Svyatoslav Teofilovych Richter (Sviatoslav Richter) |

Sviatoslav Richter

Mphunzitsi wa Richter, Heinrich Gustavovich Neuhaus, nthaŵi ina analankhula za msonkhano woyamba ndi wophunzira wake wam’tsogolo kuti: “Ophunzira anapempha kuti amvetsere kwa mnyamata wa ku Odessa amene anafuna kuloŵa m’kalasi lathu losungiramo mabuku. "Kodi wamaliza kale sukulu yoimba?" Ndidafunsa. Ayi, sanaphunzire kulikonse. Ndikuvomereza kuti yankho limeneli linali lododometsa. Munthu amene sanaphunzire za nyimbo anali kupita kumalo osungiramo zinthu zakale! .. Zinali zosangalatsa kuyang'ana daredevil. Ndipo kotero iye anabwera. Mnyamata wamtali, wowonda, watsitsi labwino, wamaso abuluu, wokhala ndi nkhope yowoneka bwino, yokongola modabwitsa. Iye anakhala pansi pa piyano, naika manja ake aakulu, ofewa, amanjenje pa makiyi, nayamba kuyimba. Anasewera mosasamala, ndinganene, ngakhale momveka bwino komanso mosamalitsa. Masewero ake nthawi yomweyo adandigwira ndikulowa modabwitsa mu nyimbo. Ndinanong'oneza wophunzira wanga kuti, "Ndikuganiza kuti ndi woimba waluso." Pambuyo pa Beethoven's Twenty-Eighth Sonata, mnyamatayo adayimba nyimbo zake zingapo, zowerengedwa kuchokera papepala. Ndipo aliyense amene analipo ankafuna kuti azisewera kwambiri ... Kuyambira tsiku limenelo, Svyatoslav Richter anakhala wophunzira wanga. (Neigauz GG Reflections, memory, diaries // Zolemba zosankhidwa. Makalata opita kwa makolo. S. 244-245.).

Choncho, njira mu luso lalikulu la mmodzi wa zisudzo lalikulu la nthawi yathu - Svyatoslav Teofilovich Richter anayamba si kawirikawiri. Nthawi zambiri, panali zachilendo zambiri mu mbiri yake yaukadaulo ndipo panalibe zambiri zomwe zimazolowerana ndi anzake ambiri. Asanakumane ndi Neuhaus, kunalibe tsiku ndi tsiku, chisamaliro chachifundo chachifundo, chomwe ena amamva kuyambira ali mwana. Panalibe dzanja lolimba la mtsogoleri ndi mlangizi, palibe maphunziro okonzedwa mwadongosolo pa chidacho. Panalibe zochitika zamakono za tsiku ndi tsiku, maphunziro ovuta komanso aatali, kupita patsogolo kwa njira kuchokera ku sitepe kupita ku sitepe, kuchokera ku kalasi kupita ku kalasi. Panali chilakolako chokonda nyimbo, kufufuza modzidzimutsa, kosalamulirika kwa luso lodziphunzitsa lokha kuseri kwa kiyibodi; panali kuwerenga kosalekeza kuchokera papepala la ntchito zosiyanasiyana (makamaka opera claviers), kuyesa kosalekeza kulemba; m'kupita kwa nthawi - ntchito ya woperekeza pa Odessa Philharmonic, ndiye pa Opera ndi Ballet Theatre. Panali maloto okondedwa akukhala wotsogolera - ndi kuwonongeka kosayembekezereka kwa mapulani onse, ulendo wopita ku Moscow, kupita ku Conservatory, ku Neuhaus.

Mu November 1940, sewero loyamba la Richter wazaka 25 linachitika pamaso pa anthu mumzinda waukulu. Zinali kupambana kopambana, akatswiri ndi anthu anayamba kulankhula za chinthu chatsopano, chochititsa chidwi mu piyano. Kuyamba kwa November kunatsatiridwa ndi zoimbaimba zambiri, imodzi yodabwitsa komanso yopambana kwambiri kuposa ina. (Mwachitsanzo, masewero a Richter a First Concerto ya Tchaikovsky pa umodzi wa madzulo a symphony mu Great Hall of the Conservatory anali ndi kumveka kwakukulu.) Kutchuka kwa woimba piyano kunafalikira, kutchuka kwake kunakula kwambiri. Koma mosayembekezereka, nkhondo inalowa m'moyo wake, moyo wa dziko lonse ...

Moscow Conservatory inasamutsidwa, Neuhaus anachoka. Richter adatsalira mu likulu - njala, theka lachisanu, lopanda anthu. Pazovuta zonse zomwe zidagwera anthu m'zaka zimenezo, adawonjezera zake: kunalibe malo ogona okhazikika, zida zake. (Anzake adabwera kudzapulumutsa: m'modzi mwa oyamba ayenera kutchedwa wokonda komanso wodzipereka waluso la Richter, wojambula AI Troyanovskaya). Ndipo komabe inali nthawi iyi yomwe adalimbikira kuyimba piyano, movutirapo kuposa kale.

M'magulu oimba, amaganiziridwa kuti: masewera olimbitsa thupi asanu, asanu ndi limodzi tsiku lililonse ndizochitika zochititsa chidwi. Richter amagwira ntchito pafupifupi kawiri. Pambuyo pake, adzanena kuti "kwenikweni" anayamba kuphunzira kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka makumi anayi.

Kuyambira July 1942, misonkhano ya Richter ndi anthu wamba inayambanso. Mmodzi wa olemba mbiri ya Richter akulongosola nthaŵi imeneyi motere: “Moyo wa wojambula umasanduka masewero opitirizabe popanda kupuma ndi kupuma. Konsati pambuyo konsati. Mizinda, masitima apamtunda, ndege, anthu… Oimba atsopano ndi okonda atsopano. Ndipo kachiwiri rehearsals. Zoimbaimba. Maholo athunthu. Kupambana kwabwino. ”… (Delson V. Svyatoslav Richter. - M., 1961. S. 18.). Koma chodabwitsa n’chakuti woimba piyano amangoimba zambiri; anadabwa bwanji kwambiri adabweretsedwa pabwalo ndi iye panthawiyi. Nyengo za Richter - ngati mungayang'ane m'mbuyo pa gawo loyambirira la mbiri ya wojambulayo - zosatha, zowoneka bwino pamapulogalamu ake amitundumitundu. Zidutswa zovuta kwambiri za piano repertoire amaphunzitsidwa ndi woimba wachinyamata m'masiku ochepa chabe. Choncho, mu January 1943, iye anachita Prokofiev Seventh Sonata mu konsati lotseguka. Ambiri mwa anzake akanatenga miyezi kukonzekera; ena mwa aluso komanso odziwa zambiri atha kuzichita m'masabata. Richter adaphunzira sonata ya Prokofiev mu… masiku anayi.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1945, Richter anali mmodzi mwa anthu otchuka kwambiri m’gulu la nyenyezi la oimba piyano ku Soviet Union. Kumbuyo kwake kuli chipambano pa All-Union Competition of Performing Musicians (1950), omaliza maphunziro aluso kuchokera ku Conservatory. (Mlandu wosowa m'mayunivesite oimba a metropolitan: imodzi mwa makonsati ake ambiri mu Great Hall of the Conservatory idawerengedwa ngati mayeso a boma kwa Richter; pankhaniyi, "oyesa" anali unyinji wa omvera, omwe kuwunika kwawo. Kutsatira kutchuka kwa dziko lonse la Union Union kumabweranso: kuyambira XNUMX, maulendo oimba piyano akunja adayamba - ku Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, ndipo kenako ku Finland, USA, Canada. , England, France, Italy, Japan ndi mayiko ena. Kutsutsa kwa nyimbo kumayenderana kwambiri ndi luso la ojambula. Pali zoyesayesa zambiri zowunikira lusoli, kumvetsetsa kalembedwe kake, mawonekedwe ake, mawonekedwe ake ndi mawonekedwe ake. Zingawoneke ngati chinthu chosavuta: chifaniziro cha wojambula Richter ndi chachikulu kwambiri, cholembedwa mu ndondomeko, choyambirira, mosiyana ndi ena ...

Pali matanthauzo ambiri, ziweruzo, mawu, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zingapangidwe za Richter monga woimba nyimbo; zowona mwa iwo okha, aliyense payekhapayekha, iwo - akaphatikizidwa - mawonekedwe, mosasamala kanthu za zodabwitsa, chithunzi chopanda chikhalidwe chilichonse. Chithunzi "chambiri", pafupifupi, chosadziwika bwino, chopanda tanthauzo. Zowona zazithunzi (uyu ndi Richter, ndipo palibe wina) sangathe kukwaniritsidwa ndi chithandizo chawo. Tiyeni titenge chitsanzo ichi: owunikira alemba mobwerezabwereza za nyimbo zazikulu, zopanda malire za woyimba piyano. Zowonadi, Richter amasewera pafupifupi nyimbo zonse za piyano, kuchokera ku Bach kupita ku Berg komanso kuchokera ku Haydn kupita ku Hindemith. Komabe, kodi iye yekha? Ngati ife tiyamba kulankhula za m'lifupi ndi kulemera kwa repertoire ndalama, ndiye Liszt, ndi Bülow, ndi Joseph Hoffmann, ndipo, ndithudi, mphunzitsi wamkulu chakumapeto Anton Rubinstein, amene anachita mu wotchuka "Historical Concerts" kuchokera pamwamba. zikwi mazana atatu (!) ntchito za sevente naini olemba. Zili m'manja mwa ambuye ena amakono kuti apitirize mndandandawu. Ayi, kungonena kuti pazikwangwani za wojambulayo mungapeze pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe amapangira piyano sichikupangitsa Richter kukhala Richter, sichimatsimikizira nyumba yosungiramo katundu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Kodi luso la woimbayo, luso lake lapamwamba kwambiri, silimasonyeza zinsinsi zake? Zowonadi, kufalitsa kosowa kwambiri kokhudza Richter kumachita popanda mawu okhudzidwa okhudza luso lake loyimba piyano, luso lokwanira komanso lopanda malire la chidacho, ndi zina zambiri. M'zaka za Horowitz, Gilels, Michelangeli, Gould, zingakhale zovuta kusankha mtsogoleri wokhazikika paukadaulo wa piyano. Kapena, izo zinanenedwa pamwambapa za khama lodabwitsa la Richter, kusatha kwake, kuswa malingaliro onse achizolowezi ogwira ntchito. Komabe, ngakhale pano si iye yekha wa mtundu wake, pali anthu mu dziko nyimbo amene angatsutsane naye pankhaniyi komanso. (Zinanenedwa za Horowitz wachichepere kuti sanaphonye mwayi woyeserera pa kiyibodi ngakhale paphwando.) Iwo amati Richter pafupifupi samakhutitsidwa konse ndi iyemwini; Sofronitsky, Neuhaus, ndi Yudina anazunzidwa kwamuyaya chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chilengedwe. (Ndipo ndi mizere yotani yodziwika bwino - sizingatheke kuiwerenga popanda chisangalalo - yomwe ili m'modzi mwa makalata a Rachmaninov: "Palibe wotsutsa padziko lapansi, Zambiri mwa ine kukayikira kuposa ine…”) ndiye fungulo la “phenotype” ndi chiyani (A phenotype (phaino - I am a type) ndi kuphatikiza kwa zizindikiro zonse ndi katundu wa munthu yemwe wapanga pakukula kwake.), monga momwe katswiri wa zamaganizo anganenere, Richter wojambulayo? Zomwe zimasiyanitsa chodabwitsa chimodzi muzoimba nyimbo ndi china. Mu mawonekedwe dziko lauzimu woimba piyano. Mu stock izo umunthu. Mu maganizo ndi maganizo zili mu ntchito yake.

Luso la Richter ndi luso la zilakolako zamphamvu, zazikulu. Pali ochita masewera angapo omwe kusewera kwawo kumasangalatsa khutu, kosangalatsa ndi kuthwanima kokongola kwa zojambulazo, "kukongola" kwamitundu yomveka. Kuchita kwa Richter kumadabwitsa, ndipo ngakhale kudabwitsa omvera, kumamuchotsa mumkhalidwe wanthawi zonse wamalingaliro, kumasangalatsa mpaka kukuya kwa moyo wake. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, kutanthauzira kwa woyimba piyano wa Beethoven's Appassionata kapena Pathetique, Liszt's B minor sonata kapena Transcendental Etudes, Brahms's Second Piano Concerto kapena Tchaikovsky's First, Schubert's Wanderer kapena Mussorgsky Zithunzi pa Chiwonetsero zinali zodabwitsa mu nthawi yawo. , ntchito zingapo zolembedwa ndi Bach, Schumann, Frank, Scriabin, Rachmaninov, Prokofiev, Szymanowski, Bartok… Kuchokera kumakonsati okhazikika a Richter nthawi zina amatha kumva kuti akukumana ndi zochitika zachilendo, osati zachilendo pamasewera a woyimba piyano: nyimbo, nthawi yayitali komanso yodziwika bwino, imawoneka ngati ingakhale mukukulitsa, kuwonjezereka, kusintha masikelo. Chilichonse chimakhala chokulirapo, chokulirapo, chofunikira kwambiri… Andrei Bely adanenapo kuti anthu, kumvetsera nyimbo, amapeza mwayi wowona zomwe zimphona zimamva ndikukumana nazo; Omvera a Richter akudziŵa bwino mmene wolemba ndakatuloyo ankaganizira.

Umu ndi momwe Richter analili kuyambira ali wamng'ono, umu ndi momwe amawonekera pa nthawi yake. Kamodzi, kumbuyo mu 1945, adasewera pa mpikisano wa All-Union "Wild Hunt" ndi Liszt. Mmodzi mwa oimba a ku Moscow yemwe analipo nthawi yomweyo akukumbukira kuti: "... Tisanakhale woimba wa titan, zinkawoneka kuti zinapangidwa kuti zikhale ndi fresco yamphamvu yachikondi. Kuthamanga kwambiri kwa tempo, kuwonjezereka kwamphamvu, kupsa mtima koopsa ... Ndinkafuna kugwira mkono wa mpando kuti ndithane ndi chiwawa cha diabolical cha nyimboyi ... " (Adzhemov KX Zosaiwalika. - M., 1972. S. 92.). Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, Richter adasewera mu imodzi mwa nyengo zingapo zoyambira ndi ma fugues ndi Shostakovich, Myaskovsky's Third Sonata, ndi Eighth ya Prokofiev. Ndipo kachiwiri, monga m'masiku akale, kukanakhala koyenera kulemba mu lipoti lovuta: "Ndinkafuna kugwira mkono wa mpando wanga ..." - mwamphamvu kwambiri, wokwiya kwambiri anali mphepo yamkuntho yamaganizo yomwe inagwedezeka mu nyimbo za Myaskovsky, Shostakovich, kumapeto kwa mkombero Prokofiev.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Richter nthawi zonse ankakonda, nthawi yomweyo komanso kusandulika kwathunthu, kuti atenge womvera kudziko lamtendere, lopanda kusinkhasinkha, nyimbo za "nirvana", ndi maganizo okhazikika. Kudziko lodabwitsali komanso lovuta kulipeza, pomwe chilichonse chimangogwira ntchito - zovundikira, nsalu, zinthu, zipolopolo - zimazimiririka kale, zimasungunuka popanda m'mbali, zomwe zimangotulutsa kuwala kwauzimu kwamphamvu kwambiri, kokwana chikwi. Ndilo dziko la ma prelude ndi ma fugues ambiri a Richter ochokera ku Bach's Good Tempered Clavier, piyano yomaliza ya Beethoven (koposa zonse, Arietta wanzeru wochokera ku opus 111), magawo ocheperako a sonatas a Schubert, ndakatulo zafilosofi za Brahms, zojambula zomveka bwino zamaganizidwe. a Debussy ndi Ravel. Kutanthauzira kwa mabukuwa kunachititsa kuti mmodzi wa openda ndemanga akunja alembe kuti: “Richter ndi woyimba piyano wosamala modabwitsa. Nthawi zina zimawoneka kuti ntchito yonse yoimba nyimbo imachitika yokha. (Delson V. Svyatoslav Richter. - M., 1961. S. 19.). Wotsutsa adatenga mawu olunjika bwino.

Kotero, "fortissimo" yamphamvu kwambiri pazochitika za siteji ndi "pianissimo" wolodza ... Kuyambira kale zadziwika kuti wojambula nyimbo, kaya woyimba piyano, woyimba violini, woimba, ndi zina zotero, amangosangalatsa malinga ndi momwe phale lake lilili. zosangalatsa - zazikulu, zolemera, zosiyanasiyana - zomverera. Zikuoneka kuti ukulu wa Richter monga woimba konsati si mu mphamvu ya maganizo ake, amene anaonekera makamaka mu unyamata wake, komanso mu nthawi ya 50s ndi 60s, komanso mosiyana awo moona Shakespearean. kusinthasintha kwakukulu: kunjenjemera - filosofi yozama, kutengeka kwachisangalalo - bata ndi kulota, kuchitapo kanthu - kuyang'ana mozama komanso kovuta.

Ndizosangalatsa kuzindikira panthawi imodzimodziyo kuti palinso mitundu yotereyi m'mikhalidwe yaumunthu yomwe Richter, monga wojambula, wakhala akuipewa ndi kuipewa. Mmodzi mwa ofufuza ozindikira kwambiri pa ntchito yake, Leninrader LE Gakkel nthawi ina adadzifunsa yekha funso: ndi chiyani mu luso la Richter? ayi? (Funso, poyang'ana koyamba, ndi losavuta komanso lachilendo, koma kwenikweni ndilovomerezeka, chifukwa kupezeka chinachake nthawi zina chimadziwika ndi umunthu waluso kwambiri kuposa kukhalapo kwake mu maonekedwe ake ndi zina zotero.) Mu Richter, Gakkel akulemba kuti, "... palibe chithumwa, kukopa; ku Richter kulibe chikondi, chinyengo, kusewera, nyimbo yake ilibe chikondi ... " (Gakkel L. Kwa nyimbo ndi anthu // Nkhani za nyimbo ndi oimba.—L .; M .; 1973. P. 147.). Wina angapitirize: Richter sakonda kwambiri kuwona mtima, ubwenzi wachinsinsi umene wosewera wina amatsegula moyo wake kwa omvera - tiyeni tikumbukire Cliburn, mwachitsanzo. Monga wojambula, Richter si m'modzi wa "otseguka", alibe chikhalidwe chochuluka (Cortot, Arthur Rubinstein), palibe khalidwe lapaderali - tiyeni titchule kuti kuvomereza - zomwe zimasonyeza luso la Sofronitsky kapena Yudina. Malingaliro a woimba ndi apamwamba, okhwima, ali ndi zonse zofunikira komanso filosofi; chinthu china - kaya kukhala wachifundo, wachifundo, wachifundo ... - nthawi zina amasowa. Neuhaus nthawi ina analemba kuti "nthawi zina, ngakhale kawirikawiri" analibe "umunthu" ku Richter, "mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu wauzimu wa ntchito" (Neigauz G. Reflections, memory, diaries. S. 109.). Palibe mwangozi, mwachiwonekere, kuti pakati pa zidutswa za piyano palinso zomwe woyimba piyano, chifukwa cha umunthu wake, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuposa ena. Pali olemba, njira yomwe nthawi zonse imakhala yovuta kwa iye; openda, mwachitsanzo, akhala akutsutsana kwa nthawi yayitali za "vuto la Chopin" muzojambula za Richter.

Nthawi zina anthu amafunsa: ndi chiyani chomwe chimalamulira muzojambula za ojambula - kumva? ndinaganiza? (Pa "touchstone" iyi yachikhalidwe, monga mukudziwira, mikhalidwe yambiri yoperekedwa kwa oimba podzudzula nyimbo imayesedwa). Palibe chimodzi kapena chinacho - ndipo izi ndizodabwitsa kwa Richter pazopanga zake zabwino kwambiri. Nthawi zonse anali kutali kwambiri ndi kutengeka kwa ojambula okondana komanso malingaliro opanda pake omwe ochita "zanzeru" amapangira zomanga zawo. Ndipo osati kokha chifukwa chakuti kulinganiza ndi kumvana kuli mu chikhalidwe cha Richter, mu chirichonse chimene chiri ntchito ya manja ake. Nachi chinthu china.

Richter ndi wojambula wamakono chabe. Monga ambuye ambiri azikhalidwe zoimba m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, malingaliro ake opanga ndikuphatikiza kwanzeru komanso malingaliro. Chinthu chimodzi chokha chofunikira. Osati kaphatikizidwe kachikale ka kumverera kotentha ndi ganizo lodekha, lolinganizika, monga momwe zinalili kaŵirikaŵiri m’mbuyomo, koma, m’malo mwake, umodzi waluso loyaka moto, loyera loyera. maganizo ndi nzeru, watanthauzo kumverera. ("Kumverera kumakhala kwanzeru, ndipo malingaliro amatenthetsa kwambiri kotero kuti amakhala chokumana nacho chakuthwa" (Mazel L. Pa kalembedwe Shostakovich // Mbali za kalembedwe Shostakovich. - M., 1962. P. 15.)- mawu awa a L. Mazel, kufotokoza chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za dziko lamakono mu nyimbo, nthawi zina zimawoneka kuti zikunenedwa mwachindunji za Richter). Kumvetsetsa zomwe zikuwoneka ngati zododometsa kumatanthauza kumvetsetsa chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakutanthauzira kwa woyimba piyano pa ntchito za Bartók, Shostakovich, Hindemith, Berg.

Ndipo chinthu china chosiyanitsa cha ntchito za Richter ndi bungwe lomveka bwino lamkati. Zinanenedwa kale kuti muzonse zomwe zimachitika ndi anthu muzojambula - olemba, ojambula, ochita zisudzo, oimba - "Ine" wawo waumunthu nthawi zonse amawala; Homo sapiens imadziwonetsera muzochita, kuwala kupyolera mu izo. Richter, monga ena amamudziwira, salola kuwonetsa kusasamala, malingaliro osasamala ku bizinesi, mwachilengedwe samalekerera zomwe zingagwirizane ndi "njira" ndi "mwanjira ina." Kukhudza kosangalatsa. Kumbuyo kwake kuli zokamba za anthu zikwizikwi, ndipo chilichonse chinawerengedwa ndi iye, cholembedwa m'mabuku apadera: kuti adasewera kuti ndi liti. Chizoloŵezi chobadwa nacho chadongosolo lokhwima ndi kudziletsa - m'matanthauzira a woyimba piyano. Chilichonse mwa iwo chimakonzedwa mwatsatanetsatane, kuyezedwa ndi kugawidwa, chirichonse chiri chomveka bwino: mu zolinga, njira ndi njira zowonetsera siteji. Lingaliro la Richter la kulinganiza zinthu ndi lodziwika kwambiri mu ntchito zamitundu yayikulu zomwe zikuphatikizidwa m'gulu la ojambula. Monga Tchaikovsky's First Piano Concerto (chojambula chodziwika bwino ndi Karajan), Concerto yachisanu ya Prokofiev ndi Maazel, Concerto Yoyamba ya Beethoven ndi Munsch; ma concertos ndi sonata cycles ndi Mozart, Schumann, Liszt, Rachmaninoff, Bartok ndi olemba ena.

Anthu amene ankamudziwa bwino Richter ananena kuti pa maulendo ake ambirimbiri, poyendera mizinda ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana, sanaphonye mwayi wokayang’ana m’bwalo la zisudzo; Opera ali pafupi kwambiri ndi iye. Iye ndi wokonda kwambiri mafilimu a kanema, filimu yabwino kwa iye ndi chisangalalo chenicheni. Zimadziwika kuti Richter ndi wokonda kujambula kwa nthawi yaitali komanso wokonda kwambiri: adadzijambula yekha (akatswiri amatsimikizira kuti anali wokondweretsa komanso waluso), adakhala maola ambiri m'nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale kutsogolo kwa zojambula zomwe ankakonda; nyumba yake nthawi zambiri ankatumikira kwa vernissages, ziwonetsero za ntchito ndi uyu kapena wojambula. Ndipo chinthu chinanso: kuyambira ali wamng'ono sanasiyidwe ndi chilakolako cha mabuku, anali ndi mantha ndi Shakespeare, Goethe, Pushkin, Blok ... izi zimawunikira ntchito ya Richter ndi kuwala kwapadera, kumapanga phenomenon.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo—chinthu chinanso chododometsa m’luso la woimba piyano!— “Ine” la “Richter” lotchulidwa ngati munthu samadzinenera kukhala wodetsedwa m’ntchito yolenga. M'zaka zapitazi za 10-15 izi zakhala zikuwonekera kwambiri, zomwe, komabe, zidzakambidwa pambuyo pake. Ambiri mwina, nthawi zina amaganiza pa zoimbaimba woimba, kukanakhala kuyerekeza munthu-munthu mu kumasulira kwake ndi pansi pa madzi, wosaoneka mbali ya madzi oundana: lili ndi mphamvu matani ambiri, ndi maziko a zomwe zili pamwamba. ; kuchokera m'maso, komabe, zabisika - ndipo kwathunthu ... zowonekera ndi mawonekedwe a siteji yake. Ponena za woyimba piyano, m'modzi mwa owunikira adatchulapo mawu odziwika bwino a Schiller: matamando apamwamba kwambiri kwa wojambula ndikuti timayiwala za iye kumbuyo kwa zolengedwa zake; zikuwoneka ngati zopita kwa Richter - ndi amene amakupangitsani kuyiwala iye mwini pa zomwe amachita… Mwachiwonekere, zina mwachilengedwe za luso la woyimba zimamveka pano - kalembedwe, katchulidwe kake, ndi zina zotero. Kuphatikiza apo, apa pali maziko opangira luso.

Apa ndipamene wina, mwinamwake luso lodabwitsa kwambiri la Richter monga woimba nyimbo, limayambira - kuthekera kobadwanso mwachibadwa. Crystallized mwa iye ku madigiri apamwamba a ungwiro ndi luso lapamwamba, amamuika pamalo apadera mu gulu la anzake, ngakhale otchuka kwambiri; m’chimenechi ali pafupifupi wosapambana. Neuhaus, yemwe ananena kuti kusintha kwa masitayelo pamasewera a Richter ndi gulu la akatswiri apamwamba kwambiri aluso, analemba pambuyo pa imodzi mwa ma clavirabends ake kuti: "Pamene ankaimba Schumann pambuyo pa Haydn, chirichonse chinakhala chosiyana: limba inali yosiyana, phokoso linali losiyana; nyimboyo inali yosiyana, mawonekedwe a mawu anali osiyana; ndipo zikuwonekeratu chifukwa chake - anali Haydn, ndipo ameneyo anali Schumann, ndipo S. Richter momveka bwino adakwanitsa kuphatikizira muzochita zake osati mawonekedwe a wolemba aliyense, komanso nthawi yake ” (Neigauz G. Svyatoslav Richter // Reflections, kukumbukira, diaries. P. 240.).

Palibe chifukwa cholankhula za kupambana kosalekeza kwa Richter, kupambana kwake kumakulirakulira (chododometsa chotsatira komanso chomaliza) chifukwa anthu nthawi zambiri saloledwa kusirira madzulo a Richter chilichonse chomwe amachikonda madzulo a anthu ambiri otchuka “ ma aces" a piyano: osati mu ukoma wa zida zowolowa manja, kapena "zokongoletsa" zomveka bwino, kapena "konsati" yodabwitsa ...

Izi nthawi zonse zakhala zodziwika mumayendedwe a Richter - kukana mwatsatanetsatane chilichonse chokopa, chodzikuza (zaka za makumi asanu ndi awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu zokha zidapangitsa kuti izi zitheke). Chilichonse chomwe chingasokoneze omvera kuchokera ku chinthu chachikulu komanso chachikulu mu nyimbo - kuganizira zoyenera zisangalaloNdipo ayi zotheka. Kusewera momwe Richter amasewerera mwina sikukwanira pazochitika zokhazokha, ziribe kanthu momwe zingakhalire zazikulu; chikhalidwe chimodzi chokha chaluso - ngakhale chapadera pamlingo; Luso lachilengedwe - ngakhale lalikulu ... Apa pali chinthu china chofunikira. Chocholoŵana china cha mikhalidwe ndi mikhalidwe yaumunthu. Anthu amene amam’dziŵa bwino Richter amalankhula ndi mawu amodzi ponena za kudzichepetsa kwake, kusachita chidwi, kusakonda chilengedwe, moyo, ndi nyimbo.

Kwa zaka makumi angapo, Richter wakhala akupita patsogolo mosalekeza. Zingaoneke ngati akupitirizabe mosavuta komanso mosangalala, koma zoona zake n’zakuti amadutsa m’ntchito zosatha, zopanda chifundo, zankhanza. Maola ambiri a makalasi, omwe tafotokozedwa pamwambapa, akadali chikhalidwe cha moyo wake. Pazaka zambiri zasintha pano. Pokhapokha ngati nthawi yochulukirapo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chida. Pakuti Richter amakhulupirira kuti ndi zaka sikoyenera kuchepetsa, koma kuonjezera kulenga - ngati mumadzipangira cholinga chokhalabe "mawonekedwe" ...

M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, zochitika zambiri zosangalatsa ndi zopambana zidachitika mu moyo wa kulenga wa wojambula. Choyamba, munthu sangalephere kukumbukira Madzulo a December - chikondwererochi chamtundu wina (nyimbo, zojambula, ndakatulo), zomwe Richter amapereka mphamvu ndi mphamvu zambiri. Madzulo a December, omwe akhala akuchitika kuyambira 1981 ku Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, tsopano akhala achikhalidwe; chifukwa cha wailesi ndi wailesi yakanema, apeza omvera ambiri. Mitu yawo ndi yosiyana siyana: zachikale ndi zamakono, zaluso zaku Russia ndi zakunja. Richter, woyambitsa ndi wolimbikitsa wa "Madzulo", amafufuza kwenikweni chilichonse panthawi yokonzekera: kuyambira kukonzekera mapulogalamu ndi kusankha kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali mpaka osafunikira, zikuwoneka, zambiri ndi zazing'ono. Komabe, palibe zocheperapo kwa iye pankhani ya luso. "Zinthu zing'onozing'ono zimapanga ungwiro, ndipo ungwiro si chinthu chaching'ono" - mawu awa a Michelangelo akhoza kukhala epigraph yabwino kwambiri pazochitika za Richter ndi ntchito zake zonse.

Pa Madzulo a December, mbali ina ya talente ya Richter inawululidwa: pamodzi ndi wotsogolera B. Pokrovsky, adatenga nawo mbali pakupanga masewero a B. Britten Albert Herring ndi The Turn of the Screw. “Svyatoslav Teofilovich ankagwira ntchito kuyambira m’bandakucha mpaka usiku,” akukumbukira motero mkulu wa Museum of Fine Arts I. Antonova. "Anachita zoyeserera zambiri ndi oimba. Ndinkagwira ntchito ndi zounikira, adayang'ana babu lililonse, chilichonse mpaka chaching'ono kwambiri. Iye mwiniyo anapita ndi wojambulayo ku laibulale kuti akasankhe zozokota zachingerezi kuti apange sewerolo. Sindinakonde zovalazo - ndinapita ku kanema wawayilesi ndikufufuza mchipinda chobvala kwa maola angapo mpaka ndidapeza zomwe zidamuyenerera. Mbali yonse ya siteji idaganiziridwa ndi iye.

Richter akuyendabe kwambiri ku USSR ndi kunja. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1986, iye anapereka pafupifupi 150 zoimbaimba. Nambalayo ndi yodabwitsa kwambiri. Pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri, zomwe zimavomera konsati. Kuposa, mwa njira, "chizoloŵezi" cha Svyatoslav Teofilovich mwiniwake - poyamba, monga lamulo, sanapereke ma concert oposa 120 pachaka. Misewu ya maulendo a Richter mu 1986 yomweyi, yomwe inaphimba pafupifupi theka la dziko lapansi, inkawoneka yochititsa chidwi kwambiri: zonse zinayamba ndi zisudzo ku Ulaya, kenako ndikuyenda ulendo wautali wa mizinda ya USSR (chigawo cha ku Ulaya cha dziko). Siberia, Far East), ndiye - Japan, kumene Svyatoslav Teofilovich anali 11 solo clavirabends - komanso zoimbaimba ku dziko lakwawo, koma tsopano mu dongosolo n'zosiyana, kuchokera kum'mawa mpaka kumadzulo. Chinachake chamtunduwu chinabwerezedwa ndi Richter mu 1988 - mndandanda wautali womwewo wa mizinda ikuluikulu komanso osati yaikulu kwambiri, mndandanda womwewo wa machitidwe osalekeza, osatha omwewo akusuntha kuchoka kumalo kupita kumalo. "Chifukwa chiyani mizinda yambiri komanso iyi?" Svyatoslav Teofilovich kamodzi anafunsidwa. “Chifukwa sindinazisewerabe,” anayankha motero. "Ndikufuna, ndikufuna kuwona dzikolo. […] Kodi mukudziwa chomwe chimandikopa? chidwi cha malo. Osati “kuyendayenda”, koma ndi zimenezo. Nthawi zambiri, sindimakonda kukhala motalika pamalo amodzi, paliponse ... Palibe chodabwitsa muulendo wanga, palibe chochita, ndi chikhumbo changa.

Me chidwi, izi zoyenda. Geography, zomveka zatsopano, zatsopano - izi ndi mtundu wa luso. Ndicho chifukwa chake ndimakhala wokondwa ndikachoka pamalo ena ndipo padzakhala zina yatsopano. Apo ayi moyo suli wosangalatsa.” (Rikhter Svyatoslav: "Palibe chodabwitsa paulendo wanga.": Kuchokera pamakalata oyendayenda a V. Chemberdzhi // Sov. Music. 1987. No. 4. P. 51.).

Kuchulukirachulukira mukuchita kwa Richter kwachitika posachedwa popanga nyimbo zophatikiza chipinda. Nthawi zonse wakhala wosewera wabwino kwambiri, ankakonda kuchita ndi oimba ndi oimba; m'zaka za makumi asanu ndi awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu izi zinadziwika kwambiri. Svyatoslav Teofilovich nthawi zambiri amasewera ndi O. Kagan, N. Gutman, Yu. Bashmet; pakati pa anzake wina akhoza kuona G. Pisarenko, V. Tretyakov, Borodin Quartet, magulu a achinyamata motsogoleredwa ndi Y. Nikolaevsky ndi ena. A mtundu wa gulu la zisudzo zosiyanasiyana zapaderazi unapangidwa mozungulira iye; Otsutsa anayamba kuyankhula, osati popanda njira zina, za "mlalang'amba wa Richter"... Mwachibadwa, kusintha kwa chilengedwe kwa oimba omwe ali pafupi ndi Richter makamaka ali pansi pa chikoka chake chachindunji ndi champhamvu - ngakhale kuti sangayesetse kuchita izi. . Ndipo komabe… Kudzipereka kwake kwapafupi pantchito, luso lake la kulenga, cholinga chake sichingaphatikizepo, kuchitira umboni achibale a woyimba piyano. Kulankhulana naye, anthu amayamba kuchita zomwe, zimawoneka ngati zopanda mphamvu ndi luso lawo. “Iye wasokoneza kusiyana pakati pa kuyeserera, kuyeseza ndi konsati,” akutero katswiri wa maseŵero, N. Gutman. “Oimba ambiri amaona nthawi ina kuti ntchitoyo yakonzeka. Richter wangoyamba kumene kugwira ntchito pakadali pano. ”

Zambiri zikuchitika mu "mochedwa" Richter. Koma mwinamwake koposa zonse - chilakolako chake chosatha cha kupeza zinthu zatsopano mu nyimbo. Zikuwoneka kuti ndi kuchuluka kwake kwakukulu - bwanji kuyang'ana zomwe sanachitepo kale? Ndikofunikira? ... Ndipo komabe mu mapulogalamu ake a zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu makumi asanu ndi atatu (20) ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu (XNUMX) munthu angapeze ntchito zatsopano zomwe sanazichitepo kale - mwachitsanzo, Shostakovich, Hindemith, Stravinsky, ndi olemba ena. Kapena mfundo iyi: kwa zaka zoposa XNUMX motsatizana, Richter anachita nawo chikondwerero cha nyimbo mumzinda wa Tours (France). Ndipo palibe kamodzi pa nthawiyi pomwe adabwerezanso m'mapulogalamu ake ...

Kodi kaseweredwe ka woyimba piyano kasintha posachedwapa? Kapangidwe kake kosangalatsa? Inde ndi ayi. Ayi, chifukwa mu Richter wamkulu adakhalabe yekha. Maziko a luso lake ndi okhazikika komanso amphamvu pakusintha kulikonse. Nthawi yomweyo, zina mwazokonda zomwe adasewera m'zaka zapitazi zakhala zikupitilirabe ndikukula masiku ano. Choyamba - "kusatsimikizika" kumeneko kwa Richter wojambula, yemwe watchulidwa kale. Chikhalidwe chimenecho, chapadera cha machitidwe ake, chifukwa chake omvera amamva kuti ali mwachindunji, maso ndi maso, kukumana ndi olemba ntchito zomwe zachitidwa - popanda womasulira kapena mkhalapakati. Ndipo zimapangitsa chidwi kwambiri monga momwe zilili zachilendo. Palibe amene angafanane ndi Svyatoslav Teofilovich ...

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, n'zosatheka kuti tisaone kuti kutsindika kwa Richter monga womasulira - kusagwirizana kwa ntchito yake ndi zonyansa zilizonse - zimakhala ndi zotsatira ndi zotsatira zake. Chowonadi ndi chowona: m'matanthauzidwe angapo a woyimba piyano wazaka makumi asanu ndi awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu, wina nthawi zina amamva "kusungunuka" kwa malingaliro, mtundu wina wa "munthu wowonjezera" (mwina kungakhale kolondola kunena kuti "kupitirira". -umunthu") wa mawu oimba. Nthawi zina kusagwirizana kwamkati kuchokera kwa omvera omwe amawona chilengedwe kumadzipangitsa kumva. Nthawi zina, m'mapulogalamu ake ena, Richter ankawoneka ngati wojambula, osadzilola yekha - kotero, osachepera, zinkawoneka kuchokera kunja - zomwe zingapite kupyola bukhu lolemba kubwereza kolondola kwa zinthuzo. Timakumbukira kuti GG Neuhaus nthawi ina analibe "umunthu" mwa wophunzira wake wotchuka komanso wotchuka padziko lonse - "ngakhale kuti anali ndi luso lauzimu." Chilungamo chimafuna kuti tidziwike: zomwe Genrikh Gustavovich adalankhula sizinasowe ndi nthawi. M'malo mwake…

(N'zotheka kuti zonse zomwe tikukamba pano ndi zotsatira za ntchito ya Richter ya nthawi yayitali, yopitirira komanso yozama kwambiri. Ngakhale izi sizikanamukhudza iye.)

Zoona zake n'zakuti, ena mwa omverawo anaulula mosapita m'mbali kuti madzulo a Richter anamva kuti woyimba piyano ali kwinakwake kutali ndi iwo, ali pamtunda wina wake. Ndipo m'mbuyomu, Richter ankawoneka kwa ambiri ngati munthu wonyada ndi wolemekezeka wa wojambula-"wakumwamba", wa Olympian, wosafikirika ndi anthu ... Chopondapo chimawoneka chochititsa chidwi kwambiri, chokulirapo komanso ... chakutali.

Ndipo kupitirira. Pamasamba am'mbuyomo, chizolowezi cha Richter pakupanga kudzikuza, kudzifufuza, "filosofi" zidadziwika. ("Nyimbo zonse za nyimbo zimachitika mwa iye yekha"...) M'zaka zaposachedwa, akukwera pamwamba kwambiri pazauzimu kotero kuti zimakhala zovuta kwa anthu, makamaka mbali ina yake, kuti agwire. kukhudzana nawo mwachindunji. Ndipo kuwomba m'manja mwachidwi pambuyo pa zisudzo za wojambulayo sikusintha izi.

Zonse zomwe zili pamwambazi sizikudzudzula m'mawu achizolowezi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofala. Svyatoslav Teofilovich Richter ndi wofunika kwambiri pakupanga luso, ndipo zomwe amathandizira pazaluso zapadziko lonse lapansi ndizovuta kwambiri kuti tifikire pamiyezo yofunikira. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, palibe chifukwa chochoka kuzinthu zina zapadera, zokhazokha zokhazokha za maonekedwe. Komanso, amavumbula njira zina za zaka zambiri za chisinthiko chake monga wojambula komanso munthu.

Pamapeto pa zokambirana za Richter wa zaka za makumi asanu ndi awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu, ndizosatheka kuti musazindikire kuti Kuwerengera Kwaluso kwa woyimba piyano tsopano kwakhala kolondola komanso kotsimikizika. Mphepete mwa zomangira zomangira zomwe iye adapanga zidakhala zomveka bwino komanso zakuthwa. Chitsimikizo chomveka cha izi ndi mapulogalamu aposachedwa a Svyatoslav Teofilovich, ndi zolemba zake, makamaka zidutswa za Tchaikovsky's The Seasons, zojambula za Rachmaninov, komanso Quintet ya Shostakovich yokhala ndi "Borodinians".

… Achibale ake a Richter anena kuti pafupifupi sakhutira konse ndi zomwe wachita. Nthawi zonse amamva mtunda pakati pa zomwe amakwaniritsa pa siteji ndi zomwe angafune kuti akwaniritse. Pamene, pambuyo pa ma concerts ena, amauzidwa - kuchokera pansi pa mtima ndi udindo wonse wa akatswiri - kuti watsala pang'ono kufika malire a zomwe zingatheke poimba nyimbo, amayankha - momveka bwino komanso motsimikiza: ayi, ayi, Ine ndekha ndikudziwa momwe ziyenera kukhalira ...

Chifukwa chake, Richter amakhalabe Richter.

G. Tsypin, 1990