Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za Baroque: kukongola, zithunzi zaluso, mitundu, nyimbo, olemba

Kodi mumadziwa kuti nthawi yomwe idatipatsa Bach ndi Handel inkatchedwa "zodabwitsa"? Komanso, iwo sanaitanidwe m'malo abwino. "Ngale yopanda mawonekedwe (yodabwitsa)" ndi amodzi mwa matanthauzo a mawu akuti "Baroque". Komabe, chikhalidwe chatsopanocho chikanakhala cholakwika pamalingaliro a malingaliro a Renaissance: mgwirizano, kuphweka ndi kumveka bwino kunasinthidwa ndi kusagwirizana, zithunzi zovuta ndi mawonekedwe.

Aesthetics ya Baroque

Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za Baroque chinasonkhanitsa pamodzi zokongola ndi zonyansa, zomvetsa chisoni ndi zoseketsa. "Kukongola kosazolowereka" kunali "zotsatira", m'malo mwa chilengedwe cha Renaissance. Dziko silinawonekerenso lachinthu chonsecho, koma linkawonedwa ngati dziko lazosiyana ndi zotsutsana, monga dziko lodzaza ndi masoka ndi sewero. Komabe, pali mafotokozedwe a mbiriyakale a izi.

Nthawi ya Baroque imatenga pafupifupi zaka 150: kuyambira 1600 mpaka 1750. Iyi ndi nthawi yodziwika bwino kwambiri (kumbukirani kutulukira kwa America ndi kuzungulira kwa dziko la Columbus ndi Magellan), nthawi ya Galileo, Copernicus ndi Newton. nthawi ya nkhondo zoopsa ku Ulaya. Chigwirizano cha dziko lapansi chinali kugwa pamaso pathu, monga momwe chithunzi cha Chilengedwe chikusintha, malingaliro a nthawi ndi mlengalenga anali kusintha.

Mitundu ya Baroque

Mafashoni atsopano odzikuza anabala mitundu yatsopano ndi mitundu. Anatha kufotokoza dziko lovuta la zochitika zaumunthu kuimba, makamaka chifukwa cha kutengeka maganizo. Bambo wa opera yoyamba amaonedwa kuti ndi Jacopo Peri (opera Eurydice), koma zinali ndendende ngati mtundu womwe opera idapangidwa muzolemba za Claudio Monteverdi (Orpheus). Pakati pa mayina odziwika kwambiri a mtundu wa opera wa baroque amadziwikanso: A. Scarlatti (opera "Nero amene anakhala Kaisara"), GF Telemann ("Mario"), G. Purcell ("Dido ndi Aeneas"), J.-B . Lully (“Armide”), GF Handel (“Julius Caesar”), GB Pergolesi (“The Maid -madam”), A. Vivaldi (“Farnak”).

Pafupifupi ngati opera, popanda zokongola ndi zovala, ndi chiwembu chachipembedzo, olankhula adatenga malo ofunikira muutsogoleri wamitundu ya Baroque. Mtundu wapamwamba wauzimu wotere monga oratorio umaperekanso kuya kwa malingaliro aumunthu. Ma oratorio odziwika kwambiri a baroque adalembedwa ndi GF Handel (“Mesiya”)

Pakati pa mitundu ya nyimbo zopatulika, zopatulika zinalinso zotchuka cantatas и chilakolako (zilakolako ndi "zilakolako"; mwina osati mpaka, koma ngati, tiyeni tikumbukire mawu amodzi oimba - appassionato, omwe amamasuliridwa ku Russian amatanthauza "mwachidwi"). Pano kanjedza ndi JS Bach ("St. Matthew Passion").

Mtundu wina waukulu wa nthawi - konsati. Sewero lakuthwa la kusiyanitsa, mkangano pakati pa woyimba payekha ndi oimba (), kapena pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a orchestra (mtundu) - unagwirizana bwino ndi kukongola kwa Baroque. Maestro A. Vivaldi ("Nyengo"), IS amalamulira pano. Bach "Bradenburg Concertos"), GF Handel ndi A. Corelli (Concerto grosso).

Mfundo yosiyanitsa ya kusintha magawo osiyanasiyana yapangidwa osati mumtundu wa konsati yokha. Zinapanga maziko sonatas (D. Scarlatti), suites ndi partitas (JS Bach). Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mfundo imeneyi inalipo kale, koma mu nthawi ya Baroque inasiya kukhala mwachisawawa ndipo inapeza mawonekedwe adongosolo.

Chimodzi mwazosiyana kwambiri za chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za Baroque ndi chisokonezo ndi dongosolo ngati zizindikiro za nthawi. Chisawawa cha moyo ndi imfa, kusadziletsa kwa tsoka, ndipo nthawi yomweyo - kupambana kwa "nzeru", dongosolo mu chirichonse. Kutsutsa kumeneku kunaperekedwa momveka bwino ndi mtundu wanyimbo foreplay (toccatas, zongopeka) ndi zimfundo. IS Bach adapanga zaluso zosayerekezeka mumtundu uwu (mawu oyambira ndi ma fugues a Well-Tempered Clavier, Toccata ndi Fugue mu D zazing'ono).

Motere kuchokera ku ndemanga yathu, kusiyana kwa Baroque kunadziwonetsera ngakhale pamlingo wamitundu. Pamodzi ndi nyimbo zowoneka bwino, ma laconic opus adapangidwanso.

Chilankhulo cha nyimbo cha Baroque

Nthawi ya Baroque idathandizira kukulitsa kalembedwe katsopano. Kulowa mubwalo lanyimbo nthano ndi kugawidwa kwake kukhala liwu lalikulu ndi mawu otsagana nawo.

Makamaka, kutchuka kwa homophony ndi chifukwa chakuti tchalitchi chinali ndi zofunikira zapadera zolembera nyimbo zauzimu: mawu onse ayenera kukhala omveka. Chifukwa chake, mawuwo adawonekera, adapezanso zokometsera zambiri zanyimbo. Kukonda kwa Baroque kwa kudzikuza kudawonekeranso pano.

Nyimbo za zida zinalinso zokongoletsa kwambiri. Pankhani imeneyi, zinali zofala kusintha: ostinato (ndiko kuti, kubwereza, kusasintha) mabass, omwe adapezeka m'nthawi ya Baroque, adapereka mwayi wongoganizira za mndandanda woperekedwa wa harmonic. Mu nyimbo za mawu, ma cadence aatali ndi maunyolo a chisomo ndi ma trill nthawi zambiri amakongoletsedwa ndi ma operatic arias.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chinakula polyphony, koma m’njira yosiyana kotheratu. Baroque polyphony ndi polyphony yaulere, chitukuko cha counterpoint.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chinenero choyimba chinali kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo laukali ndi mapangidwe a tonality. Njira ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zidafotokozedwa bwino - zazikulu ndi zazing'ono.

Kukhudza chiphunzitso

Popeza nyimbo za nthawi ya Baroque zinkasonyeza zilakolako za anthu, zolinga za nyimbozo zinasinthidwa. Tsopano nyimbo iliyonse idalumikizidwa ndi kukhudzidwa, ndiko kuti, ndi malingaliro ena. Chiphunzitso cha zikhumbo si chachilendo; unayamba kalekale. Koma mu nthawi ya Baroque idafalikira.

Mkwiyo, chisoni, chisangalalo, chikondi, kudzichepetsa - izi zimakhudzana ndi chilankhulo cha nyimbo za nyimbozo. Chifukwa chake, chikoka changwiro cha chisangalalo ndi chisangalalo chinawonetsedwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magawo atatu, magawo anayi ndi asanu, momveka bwino tempo ndi trimeter polemba. M'malo mwake, kukhudzidwa kwachisoni kunapezedwa ndikuphatikiza ma dissonances, chromaticism ndi tempo yocheperako.

Panali ngakhale mawonekedwe okhudzidwa a tonalities, momwe E-lathyathyathya wamkulu wophatikizidwa ndi E-wamkulu wokwiya amatsutsa wodandaula A-wamng'ono ndi wodekha G-wamkulu.

M'malo motsekeredwa ...

Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo cha Baroque chinali ndi chikoka chachikulu pakukula kwa nyengo yotsatira ya classicism. Ndipo osati nthawi ino yokha. Ngakhale tsopano, ma echoes a Baroque amatha kumveka mumitundu ya opera ndi konsati, yomwe ndi yotchuka mpaka pano. Mawu a nyimbo za Bach amawonekera mu nyimbo zolemera kwambiri za rock, nyimbo za pop nthawi zambiri zimatengera "ndondomeko yagolide" ya baroque, ndipo jazz yatengera luso lamakono.

Ndipo palibe amene amawona Baroque ngati "zachilendo" kalembedwe, koma amasilira ngale zake zamtengo wapatali. Ngakhale mawonekedwe odabwitsa.