyimbo mu fp. Debussy Preludes, Op. M. Ravel. Momwemonso, nyimbo zamakono za intellectualism ndi malo opangira chitukuko cha machitidwe a stylistic, makamaka ofunika mu nyimbo za neoclassicism. Neoclassicism ikuyang'ana chithandizo pakati pa kusakhazikika kwamakono. moyo pakubala nkhani, mawonekedwe, njira zomwe zakhala zikuyesa nthawi, zomwe zimapangitsa S. (m'magawo ake onse) kukhala mawonekedwe aluso lozizira kwambiri. Pomaliza, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mtengo wazithunzithunzi zamakono. zojambulajambula zimapanga kufunikira kwakukulu kwa S., wopatsidwa mwachibadwa ndi khalidwe lofunika kwambiri la comic - luso loyimira zochitika za stylized phenomenon mu mawonekedwe okokomeza. Chifukwa chake, m'njira yanthabwala, mndandandawo udzafotokozera. mwayi woimba. S. ndi yotakata kwambiri: nthabwala zobisika muzambiri mopitilira muyeso "Mukutsanzira Albeniz" za FP. Shchedrin, FP wochenjera. kuyambika ndi Cuba A. Taño ("Kwa Oyimba Ojambula", "National Composers", "Expressionist Composers", "Pointillist Composers"), nyimbo yosangalatsa ya ma tempuleti a opera mu Prokofiev's The Love for Three Oranges, yopanda chikhalidwe, koma "Mavra" wokongola kwambiri wa Stravinsky, wojambula "Zisomo Zitatu" ndi Slonimsky pa piyano. ("Botticelli" ndi mutu womwe umaimiridwa ndi "nyimbo za kuvina kwa Renaissance", "Rodin" ndi kusiyana kwa 2nd mu kalembedwe ka Ravel, "Picasso" ndi kusiyana kwa 2 "pansi pa Stravinsky"). Mu nyimbo zamakono za S. zikupitiriza kukhala ntchito yofunika kwambiri yolenga. kulandira. Choncho, S. (nthawi zambiri mu chikhalidwe cha akale concerti grossi) akuphatikizidwa mu collages (mwachitsanzo, mutu stylized "pambuyo Vivaldi" mu 1st kayendedwe ka symphony A. Schnittke amanyamula katundu semantic chimodzimodzi monga mawu oyambitsidwa mu nyimbo) . Mu 70s. kalembedwe ka "retro" kalembedwe kawonekedwe, komwe, mosiyana ndi zovuta zam'mbuyo zam'mbuyomu, zikuwoneka ngati kubwereranso kumayendedwe osavuta; S. apa akusungunuka kukhala pempho ku mfundo zofunika za muses. chinenero - ku "tonality yoyera", katatu.

Zothandizira: Troitsky V. Yu., Stylization, m'buku: Mawu ndi Image, M., 1964; Savenko S., Pafunso la mgwirizano wa kalembedwe ka Stravinsky, posonkhanitsa: IF Stravinsky, M., 1973; Kon Yu., Pafupifupi ma fugues awiri a I. Stravinsky, m'gulu: Polyphony, M., 1975.

TS Kyuregyan