Mikhail Izrailevich Vaiman |

Mikhail Vaiman

Ku zolemba za Oistrakh ndi Kogan, oimira odziwika kwambiri a sukulu ya violin ya Soviet, timawonjezera nkhani ya Mikhail Vayman. Mu ntchito ya Vaiman, mzere wina wofunikira kwambiri wa machitidwe a Soviet adawululidwa, womwe uli ndi tanthauzo lofunikira komanso lokongola.

Vayman anamaliza maphunziro a Leningrad School of violinists, amene anapanga oimba monga Boris Gutnikov, Mark Komissarov, Dina Shneiderman, Chibugariya Emil Kamillarov, ndi ena. Malinga ndi zolinga zake za kulenga, Vayman ndi munthu wochititsa chidwi kwambiri wofufuza. Uyu ndi woyimba violini yemwe akuyenda mu luso la malingaliro apamwamba. Amafuna mwachidwi kulowa mu tanthauzo lakuya la nyimbo zomwe amachita, ndipo makamaka kuti apeze mawu olimbikitsa momwemo. Ku Wyman, woganiza mu gawo la nyimbo amalumikizana ndi "wojambula wamtima"; luso lake ndi lotengeka maganizo, lanyimbo, limadzazidwa ndi mawu anzeru, nzeru zapamwamba za dongosolo la chikhalidwe chaumunthu. Sizodabwitsa kuti kusinthika kwa Wymann monga wosewera kunachokera ku Bach kupita kwa Frank ndi Beethoven, ndi Beethoven wa nthawi yotsiriza. Ichi ndi chidziwitso chake chodziwika bwino, chopangidwa ndi kupindula ndi kuzunzika chifukwa cha kulingalira kwautali pa zolinga ndi zolinga za luso. Iye ananena kuti luso la luso limafunikira “mtima woyera” ndiponso kuti kuyera maganizo ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa luso lochita zinthu louziridwadi. Chikhalidwe cha Mundane, - akutero Wyman, polankhula naye za nyimbo, - amatha kupanga zithunzi wamba zokha. Makhalidwe a wojambulayo amasiya chizindikiro chosafalika pa chilichonse chimene amachita.

Komabe, "kuyera", "kukwera" kungakhale kosiyana. Angatanthauze, mwachitsanzo, gulu lokonda kwambiri moyo. Kwa Wyman, malingaliro awa amalumikizana kwathunthu ndi lingaliro labwino la ubwino ndi choonadi, ndi umunthu, popanda luso lomwe lafa. Wyman amawona zaluso kuchokera pamakhalidwe abwino ndipo amawona iyi ngati ntchito yayikulu ya wojambulayo. Koposa zonse, Wyman amachita chidwi ndi "violinism", osati kutenthedwa ndi mtima ndi moyo.

M'zokhumba zake, Vayman ali m'mbali zambiri pafupi ndi Oistrakh wazaka zaposachedwa, komanso za violin zakunja - ku Menuhin. Amakhulupirira kwambiri luso la maphunziro a luso ndipo sasintha ntchito zomwe zimakhala ndi kuzizira, kukayikira, kunyoza, kuwola, zopanda pake. Iye ndi wachilendo kwambiri ku rationalism, constructivist abstractions. Kwa iye, luso ndi njira yodziwira zenizeni zenizeni kudzera pakuwululidwa kwa psychology ya anthu amasiku ano. Chidziwitso, kumvetsetsa mosamalitsa zochitika zaluso zimatengera njira yake yolenga.

Kuwongolera kulenga kwa Wyman kumatsogolera ku mfundo yakuti, pokhala ndi lamulo labwino kwambiri la masewero akuluakulu a konsati, amakhala wokonda kwambiri paubwenzi, womwe ndi njira yake yowonetsera malingaliro osadziwika bwino, mithunzi yaying'ono yamalingaliro. Chifukwa chake chikhumbo cha kaseweredwe kofotokozera, mtundu wa "mawu" omveka kudzera munjira zambiri za sitiroko.

Kodi Wyman angagawidwe m'magulu amtundu wanji? Kodi iye ndi ndani, "wachikale", malinga ndi kutanthauzira kwake kwa Bach ndi Beethoven, kapena "chikondi"? Kumene, chikondi mwa mawu a chikondi kwambiri maganizo a nyimbo ndi maganizo kwa izo. Zachikondi ndi kufunafuna kwake kwabwino kwambiri, ntchito yake yosangalatsa yoimba.

Mikhail Vayman anabadwa December 3, 1926 mu mzinda Ukraine wa Novy Bug. Ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, banja lake linasamukira ku Odessa, kumene woyimba zeze tsogolo anakhala ubwana wake. Bambo ake anali m'gulu la oimba odziwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, omwe anali ambiri panthawiyo m'madera; iye ankachititsa, kuimba violin, anapereka maphunziro violin, ndipo anaphunzitsa maphunziro ongopeka pa Odessa Music School. Amayi analibe maphunziro oimba, koma, ogwirizana kwambiri ndi malo oimba kudzera mwa mwamuna wake, ankafuna kuti mwana wake akhalenso woimba.

Kulankhulana koyamba kwa Mikhail wamng'ono ndi nyimbo kunachitika ku New Bug, kumene bambo ake anatsogolera gulu la zida zoimbira mphepo mumzinda wa House of Culture. Mnyamatayo nthawi zonse amatsagana ndi abambo ake, adazolowera kuimba lipenga ndipo adachita nawo masewera angapo. Koma mayiyo anatsutsa, poganiza kuti kunali kovulaza kwa mwana kuimba choimbira choombera. Kusamukira ku Odessa kunathetsa chizolowezi ichi.

Pamene Misha anali ndi zaka 8, anabweretsedwa kwa P. Stolyarsky; kudziwana kunatha ndi kulembetsa kwa Wyman ku sukulu ya nyimbo ya mphunzitsi wa ana odabwitsa. Sukulu ya Vaiman inaphunzitsidwa makamaka ndi wothandizira Stolyarsky L. Lembergsky, koma moyang'aniridwa ndi pulofesa mwiniwakeyo, yemwe nthawi zonse ankayang'ana momwe wophunzira waluso akukulirakulira. Izi zinapitirira mpaka 1941.

Pa July 22, 1941, bambo ake a Vayman analembedwa usilikali, ndipo mu 1942 anafera kunkhondo. Mayiyo anatsala yekha ndi mwana wake wamwamuna wazaka 15. Iwo analandira uthenga wa imfa ya bambo awo pamene anali kale kutali Odessa - mu Tashkent.

Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yomwe inasamutsidwa ku Leningrad inakhazikika ku Tashkent, ndipo Vayman analembetsa sukulu ya zaka khumi pansi pake, m'kalasi ya Pulofesa Y. Eidlin. Polembetsa mwamsanga m’giredi 8, mu 1944 Wyman anamaliza maphunziro a kusekondale ndipo nthaŵi yomweyo anakhoza mayeso a sukulu ya sekondale. Ku Conservatory, adaphunziranso ndi Eidlin, mphunzitsi wakuya, waluso, wozama kwambiri. Kuyenerera kwake ndikupangidwa kwa Wyman kwa mikhalidwe ya wojambula-woganiza.

Ngakhale panthawi ya maphunziro a kusukulu, adayamba kulankhula za Wyman monga woyimba zeze wodalirika yemwe ali ndi chidziwitso chonse kuti akhale woyimba payekha. Mu 1943, iye anatumizidwa ku ndemanga ya ophunzira luso nyimbo sukulu mu Moscow. Imeneyi inali ntchito yochititsa chidwi kwambiri imene inachitikira pamene nkhondoyo inkafika pachimake.

Mu 1944 Leningrad Conservatory anabwerera ku mzinda kwawo. Kwa Wyman, nyengo ya moyo ya Leningrad inayamba. Amakhala mboni ya chitsitsimutso chofulumira cha chikhalidwe chakale cha mzindawo, miyambo yake, imatenga mwachidwi zonse zomwe chikhalidwechi chimanyamula mwachokha - kuuma kwake kwapadera, kodzaza ndi kukongola kwamkati, maphunziro apamwamba, kukonda kwambiri mgwirizano ndi kukwanira. mawonekedwe, aluntha kwambiri. Makhalidwe amenewa amadzimveketsa bwino pakuchita kwake.

Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa moyo wa Wyman ndi 1945. Wophunzira wachinyamata wa Leningrad Conservatory amatumizidwa ku Moscow ku mpikisano woyamba wa All-Union pambuyo pa nkhondo ya oimba oimba ndikupambana diploma ndi ulemu kumeneko. M'chaka chomwecho, ntchito yake yoyamba inachitika mu Nyumba Yaikulu ya Leningrad Philharmonic ndi oimba. Anachita Concerto ya Steinberg. Kumapeto kwa konsati Yuri Yuriev, People's Artist wa USSR, anabwera ku chipinda chovala. “Mnyamata. adati, adakhudza. - lero ndi chiyambi chanu - kumbukirani mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku anu, chifukwa ili ndilo tsamba la mutu wa moyo wanu waluso. “Ndikukumbukira,” akutero Wyman. - Ndimakumbukirabe mawu awa ngati mawu olekanitsa a wosewera wamkulu, yemwe nthawi zonse amapereka luso lodzipereka. Kukanakhala kosangalatsa chotani nanga ngati ife tonse titanyamula m’mitima yathu kagawo kakang’ono ka kutentha kwake!”

Pa mayeso oyenerera kumpikisano wa International J. Kubelik ku Prague, womwe unachitikira ku Moscow, gulu lachisangalalo silinalole Vayman kuchoka pabwalo kwa nthawi yayitali. Chinali chipambano chenicheni. Komabe, pa mpikisano Wyman ankasewera zochepa bwino ndipo sanapambane malo amene akanatha kudalira pambuyo ntchito Moscow. Chotsatira chabwino koposa - mphotho yachiwiri - idapezedwa ndi Weimann ku Leipzig, komwe adatumizidwa ku 1950 ku J.-S. Bach. Oweruzawo adayamikira kumasulira kwake kwa ntchito za Bach kukhala zopambana m'malingaliro ndi kalembedwe.

Wyman amasunga mosamala ndondomeko ya golidi yomwe analandira pa mpikisano wa Mfumukazi Elisabeth wa Belgian ku Brussels mu 1951. Unali mpikisano wake womaliza komanso wowala kwambiri. Ofalitsa nyimbo zapadziko lonse adalankhula za iye ndi Kogan, yemwe adalandira mphotho yoyamba. Apanso, monga mu 1937, kupambana kwa oimba violin athu kunayesedwa ngati kupambana kwa sukulu yonse ya Soviet violin.

Pambuyo pa mpikisano, moyo wa Wyman umakhala wabwinobwino kwa wojambula konsati. Nthawi zambiri amayendayenda ku Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Federal Republic of Germany ndi German Democratic Republic (anali ku German Democratic Republic maulendo 19!); zoimbaimba ku Finland. Norway, Denmark, Austria, Belgium, Israel, Japan, England. Kulikonse kupambana kwakukulu, kuyamikira koyenera kwa luso lake lanzeru ndi lolemekezeka. Posachedwapa, Wyman adziwika ku United States, pomwe mgwirizano wapaulendo wake wasaina kale.

Mu 1966, wojambula wotchuka wa Soviet adalandira udindo wa Wojambula Wolemekezeka wa RSFSR.

Kulikonse komwe Wyman amachitira, masewera ake amawunikidwa ndi kutentha kodabwitsa. Amakhudza mitima, amakondwera ndi makhalidwe ake owonetserako, ngakhale kuti luso lake laukadaulo limawonetsedwa nthawi zonse mu ndemanga. "Kusewera kwa Mikhail Vayman kuyambira muyeso woyamba wa Bach Concerto mpaka kugunda komaliza mu ntchito ya bravura ya Tchaikovsky kunali zotanuka, zolimba, komanso zanzeru, chifukwa chake ali patsogolo pa oimba violin otchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Chinachake cholemekezeka kwambiri chinamveka mu chikhalidwe choyengedwa cha machitidwe ake. Woyimba violini waku Soviet sikuti ndi wanzeru chabe, komanso woyimba wanzeru komanso womvera ... "

“Mwachiwonekere, chinthu chofunika koposa m’maseŵera a Wyman ndicho chikondi, kukongola, chikondi. Kusuntha kumodzi kwa uta kumasonyeza malingaliro ambiri,” inatero nyuzipepala ya “Kansan Uutiset” (Finland).

Ku Berlin, mu 1961, Wymann adachita makonsati a Bach, Beethoven ndi Tchaikovsky ndi Kurt Sanderling pamalo otsogolera. "Konsatiyi, yomwe yakhaladi chochitika chenicheni, idatsimikizira kuti ubwenzi wa wotsogolera wolemekezeka Kurt Sanderling ndi wojambula wazaka 33 wa ku Soviet umachokera ku mfundo zaumunthu komanso zaluso."

Kudziko la Sibelius mu April 1965, Vayman anachita konsati ndi woimba wamkulu wa ku Finnish ndipo anakondweretsa ngakhale a Finns a phlegmatic ndi kusewera kwake. "Mikhail Vayman adadziwonetsa kuti ndi katswiri pamasewera ake a Sibelius Concerto. Anayamba ngati ali patali, moganizira, motsatira mosamalitsa kusinthako. Mawu a adagio adamveka bwino pansi pa uta wake. M’mawu omalizira, mkati mwa mayendedwe a liŵiro lachikatikati, iye anaseŵera ndi “fon aben” movutikira (modzikuza.— XNUMX. LR), monga momwe Sibelius adafotokozera malingaliro ake momwe gawoli liyenera kuchitikira. Kwa masamba omaliza, Wyman anali ndi zinthu zauzimu ndi luso la virtuoso wamkulu. Iye anawaponya pamoto, nasiya, komabe, malire (zolemba zam'mphepete, pakadali pano, zomwe zatsalira) ngati nkhokwe. Iye samawoloka konse mzere wotsiriza. Iye ndi virtuoso mpaka sitiroko yomaliza,” analemba motero Eric Tavastschera m’nyuzipepala ya Helsingen Sanomat pa April 2, 1965.

Ndipo ndemanga zina za otsutsa Finnish ndi ofanana: "Mmodzi wa virtuosos woyamba wa nthawi yake", "Mbuye Wamkulu", "Kuyera ndi impeccability luso", "Chiyambi ndi kukhwima kwa kutanthauzira" - awa ndi kuwunika ntchito Sibelius. ndi ma concerto a Tchaikovsky, omwe Vayman ndi Leningradskaya Orchestra philharmonics motsogozedwa ndi A. Jansons adayendera Finland mu 1965.

Wyman ndi woganiza nyimbo. Kwa zaka zambiri wakhala wotanganidwa ndi vuto la kutanthauzira kwamakono kwa ntchito za Bach. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, ndi kulimbikira komweko, adasintha kuti athetse vuto la cholowa cha Beethoven.

Movutikira, adasiya njira yokonda nyimbo za Bach. Kubwerera ku zoyambilira za sonatas, adafunafuna tanthauzo loyambirira mwa iwo, kuwachotsa patina za miyambo yakale yomwe idasiya kumvetsetsa kwawo nyimboyi. Ndipo nyimbo za Bach pansi pa uta wa Weimann zinalankhula mwanjira yatsopano. Idalankhula, chifukwa ma ligi osafunikira adatayidwa, ndipo kulengeza kwa kalembedwe ka Bach kudawululidwa. "Kubwereza nyimbo" - umu ndi momwe Wyman adachitira Bach's sonatas ndi partitas. Kupanga njira zosiyanasiyana zaukadaulo wobwerezabwereza, adachita sewero lantchito izi.

Lingaliro la kulenga kwambiri Wyman anali wotanganidwa ndi vuto la ethos mu nyimbo, m'pamenenso adadzimva kuti ayenera kubwera ku nyimbo za Beethoven. Ntchito inayamba pa concerto ya violin ndi kuzungulira kwa sonatas. M'mitundu yonse iwiri, Wyman adafuna kuwululira mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino. Sanali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi ungwazi ndi sewero monga zokhumba zapamwamba za mzimu wa Beethoven. Wyman anati: “M’nthaŵi yathu ya kukayikira ndi kusuliza, kunyodola ndi kunyodola, kumene anthu akhala akutopa kwanthaŵi yaitali, “woimba ayenera kuyitanitsa ndi luso lake ku chinthu china​—chikhulupiriro chapamwamba cha malingaliro aumunthu, m’kuthekera ubwino, pozindikira kufunika kwa ntchito zamakhalidwe abwino, ndipo pa zonsezi ndi yankho langwiro kwambiri mu nyimbo za Beethoven, ndi nthawi yotsiriza ya kulenga.

Mu kuzungulira kwa sonatas, iye adachoka kotsiriza, Chakhumi, ndipo ngati "kufalikira" mlengalenga kwa sonatas onse. N'chimodzimodzinso mu concerto, pamene mutu wachiwiri wa gawo loyamba ndi gawo lachiwiri anakhala likulu, kukwezedwa ndi kuyeretsedwa, kuperekedwa ngati mtundu wa abwino gulu lauzimu.

Mu njira yozama ya filosofi ndi chikhalidwe cha kayendedwe ka Beethoven's sonatas, njira yabwino kwambiri, Wyman anathandizidwa kwambiri ndi mgwirizano wake ndi woyimba piyano wodabwitsa Maria Karandasheva. Mu sonatas, ojambula awiri odziwika bwino amalingaliro ofanana adakumana kuti achitepo kanthu, ndipo chifuniro cha Karandasheva, kukhwima ndi kukhwima, kuphatikiza ndi uzimu wodabwitsa wa machitidwe a Wyman, adapereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Madzulo atatu pa October 23, 28 ndi November 3, 1965, mu Holo ya Glinka ku Leningrad, “nkhani yonena za Munthu” imeneyi inaululika pamaso pa omvetsera.

Gawo lachiwiri komanso lofunikira kwambiri pazokonda za Waiman ndi zamakono, ndipo makamaka Soviet. Ngakhale ali wachinyamata, adapereka mphamvu zambiri pakuchita ntchito zatsopano za olemba Soviet. Ndi Concert ya M. Steinberg mu 1945, njira yake yojambula inayamba. Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi Lobkowski Concerto, yomwe inachitidwa mu 1946; mu theka loyamba la 50s, Vaiman adakonza ndikuchita Concerto ndi wolemba nyimbo wa ku Georgia A. Machavariani; mu theka lachiwiri la 30s - B. Kluzner's Concert. Anali woimba woyamba wa Shostakovich Concerto pakati pa oimba zeze Soviet pambuyo pa Oistrakh. Vaiman anali ndi mwayi kuchita Concerto madzulo operekedwa kwa kubadwa kwa 50 wa wolemba mu 1956 mu Moscow.

Vaiman amachitira chidwi ndi chidwi ndi ntchito za olemba Soviet ndi chisamaliro chapadera. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, monga ku Moscow ku Oistrakh ndi Kogan, kotero ku Leningrad, pafupifupi olemba onse omwe amapanga nyimbo za violin amatembenukira ku Vaiman. Pazaka khumi za luso la Leningrad ku Moscow mu December 1965, Vaiman adasewera bwino Concerto ndi B. Arapov, pa "Leningrad Spring" mu April 1966 - Concerto ndi V. Salmanov. Tsopano akugwira ntchito pamakonsati a V. Basner ndi B. Tishchenko.

Wyman ndi mphunzitsi wosangalatsa komanso wokonda kwambiri. Iye ndi mphunzitsi wa luso. Izi kawirikawiri zikutanthauza kunyalanyaza mbali luso la maphunziro. Pachifukwa ichi, mbali imodzi yotereyi imachotsedwa. Kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi wake Eidlin, adatengera kusanthula kwaukadaulo. Iye ali ndi malingaliro oganiziridwa bwino, mwadongosolo pa chinthu chilichonse cha luso la violin, modabwitsa amazindikira molondola zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta za wophunzira ndipo amadziwa kuthetsa zophophonya. Koma zonsezi zimadalira luso lamakono. Amapangitsa ophunzira kukhala "ndakatulo", amawatsogolera kuchokera ku ntchito zamanja kupita kumalo apamwamba kwambiri a luso. Aliyense wa ophunzira ake, ngakhale omwe ali ndi luso lapakati, amapeza mikhalidwe ya wojambula.

“Oimba violin ochokera m’mayiko ambiri anaphunzira naye ndi kuphunzira naye: Sipika Leino ndi Kiiri ochokera ku Finland, Paole Heikelman wochokera ku Denmark, Teiko Maehashi ndi Matsuko Ushioda ochokera ku Japan (wotsirizirayo anapambana mutu wa laureate wa Mpikisano wa Brussels mu 1963 ndi Moscow Tchaikovsky Competition mu 1966 d.), Stoyan Kalchev wochokera ku Bulgaria, Henrika Cszionek wochokera ku Poland, Vyacheslav Kuusik wochokera ku Czechoslovakia, Laszlo Kote ndi Androsh wochokera ku Hungary. Ophunzira a Soviet a Wyman ndi omwe adapambana diploma ya All-Russian Competition Lev Oskotsky, wopambana pa Paganini Competition ku Italy (1965) Philip Hirshhorn, wopambana wa International Tchaikovsky Competition mu 1966 Zinovy ​​​​Vinnikov.

Zochita zazikulu komanso zopindulitsa za Weimann sizingawoneke kunja kwa maphunziro ake ku Weimar. Kwa zaka zambiri, m’nyumba yakale ya Liszt, masemina anyimbo apadziko lonse akhala akuchitikira kumeneko July aliyense. Boma la GDR likuyitanitsa oimba akuluakulu-aphunzitsi ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kwa iwo. Oyimba violin, oimba ma cell, oyimba piyano ndi oimba aukadaulo wina amabwera kuno. Kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zotsatizana, Vayman, woyimba zeze yekha ku USSR, adaitanidwa kuti azitsogolera gulu la violin.

Makalasi amachitika mu mawonekedwe a maphunziro otseguka, pamaso pa omvera a 70-80 anthu. Kuphatikiza pa kuphunzitsa, Wymann amapereka makonsati chaka chilichonse ku Weimar ndi mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana. Iwo ali, titero, fanizo laluso la semina. M'chilimwe cha 1964, Wyman adachita ma sonatas atatu a violin ya solo ndi Bach pano, akuwulula kumvetsetsa kwake kwa nyimbo za woimba uyu pa iwo; mu 1965 adasewera Beethoven Concertos.

Chifukwa cha kuchita bwino kwambiri ndi kuphunzitsa mu 1965, Wyman anapatsidwa udindo wa senator wolemekezeka wa F. Liszt Higher Musical Academy. Vayman ndi woyimba wachinayi kulandira mutuwu: woyamba anali Franz Liszt, ndipo posachedwa Vayman, Zoltan Kodály.

Wambiri yakulenga ya Wyman sinathe. Zofuna zake pa iyemwini, ntchito zomwe adzipangira yekha, zimakhala ngati chitsimikizo kuti adzalungamitsa udindo wapamwamba womwe adapatsidwa ku Weimar.

L. Raaben, 1967

Pa chithunzi: wochititsa - E. Mravinsky, woyimba yekha - M. Vayman, 1967