Carl Maria von Weber |
Carl Maria von Weber
"Dziko lapansi - wolemba amalenga momwemo!" - umu ndi momwe ntchito ya wojambulayo idafotokozedwera ndi KM Weber - woimba wodziwika bwino waku Germany: wopeka, wotsutsa, woimba, wolemba, wofalitsa nkhani, wodziwika bwino wazaka za zana la XNUMX. Ndipo ndithudi, timapeza ziwembu za Chicheki, Chifalansa, Chisipanishi, Kum'maŵa m'ntchito zake zoimba ndi zochititsa chidwi, mu nyimbo zoimbira - zizindikiro za gypsy, Chinese, Norwegian, Russian, Hungarian folklore. Koma ntchito yaikulu ya moyo wake inali opera dziko German. M'buku losamalizidwa la The Life of a Musician, lomwe lili ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, Weber amawonetsa bwino, kudzera m'kamwa mwa m'modzi mwa otchulidwa, mkhalidwe wamtundu uwu ku Germany:
Kunena zowona, mkhalidwe wa opera wa ku Germany ndi womvetsa chisoni kwambiri, umavutika ndi kugwedezeka ndipo sungathe kuima molimba pamapazi ake. Khamu la othandizira akuzungulira iye. Ndipo komabe, atachira kukomoka kumodzi, amagweranso kwina. Kuonjezera apo, pomupangira zofuna zamtundu uliwonse, adadzitukumula kwambiri moti palibenso diresi imodzi yomwe imamukwanira. Pachabe, njonda, okonzanso, ndi chiyembekezo chokongoletsa, amayika pa izo kaya French kapena Italy caftan. Samuyenerera kutsogolo kapena kumbuyo. Ndipo manja atsopano akamasokedwa kwa izo ndipo pansi ndi michira zimafupikitsidwa, zimayipitsitsa. Pamapeto pake, osoka ochepa achikondi adabwera ndi lingaliro losangalatsa losankhira zinthu zakubadwa ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, ndikuyikamo zonse zomwe zongopeka, chikhulupiriro, kusiyanitsa ndi malingaliro adapangapo m'mitundu ina.
Weber anabadwira m'banja la oimba - abambo ake anali mtsogoleri wa opera ndipo ankaimba zida zambiri. Woimba wam'tsogolo adapangidwa ndi malo omwe adachokera ali mwana. Franz Anton Weber (amalume a Constance Weber, mkazi wa WA Mozart) analimbikitsa chidwi cha mwana wake pa nyimbo ndi kujambula, kumudziwitsa zovuta za luso la zisudzo. Makalasi okhala ndi aphunzitsi odziwika - Michael Haydn, mchimwene wa wolemba nyimbo wotchuka padziko lonse Joseph Haydn, ndi Abbot Vogler - adakhudza kwambiri woimba wachinyamatayo. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, zoyesera zoyamba zolembera zimakhalanso. Paupangiri wa Vogler, Weber adalowa mu Breslau Opera House ngati bandmaster (1804). Moyo wake wodziimira mu luso umayamba, zokonda, zikhulupiriro zimapangidwira, ntchito zazikulu zimapangidwira.
Kuyambira mu 1804, Weber wakhala akugwira ntchito m’mabwalo osiyanasiyana a zisudzo ku Germany, Switzerland, ndipo wakhala mkulu wa nyumba ya zisudzo ku Prague (kuyambira 1813). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Weber adagwirizanitsa ndi oimira akuluakulu a moyo waluso ku Germany, omwe adakhudza kwambiri mfundo zake zokongola (JW Goethe, K. Wieland, K. Zelter, TA Hoffmann, L. Tieck, K. Brentano, L. Spohr). Weber akupeza kutchuka osati kokha monga woyimba piyano ndi wochititsa chidwi, komanso monga wolinganiza, wokonzanso wolimba mtima wa bwalo lanyimbo, yemwe adavomereza mfundo zatsopano zoyika oimba mu gulu la oimba (malinga ndi magulu a zida), dongosolo latsopano la ntchito yobwerezabwereza mu zisudzo. Chifukwa cha ntchito zake, udindo wa wochititsa kusintha - Weber, kutenga udindo wa wotsogolera, mkulu wa kupanga, nawo mbali zonse za kukonzekera opera. Chofunikira kwambiri pazambiri zamakanema omwe amawatsogolera chinali kukonda zisudzo za ku Germany ndi ku France, mosiyana ndi zomwe zidachitika ku Italy. M'ntchito za nthawi yoyamba yachidziwitso, mawonekedwe a kalembedwe amawonekera, omwe pambuyo pake adakhala otsimikiza - mitu ya nyimbo ndi kuvina, chiyambi ndi maonekedwe a mgwirizano, kutsitsimuka kwa mtundu wa orchestra ndi kutanthauzira kwa zida. Izi ndi zomwe G. Berlioz analemba, mwachitsanzo:
Ndipo ndi gulu loimba la okhestra lotani nanga lomwe limatsagana ndi nyimbo zomveka bwinozi! Zotulukiratu! Ndi kafukufuku waluso bwanji! Kuuziridwa kumeneku kumatitsegulira zinthu zamtengo wapatali kwambiri!
Zina mwazofunikira kwambiri panthawiyi ndi opera yachikondi Silvana (1810), singspiel Abu Hasan (1811), cantatas 9, 2 symphonies, overtures, 4 piano sonatas ndi concertos, Kuitanira ku Dance, zida zambiri zoimbira ndi mawu, nyimbo (zoposa 90).
Nthawi yomaliza, ya Dresden ya moyo wa Weber (1817-26) idadziwika ndi kuwonekera kwa zisudzo zake zodziwika bwino, ndipo chimake chake chinali chiwonetsero chachipambano cha The Magic Shooter (1821, Berlin). Opera iyi si ntchito ya wopeka waluso chabe. Apa, monga mukuyang'ana, pali malingaliro a luso latsopano lachijeremani lachijeremani, lovomerezedwa ndi Weber ndiyeno kukhala maziko a chitukuko chotsatira cha mtundu uwu.
Zochita zanyimbo ndi zachiyanjano zimafuna njira yothetsera mavuto osati kulenga kokha. Weber, pa ntchito yake ku Dresden, anatha kuchita kusintha kwakukulu kwa bizinesi yonse ya nyimbo ndi zisudzo ku Germany, zomwe zinaphatikizapo ndondomeko ya repertoire yomwe ikuyang'aniridwa ndi maphunziro a gulu la zisudzo la anthu amalingaliro ofanana. Kusinthako kunatsimikiziridwa ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri ya nyimbo ya wolembayo. Zolemba zochepa zomwe adalemba zili, makamaka, pulogalamu yatsatanetsatane yachikondi, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku Germany ndikubwera kwa The Magic Shooter. Koma kuwonjezera pa kuwongolera kwake kothandiza, mawu a wolembayo alinso nyimbo yapadera, yoyambirira yovekedwa mwaluso kwambiri. mabuku, zochitira chithunzi nkhani za R. Schumann ndi R. Wagner. Nachi chimodzi mwa zidutswa za "Marginal Notes" zake:
Kuwoneka kosagwirizana kwa nyimbo zabwino kwambiri, zomwe sizingafanane ndi nyimbo wamba zolembedwa molingana ndi malamulo, monga sewero losangalatsa, zitha kupangidwa ... Kusokonezeka maganizo kwa dziko lino kumakhala ndi mgwirizano wamkati, wodzaza ndi kumverera kowona mtima, ndipo mumangofunika kuti muzindikire ndi malingaliro anu. Komabe, kufotokozera kwa nyimbo kuli kale ndi zosawerengeka zambiri, kumverera kwa munthu payekha kuyenera kuyika ndalama zambiri mmenemo, kotero kuti miyoyo yokhayokha, yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi liwu lomwelo, idzatha kugwirizana ndi kukula kwa kumverera, zomwe zimatengera. malo monga chonchi, osati mwanjira ina, amene presupposes wotero osati zina zofunika kusiyanitsa, amene maganizo awa okha ndi owona. Chifukwa chake, ntchito ya mbuye wowona ndikulamulira mopanda mphamvu pamalingaliro ake komanso a anthu ena, komanso kumverera komwe amawonetsa kubereka ngati nthawi zonse komanso kupatsidwa mphamvu. mitundu imeneyo ndi ma nuances omwe nthawi yomweyo amapanga chithunzi chokwanira mu moyo wa omvera.
Pambuyo pa The Magic Shooter, Weber atembenukira ku mtundu wa sewero lamasewera (Pintos Atatu, libretto ndi T. Hell, 1820, osamalizidwa), akulemba nyimbo za P. Wolf's sewero la Preciosa (1821). Ntchito zazikuluzikulu za nthawiyi ndi sewero lachikondi la Euryanta (1823), lomwe likupita ku Vienna, kutengera nthano ya nthano ya ku France, komanso opera yosangalatsa ya Oberon, yoyendetsedwa ndi London Theatre Covent Garden (1826). ). Kugoletsa komaliza kunamalizidwa ndi wolemba kale yemwe anali kudwala mwakayakaya mpaka tsiku lomwe nyimboyi inayamba. Kupambana sikunamveke ku London. Komabe, Weber adawona kuti ndikofunikira kusintha ndikusintha. Analibe nthawi yowapanga…
Opera anakhala ntchito yaikulu ya moyo wa wolemba. Iye ankadziwa chimene iye anali kuyesetsa, chithunzi chake chabwino anavutika ndi iye:
... kumlingo wakutiwakuti amawonongedwa, koma kumbali ina akumanga dziko latsopano!
Weber adatha kupanga izi zatsopano - komanso yekha - dziko ...
V. Barsky
- Moyo ndi ntchito ya Weber →
- Mndandanda wa ntchito ndi Weber →
Weber ndi National Opera
Weber adalowa m'mbiri ya nyimbo monga mlengi wa opera ya dziko la Germany.
Kubwerera m'mbuyo kwa ma bourgeoisie aku Germany kudawonekeranso mukukula mochedwa kwa bwalo lamasewera lanyimbo. Mpaka zaka za m'ma 20, Austria ndi Germany zinali zolamulidwa ndi zisudzo za ku Italy.
(The kutsogolera udindo mu opera dziko la Germany ndi Austria anali wotanganidwa ndi alendo: Salieri ku Vienna, Paer ndi Morlacchi ku Dresden, Spontini ku Berlin. Ngakhale pakati pa ochititsa ndi zisudzo ziwonetsero anthu a dziko German ndi Austria pang'onopang'ono patsogolo, mu repertoire. Chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1832, nyimbo za ku Italy ndi ku France zinali kulamulira. Ku Dresden, nyumba ya opera ya ku Italy inakhalapo mpaka 20, ku Munich mpaka theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma XNUMXs. Chigawo cha opera cha ku Italy, chotsogoleredwa ndi D. Barbaia, impresario ya Milan ndi Naples (Olemba nyimbo za ku Germany ndi Austrian Mayr, Winter, Jirovets, Weigl anaphunzira ku Italy ndipo analemba mabuku achi Italiya kapena Achitaliyana.)
Ndi sukulu yaposachedwa kwambiri yaku France (Cherubini, Spontini) yomwe idapikisana nawo. Ndipo ngati Weber adatha kuthana ndi miyambo yazaka mazana awiri zapitazo, ndiye chifukwa chake chomwe chidamuyendera bwino chinali gulu lomenyera ufulu wadziko ku Germany koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, lomwe lidalandira mitundu yonse yazinthu zopanga anthu aku Germany. Weber, yemwe anali ndi talente yocheperako kuposa Mozart ndi Beethoven, adatha kugwiritsa ntchito m'bwalo lanyimbo zoimbira za Lessing, yemwe m'zaka za zana la XNUMX adakweza mbendera yakumenyera zaluso zadziko komanso zademokalase.
Munthu wosunthika pagulu, wofalitsa nkhani zabodza komanso wolengeza za chikhalidwe cha dziko, adawonetsa mtundu wa akatswiri otsogola a nthawi yatsopano. Weber adapanga luso loyimba lomwe lidachokera ku miyambo ya anthu aku Germany. Nthano ndi nthano zakale, nyimbo ndi magule, zisudzo za anthu, mabuku amtundu wademokalase - ndipamene adajambulapo mawonekedwe ake.
Ma opera awiri omwe adawonekera mu 1816 - Ondine wolemba ETA Hoffmann (1776-1822) ndi Faust wolemba Spohr (1784-1859) - amayembekeza kutembenukira kwa Weber kukhala nkhani zopeka. Koma zonsezi zinali zizindikiro chabe za kubadwa kwa zisudzo za dziko. Zithunzi zandakatulo za ziwembu zawo sizinali zogwirizana nthawi zonse ndi nyimbo, zomwe zidatsalira makamaka m'malire a njira zowonetsera zaposachedwa. Kwa Weber, chithunzithunzi cha zithunzi za nthano za anthu chinali cholumikizidwa mosalekeza ndi kukonzanso kwa kalembedwe ka nyimbo zamitundu yonse, ndi luso lolemba lokongola lomwe limadziwika ndi kalembedwe kachikondi.
Koma ngakhale kwa mlengi wa opera wa anthu a ku Germany, njira yopezera zithunzi zatsopano zogwirira ntchito, zogwirizana kwambiri ndi zithunzi za ndakatulo zachikondi zaposachedwa ndi zolemba, zinali zazitali komanso zovuta. Masewero atatu okha a Weber, okhwima kwambiri - The Magic Shooter, Euryant ndi Oberon - adatsegula tsamba latsopano m'mbiri ya zisudzo zaku Germany.
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Kupititsa patsogolo kwa zisudzo zaku Germany kunalepheretsedwa ndi zomwe anthu adachita m'ma 20s. Anadzipangitsa yekha kumva mu ntchito ya Weber mwiniwake, yemwe analephera kuzindikira dongosolo lake - kupanga opera wamba. Pambuyo pa imfa ya woimbayo, zosangalatsa za opera yachilendo zinatenganso malo akuluakulu mumasewero ambiri a zisudzo ku Germany. (Chotero, pakati pa 1830 ndi 1849, zisudzo za ku France makumi anayi ndi zisanu, zisudzo za ku Italy makumi awiri ndi zisanu, ndi zisudzo za ku Germany makumi awiri ndi zitatu zinachitidwa ku Germany.
Gulu laling'ono chabe la oimba a ku Germany a nthawi imeneyo - Ludwig Spohr, Heinrich Marschner, Albert Lorzing, Otto Nicolai - anatha kupikisana ndi ntchito zosawerengeka za masukulu a opera a ku France ndi Italy.
Anthu opita patsogolo sanalakwitse ponena za tanthauzo lachidule la maseŵero a ku Germany a nthaŵi imeneyo. M'manyuzipepala a nyimbo za ku Germany, mawu adamveka mobwerezabwereza akuitana oimba kuti athetse kutsutsa kwa masewero a masewera ndipo, potsatira mapazi a Weber, amapanga luso lachiwonetsero la dziko.
Koma m'zaka za m'ma 40, panthawi ya kukwera kwa demokalase kwatsopano, luso la Wagner linapitirizabe ndikupanga mfundo zofunika kwambiri zaluso, zomwe zinapezedwa ndi kupangidwa m'masewero okhwima achikondi a Weber.
V. Konen
- Moyo ndi ntchito ya Weber →
Mwana wachisanu ndi chinayi wa mkulu wa asilikali oyenda pansi amene anadzipereka kwambiri pa nyimbo mphwake Constanza atakwatira Mozart, Weber amalandira maphunziro ake oyambirira a nyimbo kuchokera kwa mchimwene wake Friedrich, kenako amaphunzira ku Salzburg ndi Michael Haydn ndipo ku Munich ndi Kalcher ndi Valesi (kulemba ndi kuimba). ). Ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zitatu, adalemba opera yoyamba (yomwe siinafike kwa ife). Nthawi yochepa yogwira ntchito ndi abambo ake muzojambula zoyimba ikutsatira, ndiye kuti amadziwa bwino ndi Abbot Vogler ku Vienna ndi Darmstadt. Amayenda kuchokera kwina kupita kwina, kugwira ntchito ngati woyimba piyano ndi kondakitala; mu 1817 iye anakwatira woimba Caroline Brand ndi bungwe German opera zisudzo Dresden, mosiyana ndi Italy opera zisudzo motsogozedwa ndi Morlacchi. Atatopa ndi ntchito yayikulu yamagulu komanso odwala omwe adadwala, atatha kulandira chithandizo ku Marienbad (1824), adapanga opera Oberon (1826) ku London, yomwe idalandiridwa ndi chidwi.
Weber akadali mwana wazaka za m'ma XNUMX: wocheperapo zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi kwa Beethoven, adamwalira pafupifupi chaka chimodzi asanakwane, koma akuwoneka kuti ndi woimba wamakono kuposa akale kapena Schubert yemweyo ... wanzeru, woyimba piyano wa virtuoso, wochititsa za okhestra wotchuka komanso wolinganiza bwino. Mwa ichi anali ngati Gluck; kokha anali ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri, chifukwa ankagwira ntchito m'malo onyansa a Prague ndi Dresden ndipo analibe khalidwe lamphamvu kapena ulemerero wosatsutsika wa Gluck ...
"Pankhani ya zisudzo, adakhala chinthu chosowa kwambiri ku Germany - m'modzi mwa oimba ochepa omwe adabadwa. Ntchito yake idatsimikizika popanda zovuta: kuyambira ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu, adadziwa zomwe sitejiyi ikufunika ...
Pamene Weber adayambitsa The Free Gunner mu 1821, adayembekezera kwambiri kukondana kwa olemba nyimbo monga Bellini ndi Donizetti omwe adzawonekera patapita zaka khumi, kapena Rossini's William Tell mu 1829. : panthawiyi, Beethoven adapanga nyimbo ya makumi atatu ndi imodzi ya Sonata. 1821 ya piyano, Schubert akuyambitsa nyimbo "King of the Forest" ndikuyamba ndi Eighth Symphony, "Unfinished". Kale mu kutulutsidwa kwa The Free Gunner, Weber akupita mtsogolo ndikudzimasula ku zisudzo zaposachedwa, Spohr's Faust kapena Hoffmann's Ondine, kapena opera yaku France yomwe idakhudza omwe adatsogolera awiriwa. Pamene Weber anafika pafupi ndi Euryanta, Einstein akulemba kuti, “wotsutsa wake wokhwima kwambiri, Spontini, anali atamutsegulira kale njira; nthawi yomweyo, Spontini adangopatsa zisudzo zapamwamba kwambiri, zazikulu kwambiri chifukwa chamasewera komanso kupsinjika maganizo. Ku Evryanta, mawu atsopano, okondana kwambiri akuwoneka, ndipo ngati anthu sanayamikire opera iyi nthawi yomweyo, olemba a mibadwo yotsatira adayamikira kwambiri.
Ntchito ya Weber, yemwe anayala maziko a opera ya dziko la Germany (pamodzi ndi The Magic Flute ya Mozart), inatsimikizira tanthauzo lachiŵiri la cholowa chake, chimene Giulio Confalonieri akulemba bwino ponena za: “Monga munthu wokhulupirika wachikondi, Weber anapeza mu nthano ndi nthano. miyambo ya anthu ndi gwero la nyimbo zopanda mano koma zomveka… ndi malamulo atsopano a nyimbo zachikondi za Franco-German, adabweretsedwa ku malire ndi wolembayo, wauzimu yemwe chikhalidwe chake, chifukwa cha kumwa, chinali chosakhazikika komanso kutentha thupi. Uwiriwu, womwe ukuwoneka kuti ukutsutsana ndi mgwirizano wa stylistic ndikuphwanya kwenikweni, unayambitsa chilakolako chowawa chochoka, chifukwa cha chisankho chenicheni cha moyo, kuchokera ku tanthauzo lomaliza la kukhalapo: kuchokera ku zenizeni - ndi izo, mwina, kuyanjanitsa akuyenera mu zamatsenga Oberon, ndipo ngakhale pang'ono ndi zosakwanira.
G. Marchesi (yomasuliridwa ndi E. Greceanii)
