Acoustics, nyimbo |

(kuchokera ku Greek. axoystixos - auditory) - sayansi yomwe imaphunzira zolinga zamalamulo a thupi la nyimbo mogwirizana ndi kawonedwe kake ndi machitidwe ake. A.m. amafufuza zinthu monga kutalika, kufuula, kamvekedwe ka nyimbo, ndi kutalika kwa nyimbo. phokoso, consonance ndi dissonance, nyimbo. machitidwe ndi zomangamanga. Akuphunzira nyimbo. kumva, kuphunzira nyimbo. zida ndi anthu. mavoti. Imodzi mwamavuto akulu a A.m. ndi kufotokoza mmene thupi. ndi psychophysiological. Mawonekedwe a nyimbo amawonetsedwa mwapadera. malamulo amilandu iyi ndikukhudza kusintha kwawo. Mu A.m. deta ndi njira za thupi wamba ntchito kwambiri. ma acoustics, omwe amaphunzira momwe amayambira komanso kufalikira kwa mawu. Zimalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi ma acoustics omanga, ndi psychology of perception, physiology of kumva ndi mawu (physiological acoustics). A.m. amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza zochitika zingapo m'munda wa mgwirizano, zida, kuyimba, ndi zina.

Monga gawo la nyimbo. Chiphunzitso cha A. m. zinayambira m’ziphunzitso za anthanthi ndi oimba akale. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, masamu zoyambira nyimbo kachitidwe, intervals ndi tunings ankadziwika mu dr. Greece (sukulu ya Pythagorean), cf. Asia (Ibn Sina), China (Lu Bu-wei) ndi mayiko ena. Kukula kwa A.m. amagwirizana ndi mayina a J. Tsarlino (Italy), M. Mersenne, J. Sauveur, J. Rameau (France), L. Euler (Russia), E. Chladni, G. Ohm (Germany), ndi ena ambiri. oimba ena ndi asayansi. Kwa nthawi yayitali, chinthu chachikulu cha nyimbo. Acoustics inali ubale wa manambala pakati pa ma frequency a mawu mu nyimbo. intervals, tunings ndi kachitidwe. Magawo a Dr. adawonekera pambuyo pake ndipo adakonzedwa ndi chizolowezi chopanga zojambulajambula. zida, kafukufuku wamaphunziro. Choncho, njira zopangira muses. zida zinafufuzidwa mwamphamvu ndi ambuye, oimba ndi aphunzitsi anali ndi chidwi ndi mamvekedwe a mawu oimba.

Njira. siteji mu chitukuko cha A. m. amagwirizana ndi dzina la German wotchuka. katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi physiologist G. Helmholtz. M'buku lakuti "The Doctrine of Audio Sensations as the physiological basis of theory of theory" ("Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik", 1863), Helmholtz adalongosola zotsatira za zomwe adaziwona komanso kuyesa nyimbo. . mawu ndi malingaliro awo. Mu phunziro ili, lingaliro loyamba lathunthu la physiology of pitch kumva linaperekedwa, lodziwika pansi pa dzina. resonance chiphunzitso cha kumva. Amalongosola kamvekedwe ka phula chifukwa cha chisangalalo chomwe chimasinthidwa kuti chiwonongeke. pafupipafupi ulusi wa chiwalo cha Corti. Helmholtz adalongosola zochitika za dissonance ndi consonance ndi kumenyedwa. Lingaliro la Acoustic Helmholtz linasungabe phindu lake, ngakhale kuti zina mwazinthu zake sizikugwirizana ndi zamakono. malingaliro okhudza makina akumva.

Kuthandizira kwakukulu pakukula kwa psychophysiology ndi ma acoustics of kumva kunapangidwa kumapeto kwa 19th - kuyambira. Zaka za m'ma 20 K. Stumpf ndi W. Köhler (Germany). Maphunziro a asayansi awa adakulitsa A.m. ngati wasayansi. chilango; chinaphatikizapo chiphunzitso cha njira zowonetsera (zotengeka ndi kuzindikira) decomp. Zolinga za kugwedezeka kwa mawu.

M'zaka za zana la 20, chitukuko cha A. M. imadziwika ndi kuwonjezereka kwina kwa kafukufuku, kuphatikizapo magawo okhudzana ndi zolinga za decomp. zida zanyimbo. Zinayamba chifukwa cha kukwera kwa Muses. prom-sti, chikhumbo chofuna kupanga nyimbo. zida zolimba zongopeka. maziko. M'zaka za zana la 20, njira yowunikira nyimbo inayamba. phokoso lotengera kusankha kwa ma toni pang'ono kuchokera ku sipekitiramu yovuta komanso muyeso wawo. mphamvu. Kuyesera njira. kafukufuku, kutengera njira za electroacoustic. miyeso, yomwe idakhala yofunika kwambiri pamayimbidwe a nyimbo. zida.

Kukula kwaukadaulo wa wailesi ndi zojambulira mawu kunathandiziranso kukulitsa kafukufuku wanyimbo zomveka. Cholinga chachikulu m'derali ndizovuta za ma acoustics mu mawailesi ndi nyimbo zojambulira, kupanganso nyimbo zojambulidwa, ndi kubwezeretsanso zida zakale za phonographic. zolemba. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha stereophonic sound recording ndi stereophonic kuwulutsa nyimbo pa wailesi.

Gawo lofunikira pakukula kwa A. m. zimagwirizana ndi kafukufuku wa akadzidzi. musicologist ndi acoustics wasayansi NA Garbuzov. Mu ntchito zake, izo zinafotokozedwa ndi njira. osachepera, kumvetsetsa kwatsopano kwa mutu womwewo wa A. m. idapangidwa ngati gawo lamakono. chiphunzitso cha nyimbo. Garbuzov adapanga chiphunzitso chogwirizana cha kuzindikira kwamakutu, pakati pagulu. malo amakhala ndi zone lingaliro la nyimbo. kumva (onani Zone). Kukula kwa lingaliro la zone kudapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zofotokozera ndikusanthula mithunzi yamachitidwe mu mawu, mphamvu, tempo ndi rhythm. Mukuphunzira za luso la nyimbo ndi kuzindikira, pakuphunzira nyimbo. prod. Zinakhala zotheka kudalira deta yodziwika bwino yomwe ili ndi mbiri yakale. mawu, art. kuphedwa. Kuthekera kumeneku ndikofunikira pakuthana ndi zovuta zambiri za nyimbo zanthawi yathu ino, mwachitsanzo. kumveketsa ubale wa mawu omveka ndi mawonekedwe mu nyimbo zomveka zenizeni. kupanga, kuyanjana kwa machitidwe ndi kupanga zigawo za luso. lonse, lomwe liri kulira, kuchita, kupanga.

Ngati kale A. the m idachepetsedwa kukhala hl. ayi. ku mafotokozedwe a masamu omwe amapezeka mu nyimbo. machitidwe a bungwe - frets, intervals, tunings, ndiye m'tsogolomu kutsindika kwa phunziroli ndi njira zoyendetsera malamulo ochita zaluso ndi nyimbo. kuzindikira.

Chimodzi mwa zigawo zamakono za A. m. ndi mawu a woyimba. kuvota. Pali ziphunzitso ziwiri zomwe zikufotokozera njira yoyendetsera kuchuluka kwa kugwedezeka kwa zingwe za mawu - zachikale. myoelastic. chiphunzitso ndi neurochronax. chiphunzitso choperekedwa ndi wasayansi wa ku France R. Yusson.

LS Termen, AA Volodin ndi ena akuchita nawo zoyimba za zida zamagetsi zamagetsi ku USSR. Kutengera njira yopangira mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, Volodin adayambitsa chiphunzitso cha kuzindikira kwa phula, momwe mayendedwe amazindikiridwa ndi munthu amatsimikiziridwa ndi zovuta zake. sipekitiramu, osati mafupipafupi oscillation chachikulu. malankhulidwe. Chiphunzitso ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu kwambiri za asayansi Soviet pankhani ya zida zoimbira. Kupanga zida zoimbira zamagetsi kwawonjezeranso chidwi cha ochita kafukufuku wamayimbidwe pamafunso akusintha, kupsa mtima, komanso kuthekera kowongolera mawu aulere.

Monga nthambi ya chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, A. m. silingaganizidwe ngati maphunziro otha kufotokoza kwathunthu za mithunzi yotere. zochitika, monga mode, sikelo, mgwirizano, consonance, dissonance, etc. Komabe, njira acoustics ndi deta zopezedwa ndi thandizo lawo amalola musicists kusankha molunjika chimodzi kapena china sayansi. funso. Malamulo omveka a nyimbo pazaka mazana ambiri akukula kwa muses. zikhalidwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse pomanga dongosolo lofunika kwambiri la anthu. chinenero chokhala ndi malamulo apadera omwe ali pansi pa luso.-zokongoletsa. mfundo.

Akadzidzi. akatswiri mu A.m. anagonjetsa maganizo a mbali imodzi pa chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, khalidwe la asayansi akale, to-rye mokokomeza kufunika kwa thupi. mawonekedwe amawu. Zitsanzo za kugwiritsa ntchito deta A. m. mu nyimbo. ziphunzitso ndi ntchito ya kadzidzi. akatswiri a nyimbo Yu. N. Tyulin ("Kuphunzitsa za mgwirizano"), LA Mazel ("Pa nyimbo", ndi zina zotero), SS Skrebkov ("Momwe mungamasulire tonality?"). Lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha zonal lakumva likuwonekera pakuwonongeka. katswiri wa nyimbo. ntchito ndipo, makamaka, mu kafukufuku wapadera, odzipereka kuchita intonation (ntchito OE Sakhaltuyeva, Yu. N. Rags, NK Pereverzev ndi ena).

Pakati pa ntchito, to-rye idapangidwa kuti ithetsere zamakono. A. m., - kulungamitsidwa kwa cholinga cha zochitika zatsopano zamachitidwe ndi mawu omveka mu ntchito yamakono. olemba, kufotokoza udindo wa cholinga akustika. zinthu mu ndondomeko ya mapangidwe muses. chinenero (mawu okwera, timbre, zamphamvu, malo, etc.), kupititsa patsogolo chiphunzitso cha kumva, mawu, nyimbo. kuzindikira, komanso kuwongolera njira zofufuzira zopangira luso komanso kuzindikira kwa nyimbo, njira zozikidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito ma electroacoustic. kujambula zida ndi luso.

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EV Nazaikinskiy