Имре Калман (Imre Kálmán) |

Imre Kálmán

Ndikudziwa kuti theka la tsamba la zigoli za Liszt lidzapambana ma operetta anga onse, olembedwa kale komanso amtsogolo… Koma pamodzi ndi iwo, payenera kukhala oimba zisudzo amene sanyalanyaza kuwala, mokondwera, anzeru, ovala mwanzeru sewero lanthabwala nyimbo, amene Johann Strauss anali tingachipeze powerenga. I. Kalman

Iye anabadwira m'tawuni yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Balaton. Nyimbo zoyamba komanso zosazimiririka za Imre wamng'ono zinali maphunziro a piyano a mlongo wake Wilma, kuimba violin kwa Pulofesa Lilde, yemwe anali patchuthi ku Siofok, ndi operetta "Die Fledermaus" yolembedwa ndi I. Strauss. Malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi sukulu ya nyimbo ku Budapest, kalasi ya X. Kesler ku F. Liszt Academy, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo akuphunzira zamalamulo ku yunivesite ya malamulo - awa ndi magawo akuluakulu a maphunziro a woimba wamtsogolo. Anayamba kulemba nyimbo kale m'zaka zake za ophunzira. Izi zinali symphonic ntchito, nyimbo, piyano zidutswa, couplets kwa cabaret. Kalman nayenso anadziyesa yekha m'munda wa nyimbo kutsutsa, ntchito kwa zaka 4 (1904-08) mu nyuzipepala Peshti Naplo. Wolembayo woyamba zisudzo ntchito anali operetta Peresleni Cholowa (1906). Zinakumana ndi tsoka lomvetsa chisoni: atawona kuukira kwa ndale m'zochitika zingapo, akuluakulu a boma anayesa kuonetsetsa kuti masewerawa achotsedwa mwamsanga pabwalo. Kuzindikirika kunabwera kwa Kalman pambuyo pa kuyamba kwa operetta Autumn Maneuvers. Idachitika koyamba ku Budapest (1908), kenako ku Vienna, idadutsa magawo ambiri ku Europe, South Africa ndi America.

Nyimbo zoseketsa zotsatirazi zinabweretsa kutchuka padziko lonse kwa wolemba: "Msilikali pa Tchuthi" (1910), "Gypsy Premier" (1912), "Queen of Czardas" (1915, wodziwika bwino monga "Silva"). Kalman adakhala m'modzi mwa olemba otchuka kwambiri amtunduwu. Otsutsa adanena kuti nyimbo zake zimayima pa maziko olimba a nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu ndipo zikuwonetseratu zozama zaumunthu, nyimbo zake zimakhala zosavuta, koma nthawi yomweyo zoyambirira komanso zandakatulo, ndipo zomaliza za operettas ndi zithunzi zenizeni za symphonic ponena za chitukuko, choyamba- kalasi luso ndi zida zanzeru.

Zilandiridwenso Kalman anafika pachimake mu 20s. Panthawi imeneyo ankakhala ku Vienna, kumene anayamba masewero ake "La Bayadere" (1921), "Countess Maritza" (1924), "Mfumukazi ya Circus" (1926), "Violets of Montmartre" (1930). Kuwolowa manja kwanyimbo kwa nyimbo za m'mabuku amenewa kunapangitsa kuti omvera asokonezeke ndi kusasamala komanso kupepuka kwa cholembera cha Kalman. Ndipo ngakhale kuti zinali zongopeka chabe, Kalman, yemwe anali ndi nthabwala zabwino kwambiri, m’kalata yopita kwa mlongo wake anam’langiza kuti asakhumudwitse anthu amene ali ndi chidwi ndi ntchito yake ndi kulankhula za ntchito yake motere: “Mchimwene wanga ndi omasulira ake amakumana tsiku ndi tsiku. . Amamwa malita angapo a khofi wakuda, kusuta ndudu zambirimbiri ndi ndudu, kunena nthabwala… kukangana, kuseka, kukangana, kukuwa… Izi zimachitika kwa miyezi yambiri. Ndipo mwadzidzidzi, tsiku lina labwino, operetta yakonzeka. "

Mu 30s. Wolembayo amagwira ntchito kwambiri mumtundu wa nyimbo zamakanema, akulemba mbiri yakale ya operetta The Devil's Rider (1932), kuwonetsa kwake kunali komaliza kwa Kalman ku Vienna. Chiwopsezo cha fascism chapachikidwa ku Europe. Mu 1938, Austria itagwidwa ndi Nazi Germany, Kalman ndi banja lake anakakamizika kusamuka. Anakhala zaka 2 ku Switzerland, mu 1940 anasamukira ku USA, ndipo pambuyo pa nkhondo, mu 1948, anabwerera ku Ulaya kachiwiri ndipo ankakhala ku Paris.

Kalman, pamodzi ndi I. Strauss ndi F. Lehar, ndi nthumwi ya operetta yotchedwa Viennese. Iye analemba ntchito 20 mu mtundu uwu. Kutchuka kwakukulu kwa operettas ake makamaka chifukwa cha kuyenera kwa nyimbo - zomveka bwino, zochititsa chidwi, zokonzedwa bwino. Wolembayo mwiniwakeyo adavomereza kuti nyimbo za P. Tchaikovsky makamaka luso la oimba la mbuye wa ku Russia linakhudza kwambiri ntchito yake.

Chikhumbo cha Kalman, m'mawu ake, "kuimba nyimbo mu ntchito zake kuchokera pansi pa mtima wake" chinamulola kuti awonjezere modabwitsa mbali yanyimbo ya mtunduwo ndikutuluka m'gulu la operetta clichés kwa olemba ambiri. Ndipo ngakhale maziko olembedwa a operettas ake sakhala ofanana ndi nyimbo nthawi zonse, mphamvu yaluso ya ntchito ya wolembayo imaposa cholakwika ichi. Ntchito zabwino kwambiri za Kalman zimakongoletsedwabe ndi malo ambiri owonetsera nyimbo padziko lapansi.

I. Vetlitsyna

Imre Kalman anabadwa pa October 24, 1882 m'tawuni yaing'ono ya Hungary ya Siofok m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Balaton. Luso lake lanyimbo linali losiyanasiyana. Ali wachinyamata, adalota ntchito ngati woimba piyano wa virtuoso, koma, monga fano la unyamata wake, Robert Schumann, adakakamizika kusiya malotowa "kumenya" dzanja lake. Kwa zaka zingapo iye anaganiza mozama za ntchito ya wotsutsa nyimbo, pokhala wantchito wa mmodzi wa akuluakulu nyuzipepala Hungarian, Pesti Naplo. Zokumana nazo zake zoyamba zopeka zidaperekedwa kuzindikirika kwa anthu: mu 1904, mu konsati ya omaliza maphunziro a Budapest Academy of Music, dipuloma yake, symphonic scherzo Saturnalia, idachitika, ndipo adalandira Mphotho ya Budapest City chifukwa cha chipinda ndi ntchito zamawu. Mu 1908, kuwonetsera koyamba kwa operetta yake yoyamba, Autumn Maneuvers, kunachitika ku Budapest, yomwe posakhalitsa inadutsa magawo a mizinda yonse ya ku Ulaya ndipo inachitikira kudutsa nyanja (ku New York). Kuyambira 1909, Kalman wa kulenga yonena wakhala kugwirizana ndi Vienna kwa nthawi yaitali. Mu 1938 woimbayo anakakamizika kusamuka. Anakhala ku Zurich, ku Paris, kuyambira 1940 - ku New York. Kalman anabwerera ku Ulaya kokha mu 1951. Anamwalira pa October 30, 1953 ku Paris.

Nthawi zitatu zitha kusiyanitsa mu kusinthika kwachilengedwe kwa Kalman. Yoyamba, yophimba zaka za 1908-1915, imadziwika ndi mapangidwe odziimira okha. Pa ntchito za zaka izi ("Msilikali pa Tchuthi", "The Little King", etc.), "Prime Gypsy" (1912) zimaonekeratu. Onse chiwembu cha "Hungary" operetta (mkangano wa "mabambo ndi ana", chikondi sewero pamodzi ndi sewero kulenga wojambula), ndi kusankha kwake nyimbo zimasonyeza kuti wopeka wamng'ono, kutsatira mapazi a Lehar, satengera. zomwe adapeza, koma mwachidwi akukula, ndikupanga mtundu woyambirira wamtunduwu. Mu 1913, pambuyo polemba The Gypsy Premier, iye analungamitsa kaimidwe kake motere: “Mu operetta yanga yatsopano, ndinayesa kupatuka pang’ono pa mtundu wanga wa kuvina umene ndinkaukonda, ndikumasankha kuimba nyimbo kuchokera pansi pa mtima. Kuonjezera apo, ndikufuna kupereka udindo waukulu kwa kwaya, yomwe m'zaka zaposachedwapa yakhala ikugwira ntchito ngati chinthu chothandizira ndikudzaza siteji. Monga chitsanzo, ndimagwiritsa ntchito masewera athu a operetta, momwe kwaya sinali yofunikira kuti ayimbire ha-ha-ha ndi ah pamapeto omaliza, komanso adatenga nawo mbali pazochitikazo. Mu "Gypsy Premiere" chitukuko chaluso cha mfundo ya Chihangare-Gypsy chinakopa chidwi. Katswiri wotchuka wa nyimbo wa ku Austria, Richard Specht (kaŵirikaŵiri si wokonda kwambiri operetta) anatchula Kalman pankhaniyi kukhala wopeka “wodalirika koposa” amene “aima pa nthaka yapamwamba ya nyimbo zachikale.”

Nthawi yachiwiri ya ntchito ya Kalman imayamba mu 1915 ndi "Mfumukazi ya Csardas" ("Silva"), ndikumaliza ndi "Empress Josephine" (1936), yomwe sinalinso ku Vienna, koma kunja kwa Austria, ku Zurich. Pazaka izi za kukhwima kwa kulenga, woimbayo adapanga nyimbo zake zabwino kwambiri: La Bayadère (1921), The Countess Maritza (1924), Circus Princess (1926), The Duchess of Chicago (1928), Violet wa Montmartre (1930) .

Pazolemba zake zomaliza "Marinka" (1945) ndi "Lady of Arizona" (zomalizidwa ndi mwana wa wolembayo ndipo zidachitika pambuyo pa imfa yake) - Kalman amagwira ntchito ku US. Mu njira yake yolenga, amaimira mtundu wa mawu otsatila ndipo samayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu pakutanthauzira kwa mtundu umene wapanga pakatikati pa chisinthiko.

Lingaliro la nyimbo la Kalman ndi la munthu payekha. Zimadziwika, choyamba, ndi mlingo wotere wa sewero ndi mikangano pakukula kwa mzere waukulu wa zochita, zomwe operetta sankadziwa kale. Kukopeka ndi zochitika zenizeni kumaphatikizidwa ndi mawu omwe anali asananenepo: pomwe mawu a Lehar okhudza zachikondi, chidwi chenicheni cha Kalman chimanjenjemera. Kusiyanitsa kwamtundu wamtunduwu kumawonekera kwambiri mwa wolemba wa La Bayadère, melodramatic pathos imayambitsidwa ndi kukongola kwamakamaka otanthauziridwa mwaluso ma comedic interludes. Melos, wolemera komanso wosiyanasiyana monga Legar's, ali wokhutitsidwa komanso wodzazidwa ndi chidwi, amagwiritsa ntchito nyimbo za jazi kwambiri.

Ma prototypes amtundu wa Kalman amawonekera momveka bwino - potanthauzira ziwembu komanso kalembedwe ka nyimbo; sizongochitika mwangozi kuti "Silva" amatchedwa "kutanthauzira kwa operetta kwa "La Traviata", ndipo "Violet of Montmartre" akuyerekezedwa ndi "La Boheme" ya Puccini (ndi chifukwa chinanso chomwe buku la Murger lidakhala maziko a chiwembu. ntchito zonse ziwiri). Mawonekedwe ophatikizika a malingaliro a Kalman amawululidwanso momveka bwino pankhani ya kupanga ndi masewero. Ma Ensembles, makamaka omaliza omaliza a zochitika, amakhala kwa iye mfundo zofunika kwambiri komanso nthawi zofunika kuchitapo kanthu; udindo wa kwaya ndi oimba ndi lalikulu mwa iwo, iwo mwachangu kukhala leitmotifism, ndipo odzaza ndi symphonic chitukuko. Omaliza amawongolera mapangidwe onse a sewero lanyimbo ndikuwunikira momveka bwino. Operettas a Lehar alibe kukhulupirika kwakukulu, koma amawonetsa zosankha zingapo. Ku Kalman, komabe, mawonekedwe, omwe adafotokozedwa mu Gypsy Premiere ndipo pomaliza adapangidwa mu The Queen of Czardas, amapangidwanso ndi zolakwika zochepa m'mabuku onse otsatira. Chizoloŵezi chogwirizanitsa mapangidwewo, ndithudi, chimayambitsa chiopsezo cha mapangidwe amtundu wina, komabe, muzochita zabwino kwambiri za wolembayo, ngoziyi imagonjetsedwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kotsimikizika kwa ndondomeko yoyesedwa ndi yoyesedwa, kuwala kwa nyimbo. chinenero cha nyimbo, ndi mpumulo wa zithunzi.

N. Degtyareva

• Neo-Viennese operetta →

Mndandanda wa ma operetta akuluakulu:

(masiku ali m'makolo)

"Autumn Maneuvers", libretto by C. Bakoni (1908) Soldier on Vacation, libretto by C. Bakoni (1910) Gypsy Premier, libretto by J. Wilhelm and F. Grünbaum (1912) The Queen of Czardas (Silva), libretto by L. Stein and B. Jenbach (1915) Dutch Girl, libretto by L. Stein and B. Jenbach (1920) La Bayadère, libretto by J. Brammer and A. Grunwald (1921) “Countess Maritza”, libretto by J. Brammer ndi A. Grunwald (1924) “Mfumukazi ya Circus” (“Bambo X”), libretto yolembedwa ndi J. Brammer ndi A. Grunwald (1926) The Duchess from Chicago, libretto by J. Brammer and A. Grunwald (1928) The Violet of Montmartre, libretto lolemba J. Brammer ndi A. Grunwald (1930) “The Devil’s Rider”, libretto lolemba R. Schanzer ndi E. Welish (1932) “Empress Josephine”, libretto lolemba P. Kneppler ndi G. Hercella ( 1936) Marinka, libretto ndi K. Farkas ndi J. Marion (1945) The Arizona Lady, libretto lolemba A. Grunwald ndi G. Behr (1954, lomalizidwa ndi Karl Kalman)