Zovuta zakale |

Zovuta za Medieval, molondola kwambiri madandaulo a mpingo, malankhulidwe a mpingo

lat. modi, toni, tropi; German Kirchentöne, Kirchentonarten; French modes gregoriens, matani ecclesiastiques; Mitundu ya tchalitchi cha Chingerezi

Dzina la asanu ndi atatu (khumi ndi awiri kumapeto kwa Renaissance) monodic modes omwe amatsatira akatswiri (ch. arr. church) nyimbo za Western Europe. zaka zapakatikati.

M'mbiri, 3 machitidwe amatchulidwe a S.l.:

1) chipinda cha nthunzi chowerengera (chachikale kwambiri; mitundu imasonyezedwa ndi manambala achi Greek achilatini, mwachitsanzo protus - choyamba, deuterus - chachiwiri, ndi zina zotero, ndi magawo awiri awiriwa onse kukhala enieni - chachikulu ndi plagal - chachiwiri);

2) manambala osavuta (machitidwe amasonyezedwa ndi manambala achiroma kapena manambala achilatini - kuyambira I mpaka VIII; mwachitsanzo, primus tone kapena I, secundus toneus kapena II, tertius tone kapena III, etc.);

3) mwadzina (nominative; malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha nyimbo zachi Greek: Dorian, Hypodorian, Phrygian, Hypophrygian, etc.). Dongosolo lophatikiza mayina la ma S. XNUMX:

I – дорийский – protus authenticus II – Hypodorian – protus plagalis III – Phrygian – authentic deuterus IV – hypophrygian – deuterus plagalis V – лидийский – authentic tritus VI – Hypolydian – tritus plagalis autumn VII – tecusstradius VII – tecustradius VII – tecustradius VII – tecustradius VII – tecustradius VII – tecustradius VII – tecustradius

Magulu akuluakulu a modal S.l. - finalis (toni yomaliza), ambitus (volume of melody) ndi - m'nyimbo zolumikizidwa ndi salmody, - repercussion (komanso tenor, tuba - kamvekedwe ka mawu, masalmo); Komanso, nyimbo mu S. l. nthawi zambiri amadziwika ndi nyimbo zina. njira (zochokera ku nyimbo ya salmo). Chiŵerengero cha finalis, ambitus ndi repercussion amapanga maziko a dongosolo lililonse la S. l.:

Melodich. njira S. l. m'masalmo melodic (mawu a masalimo) - kuyambitsa (chilinganizo choyambirira), chomaliza (chomaliza), chapakati (chapakati). zitsanzo za nyimbo. mafomu ndi nyimbo mu S. l.:

Nyimbo "Ave maris Stella."

Kupereka "Ndinalira mozama."

Antiphon "Lamulo Latsopano".

Aleluya ndi vesi "Laudate Dominum".

Pang'onopang'ono "Iwo adawona".

Kyrie eleison wa Misa "Nyengo ya Pasaka".

Misa ya Akufa, ilowa mu mpumulo wamuyaya.

Kumakhalidwe a S. l. zimaphatikizansopo kusiyanitsa (lat. differentiae tonorum, diffinitiones, varietates) - cadence melodic. malembedwe a antiphonal salmody akugwera pa syllable zisanu ndi chimodzi. mawu otchedwa. "Doxology yaing'ono" (seculorum ameni - "ndi kwanthawizonse ndi nthawi zonse ameni"), yomwe nthawi zambiri imatanthauzidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa makonsonanti: Euouae.

Mwanawankhosa wa Mulungu wa Misa "M'masiku a Advent ndi Lent".

Kusiyanaku kumagwira ntchito ngati kusintha kuchokera ku vesi la Masalimo kupita ku antiphon yotsatira. Mwamwayi, kusiyanitsa kumabwereka kuchokera kumapeto kwa nyimbo za salimo (choncho, mapeto a nyimbo za salimo amatchedwanso kusiyana, onani "Antiphonale monasticum pro diurnis horis ...", Tornaci, 1963, p. 1210-18).

Antiphon "Ad Magnificat", VIII G.

Mu dziko ndi anthu. nyimbo za Middle Ages (makamaka Renaissance), mwachiwonekere, nthawi zonse pamakhala mitundu ina (uku ndikusalondola kwa mawu oti "S. l." - siziri za nyimbo zonse za Middle Ages, koma makamaka nyimbo zatchalitchi, choncho, mawu oti "machitidwe ampingo", "mawu atchalitchi" ndi olondola kwambiri). Komabe, iwo ananyalanyazidwa mu nyimbo ndi sayansi. mabuku, amene anali pansi pa chisonkhezero cha tchalitchi. J. de Groheo (“De musica”, c. 1300) ananena kuti nyimbo za dziko ( cantum civilem ) “sizimagwirizana kwambiri” ndi malamulo a tchalitchi. zovuta; Glarean ("Dodekachordon", 1547) ankakhulupirira kuti njira ya Ionian ilipo ca. Zaka 400. M'zaka zakale kwambiri za Middle Ages zomwe zafika kwa ife. nyimbo zadziko, zosakhala zachipembedzo zimapezeka, mwachitsanzo, pentatonic, Ionian mode:

Nyimbo yaku Germany yokhudza Peter. Con. 9 ndi c.

Nthawi zina, machitidwe a Ionian ndi Aeolian (ogwirizana ndi zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zachilengedwe) amapezekanso mu nyimbo za Gregorian, mwachitsanzo. misa yonse ya monodic "In Festis solemnibus" (Kyrie, Gloria, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, Ite missa est) yalembedwa mu XI, mwachitsanzo, Ionian, fret:

Kyrie eleison wa Misa "M'maphwando akulu."

Ku Ser. Zaka za zana la 16 (onani "Dodekachordon" Glareana) mu dongosolo la S. l. 4 ma frets ena adaphatikizidwa (chifukwa chake panali 12 frets). Zatsopano:

Ku Tsarlino ("Dimostrationi Harmoniche", 1571, "Le Istitutioni Harmoniche", 1573) ndi French. ndi German. oimba a m'zaka za zana la 17 taxonomy yosiyana ya khumi ndi awiri S. l. amaperekedwa poyerekeza ndi Glarean. Tsarlino (1558):

G. Zаrlinо. "The Harmonic Institutions", IV, mutu. 10.

УM. Мерсенна ("Universal Harmony", 1636-37):

Ndikudandaula - zenizeni. Dorian (s-s1), II mode - plagal subdorian (g-g1), III fret - yowona. Phrygian (d-d1), IV mode - plagal sub-Phrygian (Aa), V - yeniyeni. Lydian (e-e1), VI - Plagal Sublydian (Hh), VII - yowona. mixolydian (f-f1), VIII - plagal hypomixolydian (c-c1), IX - yowona. hyperdoric (g-g1), X - plagal Sub-Hyperdorian (d-d1), XI - yowona. hyperphrygian (a-a1), XII - plagal subhyperphrygian (e-e1).

Kwa aliyense wa S. l. adalemba mawu ake enieni. khalidwe. Malinga ndi malangizo a Tchalitchi (makamaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma Middle Ages), nyimbo ziyenera kuchotsedwa kuzinthu zonse zakuthupi, "zadziko" monga ochimwa ndi kukweza miyoyo yauzimu, yakumwamba, yachikhristu yauzimu. Chifukwa chake, Clement waku Alexandria (c. 150 - c. 215) adatsutsa "maina" akale, achikunja a Phrygian, Lydian ndi Dorian mokomera "nyimbo wamuyaya wa mgwirizano watsopano, dzina la Mulungu", motsutsana ndi "nyimbo zachikondi" ndi " kulira kolira”, ku -ry “kuipitsa moyo” ndikulowetsamo mu “maphwando” a komos, mokomera “chisangalalo chauzimu”, “chifukwa cha kukulitsa ndi kuweta mkwiyo.” Iye ankakhulupirira kuti "zogwirizana (ie modes) ziyenera kutengedwa mokhwima ndi zoyera." Mawonekedwe a Dorian (tchalitchi), mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri amadziwika ndi okhulupirira kuti ndi olemekezeka, olemekezeka. Guido d'Arezzo akulemba za "chikondi cha 6", "kulankhula kwa 7" frets. Mafotokozedwe a kufotokoza kwa modes nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa mwatsatanetsatane, zokongola (makhalidwe amaperekedwa m'bukuli: Livanova, 1940, p. 66; Shestakov, 1966, p. 349), zomwe zimasonyeza malingaliro amoyo a modal intonation.

M'mbiri yakale S. l. mosakayika zimachokera ku dongosolo la zowawa za mpingo. nyimbo za Byzantium - zomwe zimatchedwa. oktoiha (osmosis; Greek oxto - eyiti ndi nxos - mawu, mode), pomwe pali mitundu 8, yogawidwa m'magulu anayi, otchulidwa kuti ndi enieni ndi a plagal (zilembo zoyambirira za 4 za zilembo zachi Greek, zomwe ndi zofanana ndi dongosolo: I - II - III - IV), ndipo amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu Chigriki. mayina amtundu (Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Hypodorian, Hypo-Phrygian, Hypolydian, Hypomixolydian). Systematization ya mipingo ya Byzantine. frets amati ndi John waku Damasiko (4st theka la 1th century; onani Osmosis). Funso la mbiri yakale ya Genesis ya machitidwe a modal a Byzantium, Dr. Russia ndi Western Europe. S.l., komabe, imafuna kufufuza kwina. Muse. akatswiri a nthano zakale za Middle Ages (8th-early 6th century) samatchulabe mitundu yatsopano (Boethius, Cassiodorus, Isidore wa Seville). Kwa nthawi yoyamba amatchulidwa m'mabuku, chidutswa chomwe chinasindikizidwa ndi M. Herbert (Gerbert Scriptores, I, p. 8-26) pansi pa dzina la Flaccus Alcuin (27-735); komabe, mlembi wake ndi wokayikitsa. Chikalata chakale kwambiri chomwe chimalankhula modalirika za S. l. ziyenera kuganiziridwa kukhala zolemba za Aurelian kuchokera ku Rheome (zaka za zana la 804) "Musica disciplina" (c. 9; "Gerbert Scriptores", I, p. 850-28); Kumayambiriro kwa mutu wake wa 63 "De Tonis octo" amatulutsa pafupifupi verbatim chidutswa chonse cha Alcunnos. Mode ("tone") amatanthauziridwa apa ngati mtundu wa nyimbo (pafupi ndi lingaliro la modus). Wolemba sapereka zitsanzo za nyimbo ndi ziwembu, koma amatanthauza nyimbo za antiphons, responsories, offertories, communio. M'mawu osadziwika a 8 (?) c. "Alia musica" (yofalitsidwa ndi Herbert - "Gerbert Scriptores", I, p. 9-125) ikuwonetsa kale malire enieni a 52 S. l. Chifukwa chake, fret yoyamba (primus tonus) imatchedwa "otsika kwambiri" (omnium gravissimus), kutenga octave kupita ku mesa (ie Aa), ndipo imatchedwa "Hypodorian". Chotsatira (octave Hh) ndi Hypophrygian, ndi zina zotero. ("Gerbert Scriptores," I, p. 8a). Kufalitsidwa ndi Boethius ("De institutione musica", IV, capitula 127) systematization ya Greek. transpositional mamba a Ptolemy (transpositions of the "wangwiro dongosolo", amene anabalanso mayina a modes - Phrygian, Dorian, etc. - koma m'mbuyo, kukwera dongosolo) mu "Alia musica" anali kulakwitsa kwa systematization wa modes. Chotsatira chake, Chigriki mayina amitunduyi adakhala okhudzana ndi masikelo ena (onani mitundu yakale yachi Greek). Chifukwa cha kusungidwa kwa makonzedwe ogwirizana a masikelo a modal, dongosolo la kutsatizana kwa ma modes mu machitidwe onse awiri lidakhalabe lofanana, njira yokhayo yotsatizana inasintha - mkati mwa dongosolo la ma octave awiri a Greek - kuchokera ku A mpaka. a15.

Pamodzi ndi chitukuko china cha octave S. l. ndi kufalikira kwa solmization (kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 11), dongosolo la ma hexachords a Guido d'Arezzo linapezanso ntchito.

Mapangidwe a polyphony a ku Ulaya (m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, makamaka mu Renaissance) adasokoneza kwambiri machitidwe a zida zoimbira. ndipo potsirizira pake zinatsogolera ku chiwonongeko chake. Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zidapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa S. l. zinali zolinga zambiri. nyumba yosungiramo zinthu, kuyambitsa kamvekedwe ndi kusintha kwa consonant triad kukhala maziko a mode. Polyphony adawonetsa kufunika kwa magulu ena a S. l. - ambitus, zotulukapo, zidapanga kuthekera kotha nthawi imodzi pawiri (kapena katatu) decomp. phokoso (mwachitsanzo, pa d ndi a pa nthawi yomweyo). Liwu loyambilira (musiсa falsa, musica ficta, onani Chromatism) linaphwanya diatonicism yolimba ya S. l., kuchepetsedwa ndi kupanga kusiyana kosatha mu kapangidwe ka S. a maganizo omwewo, kuchepetsa kusiyana pakati pa ma modes ku chinthu chachikulu chofotokozera - chachikulu kapena chaching'ono chachikulu. atatu. Kuzindikirika kwa consonance ya magawo atatu (ndiyeno achisanu ndi chimodzi) m'zaka za zana la 13. (kuchokera ku Franco waku Cologne, Johannes de Garland) adatsogolera kuzaka za 15-16. pakugwiritsa ntchito kosalekeza kwa ma consonant triad (ndi ma inversion awo) motero kutulutsa. kukonzanso dongosolo la modal, kumanga pamagulu akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono.

S. l. Nyimbo za polygonal zidasinthika ku mgwirizano wanthawi ya Renaissance (zaka za m'ma 15 mpaka 16) ndikupitanso ku "harmonic tonality" (kulumikizana kogwira ntchito kwa dongosolo laling'ono) lazaka za 17th-19th.

S. l. nyimbo za polygonal m'zaka za zana la 15-16. kukhala ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino, yomwe imakumbutsa momveka bwino kachitidwe kakang'ono kakang'ono kosakanikirana (onani Major-minor). Kawirikawiri, mwachitsanzo, kutha ndi utatu waukulu wa chidutswa cholembedwa mogwirizana ndi maganizo ang'onoang'ono (D-dur - mu Dorian d, E-dur - mu Phrygian e). Kugwira ntchito mosalekeza kwa ma harmonics. zinthu zosiyana kotheratu - chords - zimabweretsa dongosolo la modal lomwe limasiyana kwambiri ndi nyimbo zoyambirira za nyimbo zachikale. Dongosolo la modal (renaissance modal harmony) ndilodziyimira palokha ndipo lili pakati pa machitidwe ena, limodzi ndi sl ndi mamvekedwe ang'onoang'ono.

Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulamuliro wa dongosolo lalikulu laling'ono (zaka 17-19), wakale S. l. pang’onopang’ono amataya tanthauzo lawo, mwa zina kukhalabe m’Chikatolika. tchalitchi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku (kawirikawiri - mu Chiprotestanti, mwachitsanzo, nyimbo ya Dorian ya kwaya "Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin"). Patulani zitsanzo zowala za S. l. amapezeka makamaka mu 1st floor. Zaka za m'ma 17 Zosintha zamakhalidwe a S. l. kuchokera ku JS Bach pokonza nyimbo zakale; chidutswa chonse chikhoza kukhazikika mu imodzi mwa njirazi. Chotero, nyimbo ya kwaya yakuti “Herr Gott, dich loben wir” (mawu ake ndi matembenuzidwe Achijeremani a nyimbo yakale yachilatini, yochitidwa mu 1529 ndi M. Luther) m’njira ya Phrygian, yokonzedwa ndi Bach kaamba ka kwaya (BWV 16). , 190, 328) ndi chiwalo (BWV 725), ndikukonzanso kwa nyimbo yakale "Te deum laudamus" ya kamvekedwe kachinayi, ndipo zinthu zoimbidwa zidasungidwa pakukonza kwa Bach. njira za Wed.-Century. malankhulidwe.

JS Bach. Chiyambi chakwaya kwa limba.

Ngati zinthu za S. l. mogwirizana 17th century. komanso mu nyimbo za nthawi ya Bach - zotsalira za chikhalidwe chakale, kenako kuyambira L. Beethoven (Adagio "In der lydischen Tonart" kuchokera ku quartet op. 132) pali chitsitsimutso cha machitidwe akale a modal pa maziko atsopano. . Munthawi yachikondi, kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosinthidwa ya S. l. zimagwirizana ndi nthawi ya kalembedwe, kukopa nyimbo zakale (zolemba F. Liszt, J. Brahms; mu kusiyana kwa 7 kuchokera ku kusiyana kwa Tchaikovsky kwa piano op. 19 No 6 - Phrygian mode yokhala ndi tonic yaikulu kumapeto) ndikuphatikizana ndi chidwi chowonjezereka kwa olemba nyimbo zamtundu wamtundu (onani Mitundu Yachilengedwe), makamaka F. Chopin, B. Bartok, olemba achi Russia azaka za 19th-20th.

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Yu. H. Kholopov