Tommaso Albinoni (Tomaso Albinoni) |
Thomas Albinoni
Mfundo zochepa chabe zimadziwika ponena za moyo wa T. Albinoni, woimba nyimbo za violin wa ku Italy. Iye anabadwira ku Venice m’banja lolemera la burgher ndipo, mwachiwonekere, iye amakhoza kuphunzira nyimbo modekha, osadera nkhaŵa kwenikweni za mkhalidwe wake wachuma. Kuchokera mu 1711, iye anasiya kulemba nyimbo zake "Venetian dilettante" (delettanta venete) ndipo amadzitcha yekha musico de violino, potero kutsindika kusintha kwake kukhala katswiri. Kuti ndi ndani amene Albinoni adaphunzira sizikudziwika. Amakhulupirira kuti J. Legrenzi. Pambuyo pa ukwati wake, wolemba anasamukira ku Verona. Mwachiwonekere, kwa nthawi ndithu ankakhala ku Florence - osachepera kumeneko, mu 1703, imodzi mwa ma opera ake inachitidwa (Griselda, momasuka. A. Zeno). Albinoni anapita ku Germany ndipo, mwachiwonekere, adadziwonetsa ngati mbuye wabwino kwambiri, chifukwa ndi iye amene anapatsidwa ulemu wolemba ndi kuchita ku Munich (1722) opera yaukwati wa Prince Charles Albert.
Palibenso china chomwe chimadziwika za Albinoni, kupatula kuti adafera ku Venice.
Ntchito za wolemba nyimbo zomwe zatsikira kwa ife ndizochepa - makamaka ma concerto ndi sonatas. Komabe, pokhala m'nthawi ya A. Vivaldi, JS Bach ndi GF Handel, Albinoni sanakhalebe m'magulu a olemba omwe mayina awo amadziwika okha ndi olemba mbiri ya nyimbo. M'masiku otsogola aukadaulo waku Italy waku Baroque, motsutsana ndi kumbuyo kwa ntchito ya akatswiri odziwika bwino a konsati ya XNUMX - theka loyamba lazaka za zana la XNUMX. - T. Martini, F. Veracini, G. Tartini, A. Corelli, G. Torelli, A. Vivaldi ndi ena - Albinoni adanena mawu ake ofunika kwambiri aluso, omwe patapita nthawi adawonedwa ndikuyamikiridwa ndi mbadwa.
Ma concerto a Albinoni amachitidwa kwambiri ndipo amalembedwa pamawu. Koma pali umboni wa kuzindikira ntchito yake pa nthawi ya moyo wake. Mu 1718, gulu linasindikizidwa ku Amsterdam, lomwe linaphatikizapo ma concerto 12 ndi olemba nyimbo otchuka kwambiri a ku Italy a nthawiyo. Zina mwa izo ndi concerto ya Albinoni mu G major, yabwino kwambiri m'gululi. Bach wamkulu, yemwe adaphunzira mosamala nyimbo za anthu a m'nthawi yake, adasankha ma sonatas a Albinoni, kukongola kwa pulasitiki kwa nyimbo zawo, ndipo analemba mawu ake omveka pa awiri a iwo. Umboni wopangidwa ndi dzanja la Bach ndi 6 sonatas ndi Albinoni (op. 6) wasungidwanso. Chifukwa chake, Bach adaphunzira kuchokera ku zolemba za Albinoni.
Tikudziwa 9 opus a Albinoni - pakati pawo m'zinthu za trio sonatas (op. 1, 3, 4, 6, 8) ndi kuzungulira kwa "symphonies" ndi concertos (op. 2, 5, 7, 9). Kupanga mtundu wa concerto grosso yomwe idapangidwa ndi Corelli ndi Torelli, Albinoni amakwaniritsa luso lapadera laukadaulo momwemo - mu pulasitiki yosinthira kuchokera ku tutti kupita ku solo (yomwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi 3), m'nyimbo zabwino kwambiri, zoyera zamayendedwe. Zoimbaimba op. 7 ndi op. 9, ena mwa iwo ndi oboe (op. 7 nos. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11), amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukongola kwapadera kwa nyimbo za solo. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa oboe concertos.
Poyerekeza ndi ma concerto a Vivaldi, kukula kwawo, mbali zabwino kwambiri za solo, zosiyana, mphamvu ndi chilakolako, ma concerto a Albinoni amadziwika chifukwa cha kukhwima kwawo, kumveka bwino kwa nsalu za orchestral, melodism, luso la njira zosokoneza (choncho Bach) , chofunika kwambiri, kuti pafupifupi kuonekera konkire wa zithunzi zojambulajambula, amene munthu akhoza kulingalira chikoka cha opera.
Albinoni analemba za 50 operas (kuposa Handel wolemba opera), amene anagwira ntchito pa moyo wake wonse. Tikayang'ana maudindo ("Cenobia" - 1694, "Tigran" - 1697, "Radamisto" - 1698, "Rodrigo" - 1702, "Griselda" - 1703, "Abandoned Dido" - 1725, etc.), komanso ndi mayina a omasulira (F. Silvani, N. Minato, A. Aureli, A. Zeno, P. Metastasio) chitukuko cha opera mu ntchito ya Albinoni chinayenda molunjika kuchokera ku baroque opera kupita ku classic opera seria ndi, motero, kuti opukutidwa otchulidwa opera, zimakhudza, kwambiri crystallinity, momveka, amene anali akamanena za lingaliro la opera seria.
Mu nyimbo za Albinoni's instrumental concertos, kupezeka kwa zithunzi za opaleshoni kumamveka bwino. Kukwezedwa mu kamvekedwe kawo kotanuka kamvekedwe kake, allegri yayikulu yamayendedwe oyambira amafanana ndi ngwazi zomwe zimatsegula machitidwe opangira. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, mutu wa nyimbo za orchestra wa tutti wotsegulira, khalidwe la Albinoni, pambuyo pake linayamba kubwerezedwanso ndi olemba ambiri a ku Italy. Zomaliza zazikulu za ma concerto, malinga ndi chikhalidwe ndi mtundu wa zinthu, zimabwereza chisangalalo cha zochitika za opera (op. 7 E 3). Tizigawo zing’onozing’ono za ma concerto, zokongola kwambiri chifukwa cha kukongola kwawoko, zimagwirizana ndi nyimbo ya lamento opera arias ndipo zimayenderana ndi luso la mawu a nyimbo zachisoni a zisudzo za A. Scarlatti ndi Handel. Monga zimadziwika, kulumikizana pakati pa zida zoimbira ndi opera m'mbiri ya nyimbo mu theka lachiwiri la XNUMX - koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX kunali kwapamtima komanso kwatanthauzo. Mfundo yaikulu ya concerto - kusinthana kwa tutti ndi solo - kunalimbikitsidwa ndi kumanga opera arias (gawo la mawu ndi chida cha ritornello). Ndipo m'tsogolomu, kulimbikitsana kwa zisudzo ndi konsati yoyimba kunakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha mitundu yonse iwiriyi, ndikuwonjezereka pamene kuzungulira kwa sonata-symphony kunapangidwa.
Sewero la ma concerto a Albinoni ndilabwino kwambiri: magawo atatu (Allegro - Andante - Allegro) okhala ndi mawu omveka bwino pakati. Mu magawo anayi a sonatas ake (Manda - Allegro - Andante - Allegro), gawo lachitatu limakhala ngati likulu la nyimbo. Nsalu zopyapyala, zapulasitiki, zoimbira za nyimbo za Albinoni m'mawu ake aliwonse ndi zokopa kwa omvera amakono chifukwa changwiro, chokhwima, chopanda kukongola kokokomeza, komwe nthawi zonse kumakhala chizindikiro cha luso lapamwamba.
Y. Evdokimova
