Anton von Webern |

Anton von Webern

Zinthu padziko lapansi zikuchulukirachulukira, makamaka pankhani yaukadaulo. Ndipo ntchito yathu ikukulirakulirakulira. A. Webern

Wolemba nyimbo wa ku Austria, wotsogolera ndi mphunzitsi A. Webern ndi mmodzi mwa oimira odziwika kwambiri a sukulu ya New Viennese. Njira yake ya moyo si yolemera muzochitika zowala. Banja la a Webern limachokera ku banja lakale lolemekezeka. Poyamba, Webern adaphunzira piyano, cello, zoyambira za chiphunzitso cha nyimbo. Pofika m'chaka cha 1899, zoyesera zoyamba za wolembayo zimakhala. Mu 1902-06. Webern amaphunzira ku Institute of Music History ku yunivesite ya Vienna, komwe amaphunzira mogwirizana ndi G. Gredener, counterpoint ndi K. Navratil. Pazolemba zake za wolemba nyimbo G. Isak (zaka za XV-XVI), Webern adalandira digiri ya Doctor of Philosophy.

Kale nyimbo zoyamba - nyimbo ndi idyll za orchestra "Mu Mphepo ya Chilimwe" (1901-04) - zimasonyeza kusinthika kofulumira kwa kalembedwe koyambirira. Mu 1904-08. Maphunziro a Webern ndi A. Schoenberg. M’nkhani yakuti “Mphunzitsi,” iye anaika mawu a Schoenberg monga epigraph: “Chikhulupiriro mu njira yopulumutsira imodzi chiyenera kuwonongedwa, ndipo chikhumbo cha choonadi chiyenera kulimbikitsidwa.” Mu nthawi ya 1907-09. kalembedwe katsopano ka Webern kadapangidwa kale.

Atamaliza maphunziro ake, Webern anagwira ntchito monga wotsogolera okhestra ndi woimba kwaya mu operetta. Mkhalidwe wa nyimbo zopepuka unadzutsa mwa wopeka wachichepereyo chidani chosatheka ndi kunyansidwa ndi zosangulutsa, kuletsa, ndi kuyembekezera kuchita bwino ndi anthu. Kugwira ntchito ngati symphony ndi opera conductor, Webern amapanga ntchito zake zingapo zofunika - 5 zidutswa op. 5 ya quartet ya zingwe (1909), 6 zidutswa za orchestral op. 6 (1909), 6 bagatelles kwa quartet op. 9 (1911-13), 5 zidutswa za orchestra, op. 10 (1913) - "nyimbo zamagulu, zochokera pansi pa moyo", monga mmodzi wa otsutsa pambuyo pake adayankha; nyimbo zambiri zamawu (kuphatikiza nyimbo za mawu ndi oimba, op. 13, 1914-18), ndi zina zotero.

Mu 1922-34. Webern ndi wotsogolera ma concert a ogwira ntchito (zoimbaimba za symphony za ogwira ntchito ku Viennese, komanso gulu loyimba la ogwira ntchito). Mapulogalamu a makonsatiwa, omwe cholinga chake chinali kudziwitsa antchito za luso lapamwamba la nyimbo, anali ndi ntchito za L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, J. Brahms, G. Wolf, G. Mahler, A. Schoenberg, komanso oimba a G. Eisler. Kutha kwa ntchito iyi ya Webern sikunachitike mwa chifuniro chake, koma chifukwa cha putsch wa mphamvu zachifasisti ku Austria, kugonjetsedwa kwa mabungwe ogwira ntchito mu February 1934.

Mphunzitsi wa Webern anaphunzitsa (makamaka kwa ophunzira apadera) kuchititsa, polyphony, mgwirizano, ndi zolemba zothandiza. Pakati pa ophunzira ake, olemba nyimbo ndi akatswiri oimba nyimbo ndi KA Hartmal, XE Apostel, E. Ratz, W. Reich, X. Searle, F. Gershkovich. Zina mwa ntchito za Webern 20-30-ies. — Nyimbo 5 zauzimu, op. 15, 5 canons pa zolemba za Chilatini, zingwe zitatu, symphony ya oimba a chipinda, concerto ya zida 9, cantata "Kuwala kwa Maso", ntchito yokhayo ya piyano yolembedwa ndi nambala ya opus - Variations op. 27 (1936). Kuyambira nyimbo op. 17 Webern amangolemba mu njira ya dodecaphone.

Mu 1932 ndi 1933 Webern anakamba nkhani 2 za mutu wakuti “Njira Yopita ku Nyimbo Zatsopano” m’nyumba ya anthu a ku Viennese. Ndi nyimbo zatsopano, mphunzitsiyo anatanthawuza dodecaphony wa New Viennese sukulu ndikusanthula zomwe zimatsogolera ku njira za mbiri yakale ya chisinthiko cha nyimbo.

Kukwera kwa ulamuliro kwa Hitler ndi “Anschluss” wa ku Austria (1938) kunapangitsa malo a Webern kukhala oopsa, omvetsa chisoni. Analibenso mwayi wokhala ndi udindo uliwonse, analibe ophunzira. M'malo ozunzidwa kwa oimba nyimbo zatsopano monga "otsika" ndi "cultural-Bolshevik", kulimba kwa Webern potsatira malingaliro a luso lapamwamba kunali mphindi yotsutsa zauzimu ku fascist "Kulturpolitik". M'ntchito zomaliza za Webern - quartet op. 28 (1936-38), Kusiyana kwa orchestra op. 30 (1940), Chachiwiri Cantata op. 31 (1943) - munthu akhoza kugwira mthunzi wa kusungulumwa kwa wolemba komanso kudzipatula kwauzimu, koma palibe chizindikiro cha kunyengerera kapena kukayikira. M'mawu a wolemba ndakatulo X. Jone, Webern adayitana "belu la mitima" - chikondi: "akhale maso kumene moyo udakali wonyezimira kuti udzutse" (maola 3 a Cantata Yachiwiri). Modekha poika moyo wake pachiswe, Webern sanalembe ngakhale cholemba chimodzi mokomera mfundo za akatswiri aluso a fascist. Imfa ya woimbayo ndi yomvetsa chisoni: pambuyo pa kutha kwa nkhondo, chifukwa cha kulakwitsa kwakukulu, Webern anawomberedwa ndi kufa ndi msilikali wa asilikali a ku America.

Pakatikati pa malingaliro a Webern ndi lingaliro laumunthu, kutsata malingaliro a kuwala, kulingalira, ndi chikhalidwe. Munthawi yamavuto akulu azachikhalidwe, wolembayo akuwonetsa kukana zoyipa zomwe zimamuzungulira, ndipo pambuyo pake amatenga malo odana ndi chifasisti: "Ndi chiwonongeko chotani chomwe kampeni yolimbana ndi chikhalidwe ichi imabweretsa!" iye anafuula mu imodzi mwa nkhani zake mu 1933. Webern wojambulayo ndi mdani wosasunthika wa kuletsa, kunyansidwa, ndi kunyada m’zojambula.

Dziko lophiphiritsa la luso la Webern liri kutali ndi nyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku, nyimbo zosavuta ndi zovina, ndizovuta komanso zachilendo. Pakatikati pa zojambulajambula zake ndi chithunzi cha mgwirizano wa dziko lapansi, motero kuyandikana kwake kwachilengedwe ndi mbali zina za ziphunzitso za IV Goethe pa chitukuko cha mitundu ya chilengedwe. Lingaliro lamakhalidwe abwino la Webern lakhazikitsidwa pamalingaliro apamwamba a chowonadi, zabwino ndi kukongola, momwe mawonekedwe adziko lapansi a wolembayo amafanana ndi Kant, malinga ndi zomwe "zokongola ndi chizindikiro cha kukongola ndi zabwino." Kukongola kwa Webern kumaphatikiza zofunikira za kufunikira kwa zomwe zili pamikhalidwe yabwino (wolembayo amaphatikizanso zinthu zachipembedzo ndi zachikhristu momwemo), komanso zopukutidwa bwino, zaluso zaluso.

Kuchokera pamawu olembedwa pamanja a quartet okhala ndi saxophone op. 22 mutha kuwona zomwe zidakhala pa Webern polemba: "Rondo (Dachstein)", "chisanu ndi ayezi, mpweya wowoneka bwino", mutu wachiwiri wachiwiri ndi "maluwa a kumapiri", kupitilira apo - "ana pa ayezi ndi chisanu, kuwala, mlengalenga ", mu code - "kuyang'ana kumapiri". Koma pamodzi ndi kukwezeka kwa zithunzizi, nyimbo za Webern zimadziwika ndi kusakanikirana kofatsa ndi kuthwa kwa mawu, kuwongolera kwa mizere ndi nthiti, zolimba, nthawi zina zomveka ngati zowomba, ngati kuti zidalukidwa kuchokera ku ulusi wachitsulo wonyezimira kwambiri. Webern alibe "kutayira" kwamphamvu komanso kukwera kosawerengeka kwa nthawi yayitali kwa sonority, kusiyanitsa kofananirako kumakhala kwachilendo kwa iye, makamaka kuwonetsa zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku zenizeni.

Mu luso lake loimba, Webern anakhala olimba mtima kwambiri mwa oimba Novovensk sukulu, iye anapita patsogolo kuposa Berg ndi Schoenberg. Zinali zaluso za Webern zomwe zidakhudza kwambiri nyimbo zatsopano mu theka lachiwiri lazaka za zana la XNUMX. P. Boulez ananenanso kuti Webern ndiye “chiyambi chokha cha nyimbo za m’tsogolo.” Dziko laluso la Webern lidakali m'mbiri ya nyimbo monga chisonyezero chapamwamba cha malingaliro a kuwala, chiyero, kulimba kwamakhalidwe, kukongola kosatha.

Y. Kholopov

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