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1) Dzina la mabungwe ambiri asayansi, za-mu ndi maphunziro mabungwe. Mawu akuti "A". amachokera ku dzina la nthano. ngwazi Akadem (Akadnmos), polemekeza amene dera pafupi ndi Athens linatchedwa, kumene m'zaka za m'ma 4 BC. e. Plato anaphunzitsa ophunzira ake. Ku Italy, woyamba A. adawuka mu theka lachiwiri. Zaka za zana la 2 monga magulu aulere, osadalira mapiri. ndi mpingo. maulamuliro, kuphatikiza afilosofi, asayansi, olemba ndakatulo, oimba, olemekezeka ndi aunikira osachita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndikukhazikitsa ngati cholinga chawo kukweza ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi zaluso. Iwo ankasangalala ndi chichirikizo chakuthupi cha mamembala awo (ambiri a iwo omwe anali a magulu a anthu olemekezeka) ndipo anali pansi pa chitsogozo cha makhoti a kalonga ndi apawiri. Mmodzi mwa mabungwewa adakhazikitsidwa mu 15 ku khoti la Duke Lorenzo Medici ku Florence ndipo adatcha sukulu yolemekeza Greek Greek. Sukulu ya filosofi ya Plato. Mu zaka 1470-16. A. anafalikira ku Italy (kunali St. 17 A.) ndipo, malinga ndi kunena kwa anthu a m’nthaŵiyo, chidwi mwa iwo chinafikira “chilakolako chachiwawa.” Mikangano yasayansi, makonsati, nyimbo. ndi ndakatulo. mipikisano inali maziko a ntchito za A.. Ntchito yawo pokhazikitsa chikhalidwe cha dziko inali yaikulu kwambiri. A. anathandizira kufalikira kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. malingaliro, kupanga zaluso zatsopano. kalembedwe.

Panali mitundu iwiri ya A.:

a) magulu ophunzirira, osakanikirana ndi mamembala, muzochitika zomwe, pamodzi ndi mikangano, zimayatsa. kupanga nyimbo kunatenga malo ambiri pakuwerenga. A. Oterowo anali ku Venice - A. Pellegrina (yomwe inakhazikitsidwa 1550), ku Florence - A. della Crusca (yomwe inakhazikitsidwa 1582), ku Bologna - A. della Galati (yomwe inakhazikitsidwa 1588) ndi A. dei Concordi (yomwe inakhazikitsidwa 1615) ndi ambiri mizinda ina. Lodziwika kwambiri ndi buku lachiroma la A. dell'Arcadia (lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 1692), lomwe linagwirizanitsa anthu olemekezeka, asayansi, olemba ndakatulo, ndi oimba. Mamembala ake (“busa bmi”) anali ambiri. anthu otchuka a ku Italy. oimba obisala kuseri kwa pseudonyms ndakatulo: mwachitsanzo, A. Scarlatti ankatchedwa Terpander, A. Corelli - Arcimello, B. Pasquini - Protico, etc. Misonkhano ya A. (zikondwerero malinga ndi zitsanzo zakale, ndakatulo ndi mpikisano woimba, etc.) anatenga malo pachifuwa cha chilengedwe. Apa mamembala a A. anapumula ku khoti lovomerezeka. miyambo; kutembenukira ku ubusa wopanda pake, adawonetsa chikhumbo ichi chachilengedwe, kuphatikiza ndi chilengedwe;

b) mabungwe ogwirizanitsa Prof. oimba ndi okonda nyimbo. Ntchito za A. izi zinali ndi cholinga cha chitukuko ndi maphunziro a mus. mlandu. Iwo anakonza zoimbaimba pagulu ndi payekha, kuchita kafukufuku m'munda wa mbiri ndi chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, nyimbo. acoustics, adayambitsa nyimbo. mabungwe a maphunziro adapanga zisudzo za opera (mwachitsanzo, ku A. degli Invaghiti ku Mantua mu 1607 sewero loyamba la opera ya Monteverdi Orpheus linachitika). Sukulu yotchuka kwambiri yamtunduwu inali Bologna Philharmonic Academy (yokhazikitsidwa mu 1666). Kuti avomerezedwe kukhala membala, kunali koyenera kupirira nyimbo zovuta kwambiri-zongopeka. mayeso. Mamembala a A. awa anali Italy. ndi olemba akunja: J. Bassani, J. Torelli, A. Corelli, JB Martini, WA ​​Mozart, J. Myslivechek, MS Berezovsky, EI Fomin, ndi ena. The Florentine camerata (yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1580 ndi woyang'anira zaluso J. Bardi) inali pafupi ndi chikhalidwe cha ntchitoyo, maonekedwe a opera amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kudula. Ku France, Academy of Poetry and Music (Académie de poysie et de musique) inakhala yotchuka. mu 1570 ku Paris monga ndakatulo, lute player ndi comp. JA Baiff.

2) M'zaka za m'ma 18 - 1st ya 19th century. ku Italy ndi ku Western-European. mayiko, dzina la zoimbaimba wolemba, anakonza ndi oimba, komanso nyimbo-kuchita misonkhano yapagulu (makonsati), to-rye okonzedwa ndi commonwealth okonda nyimbo. Ku Russia, mtundu uwu wa A. unayamba kuonekera kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, woyamba - mu 1790 ku St. Patapita nthawi, Muses inakhazikitsidwa ku Moscow. A. (kwa olemekezeka), kapitawo wake anali HM Karamzin. Mu 1828 ku St. Petersburg, mkulu wa Pridv. tchalitchi choyimba FP Lvov osn. Muse. A. ndi cholinga cha “chisangalalo chosangalatsa cha nthaŵi yaulere ndi chipambano m’maphunziro ndi kuwongolera zokonda zanyimbo.” Monga momwe amasiku ano amanenera, inde. mamembala a A. ameneyu anali okonda nyimbo basi.

3) Dzina la ena amakono, ch. ayi. apamwamba, mabungwe a maphunziro oimba, mwachitsanzo: Royal A. Music ku London, A. Music ndi Stage. art-va ku Vienna, Salzburg, National Academy "Santa Cecilia" ku Rome, Mus. A. (Conservatory) ku Belgrade, komanso opera t-ditch (National A. Music and Dance - dzina lovomerezeka la Parisian t-ra "Grand Opera"), decomp. sayansi (mwachitsanzo, State A. Artic Sciences ku Moscow, State Academy of Arts, 1921-32), conc. ndi mabungwe ena (A. galamafoni mbiri dzina Ch. Cro, A. kuvina ku Paris, etc.).

Zochokera: Della Torre A., Storia dell'Accademia Platonica di Florence, Florence, 1902; Maylender M., History of the Italian Academy, v. 1-5, Bologna, 1926-30; Walker DP, Musical Humanism in the 16th and Early 17th Centuries, “MR,” 1941, II, 1942, III (mu “The Musical Humanism,” mu “The Works of the Music Science Society, No. 5, Kassel, 1949) ; ; Yates Fr. A., The French Academy mu 16th cent., University of London, Warburg Inst., «Studies», XV, L.,

Ndi Yampolsky