Alfred Cortot |

Alfred Cortot

Alfred Cortot anakhala ndi moyo wautali komanso wopindulitsa kwambiri. Anapita pansi m'mbiri monga mmodzi wa titans wa piyano padziko lonse, monga woyimba piyano wamkulu wa France m'zaka zathu za zana. Koma ngakhale ife kuiwala kwa kamphindi za kutchuka padziko lonse ndi ubwino wa limba mbuye limba, ndiye ngakhale zimene iye anachita zinali zokwanira kwamuyaya kulemba dzina lake mu mbiri ya nyimbo French.

Kwenikweni, Cortot adayamba ntchito yake ngati woyimba piyano mochedwa mochedwa - atangotsala pang'ono kukwanitsa zaka 30. Inde, ngakhale izi zisanachitike, adapereka nthawi yochuluka ku piyano. Akadali wophunzira ku Paris Conservatory - woyamba m'kalasi ya Decombe, ndipo pambuyo pa imfa ya womaliza mu kalasi ya L. Diemer, adapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake mu 1896, akuchita Beethoven's Concerto mu G zazing'ono. Chimodzi mwa ziwonetsero zamphamvu za unyamata wake chinali kwa iye msonkhano - ngakhale asanalowe mu Conservatory - ndi Anton Rubinstein. Wojambula wamkulu wa ku Russia, atamvetsera masewera ake, adalangiza mnyamatayo ndi mawu awa: "Mwana, usaiwale zomwe ndikuuze! Beethoven sanaseweredwe, koma adapangidwanso. Mawu awa adakhala mutu wa moyo wa Corto.

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Ndipo komabe, m'zaka zake za ophunzira, Cortot ankakonda kwambiri mbali zina za nyimbo. Ankakonda Wagner, adaphunzira ma symphonic scores. Atamaliza maphunziro ake ku Conservatory mu 1896, anadziŵika bwino kuti anali woimba piyano m’maiko angapo a ku Ulaya, koma posakhalitsa anapita ku mzinda wa Wagner wa Bayreuth, kumene anagwira ntchito kwa zaka ziŵiri monga woperekeza, wothandizira wotsogolera, ndipo potsirizira pake, wotsogolera. motsogozedwa ndi a Mohicans ochita zaluso - X. Richter ndi F Motlya. Kubwerera ndiye ku Paris, Cortot amachita ngati wofalitsa wokhazikika wa ntchito ya Wagner; motsogozedwa ndi iye, chiwonetsero choyamba cha The Death of the Gods (1902) chikuchitika ku likulu la France, ma opera ena akuchitidwa. "Cortot akamachita, ndilibe zonena," umu ndi momwe Cosima Wagner mwiniwake adawonera kumvetsetsa kwake kwa nyimboyi. Mu 1902, wojambula anayambitsa Cortot Association of Concerts mu likulu, amene anatsogolera kwa nyengo ziwiri, ndiyeno anakhala kondakitala wa Paris National Society ndi zoimbaimba wotchuka mu Lille. M'zaka khumi zoyambirira za zaka za zana la XNUMX, Cortot adapereka kwa anthu aku France ntchito zambiri zatsopano - kuchokera ku The Ring of the Nibelungen kupita ku zolemba zakale, kuphatikiza achi Russia, olemba. Ndipo pambuyo pake nthawi zonse ankaimba monga wotsogolera ndi oimba abwino kwambiri ndipo anayambitsa magulu ena awiri - Philharmonic ndi Symphony.

Inde, zaka zonsezi Cortot sanasiye kuimba piyano. Koma sizinangochitika mwangozi kuti tinakambirana mwatsatanetsatane mbali zina za ntchito yake. Ngakhale kuti pambuyo pa 1908 pamene kuyimba kwa piyano kunawonekera pang'onopang'ono muzochita zake, kunali kusinthasintha kwa wojambula kumene makamaka kunatsimikizira mawonekedwe ake a piyano.

Iye mwiniyo anapanga chikhulupiriro chake chomasulira motere: “Maganizo okhudza ntchito angakhale aŵiri: kaya kusasunthika kapena kufufuza. Kufufuza cholinga cha wolemba, kutsutsa miyambo yonyansa. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri ndi kupereka mwaufulu m'maganizo, kupanga nyimbo kachiwiri. Uku ndiko kumasulira kwake.” Ndipo m’chochitika china, iye anafotokoza lingaliro ili: “Choikidwiratu chachikulu koposa cha wojambula ndicho kutsitsimula malingaliro aumunthu obisika m’nyimbo.”

Inde, choyamba, Cortot anali ndipo anakhalabe woimba pa piyano. Ubwino sunamukope ndipo sanali mbali yamphamvu, yowoneka bwino ya luso lake. Koma ngakhale wodziŵa bwino piyano wotero monga G. Schonberg anavomereza kuti panali chifuno chapadera cha woimba piyano ameneyu: “Kodi anaipeza kuti nthaŵi yokonzekera luso lake? Yankho ndi losavuta: sanachite nkomwe. Cortot nthawi zonse ankalakwitsa, anali ndi kukumbukira. Kwa wojambula wina aliyense, wocheperako, izi sizingakhululukidwe. Zinalibe kanthu kwa Cortot. Izi zinkawoneka ngati mithunzi imawonedwa muzojambula za ambuye akale. Chifukwa, mosasamala kanthu ndi zolakwa zonse, luso lake lopambana linali lopanda chilema komanso lokhoza "zozimitsa moto" zilizonse ngati nyimbo zimafuna kutero. Mawu a wotsutsa wotchuka wa ku France Bernard Gavoti alinso ochititsa chidwi: “Chinthu chokongola kwambiri cha Cortot n’chakuti piyano imasiya kukhala piyano pansi pa zala zake.”

Zowonadi, kutanthauzira kwa Cortot kumayendetsedwa ndi nyimbo, zolamulidwa ndi mzimu wa ntchito, luntha lozama, ndakatulo zolimba mtima, malingaliro aluso - zonse zomwe zidamusiyanitsa ndi oimba piyano anzake ambiri. Ndipo, ndithudi, kulemera kodabwitsa kwa mitundu yomveka, yomwe inkawoneka yoposa mphamvu za piyano wamba. Nzosadabwitsa kuti Cortot mwiniwake adapanga mawu akuti "oyimba limba", ndipo mkamwa mwake sikunali mawu okongola chabe. Pomaliza, ufulu wodabwitsa wakuchita, womwe udapereka kutanthauzira kwake komanso njira yomwe amasewera mawonekedwe afilosofi kapena nkhani zosangalatsa zomwe zidakopa omvera mosalekeza.

Makhalidwe onsewa adapangitsa Cortot kukhala mmodzi mwa otanthauzira bwino kwambiri nyimbo zachikondi zazaka zapitazi, makamaka Chopin ndi Schumann, komanso olemba French. Kawirikawiri, repertoire ya wojambulayo inali yaikulu kwambiri. Pamodzi ndi ntchito za olemba awa, iye superably anachita sonatas, rhapsodies ndi zolembedwa za Liszt, ntchito zazikulu ndi timitu tating'onoting'ono Mendelssohn, Beethoven, ndi Brahms. Ntchito iliyonse yopezedwa kuchokera kwa iye yapadera, mawonekedwe apadera, otsegulidwa mwa njira yatsopano, nthawi zina amachititsa mikangano pakati pa odziwa bwino, koma nthawi zonse amakondweretsa omvera.

Cortot, woimba mpaka m'mafupa ake, sanakhutire ndi nyimbo zokhazokha komanso zoimbaimba ndi oimba, adatembenukiranso ku nyimbo za chipinda. Mu 1905, pamodzi ndi Jacques Thibault ndi Pablo Casals, adayambitsa atatu, omwe ma concert awo kwa zaka makumi angapo - mpaka imfa ya Thibaut - anali maholide okonda nyimbo.

Ulemerero wa Alfred Cortot - woyimba piyano, wochititsa, wosewera pamodzi - kale mu 30s kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi; m'mayiko ambiri ankadziwika ndi zolemba. Zinali m'masiku amenewo - pa nthawi yomwe adakwera kwambiri - kuti wojambulayo adayendera dziko lathu. Umu ndi mmene pulofesa K. Adzhemov analongosolera mkhalidwe wa makonsati ake: “Tinali kuyembekezera kufika kwa Cortot. M'chaka cha 1936 iye anachita mu Moscow ndi Leningrad. Ndikukumbukira kuwonekera kwake koyamba pa siteji ya Nyumba Yaikulu ya Moscow Conservatory. Popeza sanachitepo kanthu pa chida, popanda kuyembekezera chete, wojambulayo nthawi yomweyo "anaukira" mutu wa Schumann's Symphonic Etudes. C-sharp chord chaching'ono, chokhala ndi mawu owala kwambiri, chimawoneka ngati chikudula phokoso la holo yosakhazikika. Panakhala chete nthawi yomweyo.

Mwachisangalalo, mokondwera, mwachidwi, Cortot adapanganso zithunzi zachikondi. Pakupita kwa sabata, imodzi pambuyo pa inzake, zojambula zake zaluso zidamveka patsogolo pathu: sonatas, ballads, ma preludes a Chopin, konsati ya piyano, Schumann's Kreisleriana, Zithunzi za Ana, Kusiyana Kwakukulu kwa Mendelssohn, Kuyitanira kwa Weber Kuvina, Sonata mu B wamng'ono ndi Liszt's Second Rhapsody… Chidutswa chilichonse chidasindikizidwa m'maganizo ngati chithunzi chothandizira, chofunikira kwambiri komanso chachilendo. Kukongola kwazithunzi zazithunzithunzi zomveka kunali chifukwa cha umodzi wa malingaliro amphamvu a wojambula komanso luso lodabwitsa la piyano lomwe linapangidwa kwa zaka zambiri (makamaka vibrato zokongola za timbres). Kupatulapo otsutsa ochepa amaphunziro, kutanthauzira koyambirira kwa Cortot kunakopa chidwi cha omvera a Soviet. B. Yavorsky, K. Igumnov, V. Sofronitsky, G. Neuhaus anayamikira kwambiri luso la Korto.

Ndikoyeneranso kutchula apa malingaliro a KN Igumnov, wojambula yemwe ali pafupi kwambiri, koma m'njira zina zosiyana ndi mutu wa oimba piyano a ku France: "Iye ndi wojambula, wofanana ndi mlendo ku zochitika zodzidzimutsa komanso zakunja. Iye ndi woganiza bwino, chiyambi chake chamaganizo chimakhala pansi pa malingaliro. Zojambula zake ndi zokongola, nthawi zina zovuta. Phokoso lake la phokoso silili lochulukirapo, koma lokongola, silimakopeka ndi zida za piyano, ali ndi chidwi ndi cantilena ndi mitundu yowonekera, samayesetsa kumveka bwino ndikuwonetsa mbali yabwino ya talente yake m'munda wa mawu. Nyimbo yake ndi yaulere kwambiri, rubato yake yodabwitsa kwambiri nthawi zina imaphwanya mzere wa mawonekedwe ndikupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzindikira kulumikizana komveka pakati pa mawu amodzi. Alfred Cortot wapeza chinenero chake ndipo m'chinenerochi akubwereza ntchito zomwe ankazidziwa bwino za ambuye akuluakulu akale. Malingaliro oimba a omalizawo m'matembenuzidwe ake nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chidwi chatsopano komanso chofunikira, koma nthawi zina amakhala osatembenuzidwa, ndiyeno womvera amakayikira osati kuwona mtima kwa woimbayo, koma za choonadi chamkati cha kutanthauzira. Chiyambi ichi, kufuna kudziwa, chikhalidwe cha Cortot, chimadzutsa lingaliro lakuchita ndipo sililola kuti likhazikike pachikhalidwe chodziwika bwino. Komabe, Cortot sangathe kutsanziridwa. Kuzivomereza mopanda malire, ndikosavuta kugwa muzopangapanga.

Pambuyo pake, omvera athu anali ndi mwayi wodziwa kusewera kwa woyimba piyano wa ku France kuchokera ku nyimbo zambiri, zomwe mtengo wake sunachepe kwa zaka zambiri. Kwa iwo amene amawamvetsera lerolino, ndikofunika kukumbukira mbali za luso la wojambula, zomwe zimasungidwa muzojambula zake. “Aliyense amene akhudza kumasulira kwake,” akulemba motero mmodzi wa olemba mbiri ya moyo wa Cortot, “ayenera kusiya chinyengo chozama kwambiri chakuti kumasulira, molingaliridwa, ndiko kusamutsidwa kwa nyimbo pamene akusunga, koposa zonse, kukhulupirika ku malemba a nyimbo, “kalata” yake. Monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito kwa Cortot, udindo woterewu ndi woopsa kwambiri kwa moyo - moyo wa nyimbo. Ngati "mumulamulira" ndi zolemba m'manja mwake, ndiye kuti zotsatira zake zingakhale zokhumudwitsa, chifukwa sanali "philologist" wa nyimbo. Kodi sanachimwe kosalekeza ndi mopanda manyazi muzochitika zonse zotheka - mu liwiro, mu mphamvu, mu rubato yong'ambika? Kodi maganizo ake sanali ofunika kwambiri kwa iye kuposa chifuniro cha wolemba nyimboyo? Iye mwini adapanga udindo wake motere: "Chopin sichimaseweredwa ndi zala, koma ndi mtima ndi malingaliro." Ichi chinali chikhulupiriro chake monga womasulira mwa onse. Zolembazo sizinamusangalatse ngati malamulo osasunthika, koma, kumlingo wapamwamba kwambiri, monga kukopa malingaliro a woimbayo ndi omvera, pempho lomwe adayenera kulimasulira. Corto anali mlengi m'lingaliro lalikulu la mawuwa. Kodi woimba piyano wamakono angakwaniritse zimenezi? Mwina ayi. Koma Cortot sanatengeke muukapolo ndi chikhumbo chamakono cha ungwiro waluso - anali pafupifupi nthano m'moyo wake, pafupifupi osatheka kutsutsidwa. Iwo sanawone pa nkhope yake osati woyimba piyano chabe, koma umunthu, choncho panali zinthu zomwe zinakhala zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa zolemba "zolondola" kapena "zabodza": luso lake la ukonzi, kuphunzitsidwa kwake kosamveka, udindo wake ngati. mphunzitsi. Zonsezi zidapanganso ulamuliro wosatsutsika, womwe sunasowe mpaka lero. Cortot adatha kukwanitsa zolakwa zake. Panthawi imeneyi, munthu akhoza kumwetulira modabwitsa, koma, ngakhale izi, munthu ayenera kumvetsera kumasulira kwake. "

Ulemerero wa Cortot - woyimba piyano, wotsogolera, wofalitsa - adachulukitsidwa ndi ntchito zake monga mphunzitsi ndi wolemba. Mu 1907, adalandira kalasi ya R. Punyo ku Paris Conservatory, ndipo mu 1919, pamodzi ndi A. Mange, adayambitsa Ecole Normale, yomwe posakhalitsa inadziwika, kumene anali mtsogoleri ndi mphunzitsi - adaphunzitsa maphunziro a kumasulira kwachilimwe kumeneko. . Ulamuliro wake monga mphunzitsi unali wosayerekezeka, ndipo ophunzira ochokera m’mayiko osiyanasiyana anakhamukira m’kalasi mwake. Ena mwa amene anaphunzira ndi Cortot panthaŵi zosiyanasiyana anali A. Casella, D. Lipatti, K. Haskil, M. Tagliaferro, S. Francois, V. Perlemuter, K. Engel, E. Heidsieck ndi oimba piyano ena ambiri. Mabuku a Cortot - "nyimbo za piano za ku France" (m'mavoliyumu atatu), "Rational Principles of Piano Technique", "Course of Interpretation", "Aspects of Chopin", makope ake ndi ntchito za methodical zidayenda padziko lonse lapansi.

"... Ndi wamng'ono ndipo ali ndi chikondi chopanda dyera pa nyimbo," Claude Debussy adanena za Cortot kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lathu. Corto adakhalabe wachinyamata yemweyo komanso amakonda nyimbo moyo wake wonse, ndipo adakhalabe kukumbukira aliyense amene adamumva akusewera kapena kulankhula naye.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.