Lilli Lehmann |

Lilli Lehmann

woyimba wanzeru

Ndi iye amene, atakweza nsalu yotchinga, nthawi ina anatemberera woimbayo ndi "bulu", adawombera mkonzi wamkulu wa nyuzipepala ina yemwe adafalitsa nkhani yonyansa ponena za iye, adathetsa mgwirizano ndi bwalo lamilandu pamene anali. anakana tchuthi lalitali, iye anakhala wouma khosi ndi wosasunthika, ngati chirichonse chinatsutsana ndi zofuna zake, ndipo mu Nyumba zopatulika za Bayreuth iye anayesera kutsutsa yekha Cosima Wagner.

Kotero, pamaso pathu pali prima donna weniweni? M’lingaliro lonse la mawuwo. Kwa zaka makumi awiri, Lilly Lehman ankaonedwa ngati dona woyamba mu zisudzo, osachepera mabwalo German kulenga ndi kunja. Anamwetsedwa ndi maluwa ndi kupatsidwa maudindo, nyimbo zoyamika zinapezedwa za iye, anapatsidwa ulemu wamtundu uliwonse; ndipo ngakhale kuti sanapeze kutchuka kwakukulu kwa Jenny Lind kapena Patty, mkwatulo umene adaweramitsidwa nawo - ndipo pakati pa anthu omwe amamukonda Leman panali anthu ofunika kwambiri - adangokula kuchokera ku izi.

Iwo sanayamikire mawu a woimbayo, komanso luso lake ndi makhalidwe aumunthu. Zowona, sizikanatheka kuti aliyense abwereze mawu a Richard Wagner onena za iye, ananena za Schroeder-Devrient wamkulu, kuti iye akuti "alibe mawu." Soprano Lilly Leman sangatchulidwe kuti ndi mphatso yachilengedwe, yomwe munthu angakhoze kugwada mokondwera; mawu a virtuoso, kukongola kwake ndi kusiyanasiyana, atafikira kukhwima mu njira yonse yolenga, adapitirizabe kugwira ntchito yoyamba: koma osati monga mphatso yochokera kumwamba, koma chifukwa cha ntchito yosatopa. Pa nthawiyo, maganizo a Leman, prima wamtundu umodzi, adatengeka ndi njira yoyimba, kupanga mawu, psychology ndi kugwirizanitsa bwino pakuyimba. Anapereka malingaliro ake m'buku la "My Vocal Art", lomwe m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri linakhalabe chiwongolero chofunikira kwambiri cha mawu kwa nthawi yaitali. Woimbayo adatsimikizira kulondola kwa malingaliro ake: chifukwa cha njira yake yabwino, Leman adasungabe mphamvu ndi kusinthasintha kwa mawu ake, ndipo ngakhale mu ukalamba wake adalimbana ndi zovuta za Donna Anna!

Adeline Patti, mawu odabwitsa, nayenso anachita bwino mpaka atakalamba. Atafunsidwa chimene chinsinsi cha kuimba chinali, kaŵirikaŵiri ankayankha akumwetulira kuti: “Aa, sindikudziwa! Akumwetulira, ankafuna kuoneka ngati wopanda pake. Genius mwachilengedwe nthawi zambiri sadziwa "momwe" muzojambula! Ndi kusiyana kochititsa chidwi chotani nanga ndi Lilly Lehman ndi malingaliro ake pa luso la kulenga! Ngati Patty "sanadziwe kanthu", koma ankadziwa zonse, Leman ankadziwa zonse, koma nthawi yomweyo amakayikira luso lake.

"Pang'onopang'ono ndi njira yokhayo yomwe tingathandizire. Koma kuti tipeze luso lapamwamba kwambiri, luso loimba ndi lovuta kwambiri, ndipo moyo ndi waufupi kwambiri. Kuvomereza koteroko kochokera pamilomo ya woimba wina aliyense kukanamveka ngati mawu okoma m’kope la ophunzira ake. Kwa wochita masewero komanso wogwira ntchito molimbika Lilly Lehman, mawu awa si kanthu koma zenizeni zenizeni.

Iye sanali mwana wanzeru ndipo "sanadzitamande ndi mawu odabwitsa kuyambira ali mwana", m'malo mwake, anali ndi mawu otumbululuka, ngakhale ndi mphumu. Lilly ataloledwa kulowa m’bwalo la zisudzo, analembera amayi ake kuti: “Sindinaganizepo kuti pali mawu opanda mtundu kuposa anga, koma pano oimba ena asanu ndi mmodzi okhala ndi mawu ofooka kuposa anga atomeredwa.” Ndi njira yotani yomwe yatsatiridwa kwa Leonora wotchuka kwambiri wochokera ku Fidelio ndi woyimba wambanja wa Wagner's Bayreuth! Panjira iyi, palibe zowoneka bwino kapena kukwera kwa meteoric komwe kumamuyembekezera.

Ndi Lilly Lehman m'bwalo la diva adabwera woyimba wanzeru, wokonda chidziwitso; chidziwitso chopezedwa sichimangowonjezera kuwongolera kwa mawu, koma zimakhala ngati zimapanga mabwalo okulitsa kuzungulira pakati pomwe woyimbayo wayima. Mkazi wanzeru, wodzidalira komanso wamphamvu uyu amadziwika ndi chikhumbo cha chilengedwe chonse. Monga mbali ya luso la siteji, zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kulemera kwa nyimbo zoimba. Dzulo lokha ku Berlin, Lehman adayimba gawo la Enkhen kuchokera ku The Free Gunner, ndipo lero adawonekera kale pa siteji ya Covent Garden ya London monga Isolde. Kodi soubrette wamba wa m'sewero ndi ngwazi yochititsa chidwi anakhala bwanji mwa munthu mmodzi? Kusinthasintha kodabwitsa Lehman anakhalabe moyo wake wonse. Wokonda Wagner, adapeza kulimba mtima pamtunda wa chipembedzo cha Germany cha Wagner kuti adziwonetse yekha kuti ndi wothandizira Verdi's La Traviata ndikusankha Norma Bellini monga phwando lake lokonda; Mozart anali wopambana mpikisano, moyo wake wonse anakhalabe "dziko lakwawo loimba".

Atakula, pambuyo pa zisudzo, Leman adagonjetsa maholo oimba ngati woimba woimba bwino, ndipo pamene adawona, kumva ndi kuphunzira, ntchito yocheperapo ya prima donna inayankha chikhumbo chake cha ungwiro. Woimbayo, mwa njira yakeyake, adalimbana ndi machitidwe a zisudzo omwe adalamulira ngakhale pazigawo zodziwika bwino, pomaliza kuchita ngati wotsogolera: chochita chosayerekezeka komanso chatsopano panthawiyo.

Praeceptor Operae Germanicae (Mbuye wa German Opera - Lat.), Woyimba, wotsogolera, wokonza zikondwerero, wolengeza za kusintha komwe adalimbikitsa mwamphamvu, wolemba ndi mphunzitsi - zonsezi zinaphatikizidwa ndi mkazi wapadziko lonse lapansi. Zikuwonekeratu kuti chithunzi cha Leman sichikugwirizana ndi malingaliro achikhalidwe cha prima donna. Zoyipa, zolipiritsa, nkhani zachikondi zomwe zidapangitsa mawonekedwe a opera divas mthunzi wopepuka - palibe chonga ichi chomwe chingapezeke mu ntchito ya Leman. Moyo wa woimbayo unasiyanitsidwa ndi kuphweka komweko monga dzina lake lodzichepetsa. Zilakolako zochititsa chidwi za Schroeder-Devrient, chilakolako cha Malibran, mphekesera (ngakhale zitakokomeza) za kudzipha kwa okonda osimidwa Patti kapena Nilsson - zonsezi sizikanatha kuphatikizidwa ndi mkazi wamalonda wachangu uyu.

"Kukula kwakukulu, mawonekedwe okhwima okhwima komanso mayendedwe oyezera. Manja a mfumukazi, kukongola kodabwitsa kwa khosi ndi kukwanira bwino kwa mutu, komwe kumapezeka kokha mu zinyama zodziwika bwino. Woyera ndi imvi, osafuna kubisa zaka za mwiniwake, kuyang'ana kwambiri kwa maso akuda, mphuno yayikulu, m'kamwa momveka bwino. Akamwetulira, nkhope yake yaukali idaphimbidwa ndi kuwala kwadzuwa kwaulemu wapamwamba, wodzichepetsa komanso wochenjera.

L. Andro, wosilira luso lake, adagwira mayi wazaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi muzojambula zake "Lilli Leman". Mukhoza kuyang'ana chithunzi cha woimba mwatsatanetsatane, poyerekeza ndi zithunzi za nthawi imeneyo, mukhoza kuyesa kumaliza ndimeyi, koma chithunzi cholimba cha prima donna sichidzasintha. Mkazi wachikulire uyu, komabe wolemekezeka komanso wodzidalira sangatchulidwe kuti wosungidwa kapena phlegmatic. M'moyo wake waumwini, malingaliro ovuta adamuchenjeza kuti asachite zinthu zopanda pake. M’buku lake lakuti My Way, Lehman akukumbukira mmene anatsala pang’ono kukomoka pamene, poyeserera ku Bayreuth, Richard Wagner anam’dziŵitsa, yemwe anali adakali wamng’ono wochita zisudzo, yemwe anali atatsala pang’ono kutchuka, kwa wothandizira pakupanga Fritz Brandt. Chinali chikondi poyang'ana koyamba, mbali zonse ziwiri zotsimikizira moyo komanso zachikondi, zomwe zimapezeka m'mabuku achitsikana okha. Panthawiyi, mnyamatayo adachita nsanje yoopsa, adazunza ndi kuzunza Lilly ndi zokayikitsa zopanda pake mpaka pamapeto pake, atatha kulimbana kwa nthawi yayitali komwe kunatsala pang'ono kutaya moyo wake, adasiya chibwenzicho. Ukwati wake ndi woimba Paul Kalisch unali wamtendere, ndipo nthawi zambiri ankaimba limodzi pa siteji imodzimodzi, Leman asanakwatirane naye atakula.

Zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri pamene woimbayo adalankhula zakukhosi kwake zinalibe kanthu kochita ndi zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse za prima donnas, koma zinabisa zifukwa zakuya, chifukwa zinali zokhudzana ndi zachikondi kwambiri - luso. Mkonzi wa nyuzipepala ya Berlin, powerengera za kupambana kwamuyaya kwa miseche, adafalitsa nkhani yabodza yokhala ndi mfundo zowutsa mudyo za moyo wa woimba wachinyamata wa opera. Inanena kuti Leman wosakwatiwayo akuti akuyembekezera mwana. Monga mulungu wa kubwezera, woimbayo adawonekera mu ofesi ya mkonzi, koma mtundu womvetsa chisoni uwu nthawi zonse ankayesa kuthawa udindo. Kachitatu, Leman adathamangira kwa iye pa masitepe ndipo sanamuphonye. Mkonzi atayamba kutuluka mwa njira iliyonse muofesi, posafuna kubweza zomwe zidanenedwazo, adamumenya mbama yokoma kumaso. “Ndikulira, ndinabwerera kunyumba ndipo, mosisima, ndinangofuula kwa amayi anga kuti: “Apeza! Ndipo mtsogoleri wagulu yemwe Le Mans anamutcha bulu paulendo ku Toronto, Canada? Anasokoneza Mozart - kodi si mlandu?

Sanamvetse nthabwala pankhani ya luso, makamaka pankhani ya wokondedwa wake Mozart. Sindinathe kupirira kunyalanyaza, mediocrity ndi mediocrity, ndi chidani chomwecho ndinakumana ndi nkhanza ochita narcissistic ndi kufunafuna chiyambi. Pokonda oimba opambana, iye sanali kukopana, kunali kumverera kwakuya, kwakukulu. Leman nthawi zonse ankalakalaka kuimba Leonora kuchokera ku Fidelio Beethoven, ndipo pamene iye anaonekera koyamba pa siteji mu udindo uwu, kotero kuti n'zosaiwalika analengedwa ndi Schroeder-Devrient, iye pafupifupi kukomoka chifukwa cha chisangalalo. Panthawiyi, anali ataimba kale ku Berlin Court Opera kwa zaka 14, ndipo Leman anali ndi mwayi woyembekezera kwa nthawi yaitali chifukwa cha matenda a woyimba woyamba. Funso la woyang'anira zisudzo, ngati angafune kulowa m'malo, lidamveka ngati bawuti kuchokera ku buluu - "adasowa, atalandira chilolezo changa, ndipo ine, ndikulephera kuwongolera malingaliro anga ndikunjenjemera ponseponse, pomwe ndidayima. , ndikulira mofuula, ndinagwada pansi, ndipo misozi yotentha yachisangalalo inasefukira m’manja mwanga, manja atapinda kaamba ka chiyamikiro kwa amayi anga, munthu amene ndili naye ngongole yaikulu! Zinanditengera nthawi kuti ndizindikire ndikufunsa ngati izi zinali zoona?! Ndine Fidelio ku Berlin! Mulungu wamkulu, ndine Fidelio! ”…

Munthu angalingalire ndi kudziiŵala kotani nanga, ndi kuzama kopatulika kotani nanga kumene iye anachita! Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Leman sanasiyanepo ndi opera iyi yokha ya Beethoven. Pambuyo pake, m'buku lake, lomwe ndi njira yochepa ya malingaliro othandiza ndi zochitika, adapereka kusanthula osati udindo wa mutu, komanso maudindo onse mu opera iyi. Poyesera kufotokoza chidziwitso chake, kutumikira luso ndi ntchito zake, luso la woimba la pedagogical likuwonekeranso. Mutu wa prima donna unamukakamiza kuti azichita zofuna zapamwamba osati pa iye yekha, komanso kwa ena. Ntchito kwa iye nthawi zonse imagwirizanitsidwa ndi malingaliro monga ntchito ndi udindo. "Wowonera aliyense amakhutitsidwa ndi zabwino zonse - makamaka pankhani ya luso ... Wojambula akukumana ndi ntchito yophunzitsa omvera, kuwonetsa zomwe wachita bwino kwambiri, kumupatsa ulemu komanso, osalabadira kukoma kwake koyipa, kukwaniritsa cholinga chake. mpaka kumapeto,” anafunsa motero . "Ndipo amene akuyembekezera chuma chokha ndi chisangalalo kuchokera ku luso posachedwapa adzazolowera kuona m'chinthu chake wobwereketsa, yemwe wangongole yake adzakhalabe moyo wake wonse, ndipo wobwereketsa uyu adzatenga chiwongoladzanja chopanda chifundo kwa iye."

Maphunziro, ntchito, ntchito yojambula - ndi malingaliro otani omwe prima donna ali nawo! Kodi angachokedi pakamwa pa Patti, Pasitala kapena Chikatalani? Woyang’anira ma prima donnas a m’zaka za m’ma XNUMX, Giacomo Rossini, wosilira moona mtima Bach ndi Mozart, analemba kuti atatsala pang’ono kumwalira: “Kodi ife Ataliyana tingaiŵale kamphindi kuti chisangalalo ndicho choyambitsa ndi cholinga chachikulu cha nyimbo.” Lilly Lehman sanali mkaidi wa luso lake, ndipo munthu sangakane iye nthabwala konse. "Nthabwala, chinthu chopatsa moyo kwambiri pamasewera aliwonse ... ndi nthawi yofunikira kwambiri pamasewera a zisudzo komanso m'moyo," masiku ano kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino "kumakankhidwira kumbuyo m'masewera onse," woyimba nthawi zambiri. anadandaula. Kodi zosangalatsa ndizomwe zimayambitsa komanso cholinga chachikulu cha nyimbo? Ayi, phompho losadulika limamulekanitsa ndi malingaliro opanda pake a Rossini, ndipo sizosadabwitsa kuti kutchuka kwa Leman sikunapitirire zikhalidwe zaku Germany ndi Anglo-Saxon.

Zolinga zake zidabwerezedwa kwathunthu ku German humanism. Inde, ku Leman mutha kuwona woimira ma bourgeoisie wamkulu kuyambira nthawi ya Emperor Wilhelm, woleredwa mu miyambo yaumunthu. Anakhala chitsanzo cha zinthu zabwino kwambiri za nthawi ino. Kuchokera pamalingaliro amasiku athu ano, ophunzitsidwa ndi zokumana nazo za kupotozedwa kowopsa kwa lingaliro la dziko la Germany lomwe lidakumana ndi Hitler, timapereka kuwunika koyenera kwazinthu zabwino zanthawi yotsimikizika komanso nthawi zambiri, zomwe oganiza bwino Friedrich Nietzsche. ndipo Jakob Burckhardt adayika kuwala kopanda chifundo. Ku Lilly Lehman simupeza chilichonse chokhudza kutsika kwa makhalidwe abwino, za anti-Semitism ya dziko la Germany, za megalomania yoyipa, za "zolinga zomwe zakwaniritsidwa". Iye anali patriot weniweni, anaimirira chigonjetso cha asilikali a Germany ku France, kulira imfa ya Moltke pamodzi ndi Berlins, ndi kulemekeza mpando wachifumu ndi apamwamba, chifukwa soloist wa opera bwalo la ufumu wa. Prussia, nthawi zina inkachititsa maso okongola a woimbayo, wozindikira kwambiri pa ntchito yake.<...>

Mizati yosawonongeka ya maphunziro a Lilly Lehman inali Schiller, Goethe ndi Shakespeare mu zolemba, ndi Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Wagner ndi Verdi mu nyimbo. Umunthu wauzimu unaphatikizidwa ndi ntchito yaumishonale yogwira ntchito ya woimbayo. Lehman adatsitsimutsanso Chikondwerero cha Mozart ku Salzburg, chomwe chidawopsezedwa ndi zovuta chikwi, adakhala woyang'anira zaluso ndipo m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa chikondwererochi, adalimbikitsa mwachangu komanso mosatopa kuteteza nyama, kuyesera kukopa chidwi cha Bismarck. Woimbayo adawona kuitana kwake kwenikweni mu izi. Nyama ndi zomera zapadziko lapansi sizinasiyanitsidwe ndi chinthu chake chopatulika - luso, koma zimayimira mbali ina ya moyo mu umodzi wonse wa zosiyana zake. Kamodzi nyumba ya woimba mu Scharfling pa Mondsee pafupi Salzburg anasefukira, koma pamene madzi anaphwa, mwachionekere, pa bwalo panalibe nyama zazing'ono, ndi wachifundo Msamariya mkazi anadyetsa ngakhale mileme ndi timadontho-timadontho mkate ndi zidutswa za nyama.

Monga Malibran, Schroeder-Devrient, Sontag, Patti ndi oimba ena ambiri, Lilly Lehman anabadwira m'banja la zisudzo. Abambo ake, Karl August Lehmann, anali woyimba kwambiri, amayi ake, nee Maria Löw, anali woyimba zeze wa soprano, adasewera kwa zaka zambiri m'bwalo lamilandu ku Kassel motsogozedwa ndi Louis Spohr. Koma chochitika chofunika kwambiri pa moyo wake chinali ubale wake ndi mnyamata Richard Wagner. Analumikizidwa ndi ubwenzi wapamtima, ndipo wolemba wamkulu adamutcha Mary "chikondi chake choyamba". Atakwatirana, ntchito ya Maria Löw inatha. Moyo wokhala ndi munthu wokongola, koma wofulumira kupsa mtima ndi kumwa posakhalitsa unasanduka maloto owopsa. Anaganiza zosudzulana, ndipo posakhalitsa anapatsidwa udindo woimba zeze ku Prague Theatre, ndipo mu 1853 mtsikanayo anapita ku likulu la Bohemia ndi makalata, kutenga ndi ana ake aakazi awiri: Lilly, yemwe anabadwa pa November 24. , 1848 ku Würzburg, ndi Maria, wamkulu zaka zitatu kuposa womaliza. cha chaka.

Lilly Lehman sanatope kuyamikira chikondi cha amayi ake, kudzipereka kwawo komanso kulimba mtima. Prima donna anali ndi ngongole kwa iye osati luso loimba, koma china chirichonse; mayi anapereka maphunziro, ndipo kuyambira ali mwana Lilly anatsagana ndi ophunzira ake limba, pang'onopang'ono kuzolowera dziko la nyimbo. Choncho, ngakhale isanayambe zisudzo paokha, iye anali kale repertoire wolemera modabwitsa. Iwo ankakhala movutika kwambiri. Mzinda wodabwitsa wokhala ndi mazana a nsanja unali chigawo cha nyimbo. Kuimba m’gulu la oimba m’bwalo la zisudzo sikunam’patse ndalama zokwanira, ndipo kuti adzipezera zofunika pamoyo wake, anafunika kupeza maphunziro. Zapita kale nthawi zamatsenga zomwe Mozart adapanga chiwonetsero cha Don Giovanni pano, ndipo Weber anali mtsogoleri wa gulu. M'makumbukiro a Lilly Leman palibe chomwe chimanenedwa ponena za chitsitsimutso mu nyimbo za Czech, palibe mawu okhudza zoyamba za Smetana, za The Bartered Bride, za kulephera kwa Dalibor, zomwe zinakondweretsa kwambiri mabwinja a Czech.

Lilly Leman woonda kwambiri wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri pamene adapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu la Estates Theatre mu gawo la Mkazi Woyamba mu The Magic Flute ya Mozart. Koma pangopita milungu iwiri yokha, ndipo Lilly woyambira akuyimba gawo lalikulu - mwa mwayi, kupulumutsa ntchitoyo. Pakati pa zisudzo, wotsogolera zisudzo anali wamwano kwambiri kwa woimba Pamina, amene anakomoka chifukwa cha mantha mantha, iye anayenera kutumizidwa kunyumba. Ndipo mwadzidzidzi china chake chodabwitsa chinachitika: woyambitsa manyazi Lilly Lehman adadzipereka kuyimba gawo ili! Kodi anamuphunzitsa? Osati dontho! Leman Sr., atamva chilengezo cha wotsogolera wamkulu, adathamangira pa siteji ndi mantha kuti atenge udindo wa Pamina Fräulein Löw (poopa kulephera, ngakhale pa gawo laling'ono la Dona Woyamba, sanayese kuchitapo kanthu. pansi pa dzina lake lenileni) ndipo potero sungani magwiridwewo. Koma woimba wamng'onoyo sanazengereze kwa mphindi imodzi ndipo anthu ankakonda, ngakhale kuti anali wosakonzekera. Ndi kangati kamene adzadziyesa yekha pazosintha m'tsogolomu! Leman adawonetsa chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri paulendo wake ku America. Mu tetralogy ya Wagnerian "Ring of the Nibe-Lung", komwe adasewera Brunnhilde, wosewera wa Frikka mu "Rheingold Gold" anakana kuchita. Cha XNUMX koloko masana, Lilly anafunsidwa ngati angayimbire Frikka madzulo amenewo; cham’ma XNUMX koloko madzulo, Lilly ndi mlongo wake anayamba kuyang’ana mbali ina imene anali asanaimbepo; Pa kotala mpaka seveni ndinapita ku bwalo la zisudzo, pa eyiti ndinayima pa siteji; panalibe nthawi yokwanira yomaliza, ndipo woimbayo adaloweza, atayimirira kumbuyo, pomwe Wotan, pamodzi ndi Loge, adatsikira ku Nibelheim. Zonse zidayenda bwino. Mu 1897, nyimbo za Wagner zinkaonedwa kuti ndi nyimbo zovuta kwambiri zamakono. Ndipo tangoganizani, mu gawo lonse Leman adapanga cholakwika chimodzi chaching'ono pakulankhula. Kudziwana ndi Richard Wagner kunachitika mu 1863 ku Prague, kumene woimbayo, atazunguliridwa ndi zonyansa ndi kutchuka, adachita konsati yake. Amayi a Leman ndi ana awo aakazi awiri ankapita kunyumba ya wolemba nyimboyo tsiku lililonse. Mayi ake anati: “Munthu wosaukayo amapatsidwa ulemu, koma alibe ndalama zokwanira zokhalira ndi moyo. Mwanayo ankakonda Wagner. Osati kokha mawonekedwe achilendo a wolembayo adamukopa chidwi - "chovala chachikasu chopangidwa ndi damask, tayi yofiira kapena yapinki, chipewa chachikulu chakuda cha silika chokhala ndi nsalu ya satin (yomwe adabwera kudzaphunzira) - palibe amene adavala choncho. Prague; Ndinayang'ana m'maso mwanga ndipo sindinabise kudabwa kwanga. Nyimbo ndi mawu a Wagner adasiya kuzama kwambiri pamoyo wa mtsikana wazaka khumi ndi zisanu. Tsiku lina adamuyimbira kanthu, ndipo Wagner adakondwera ndi lingaliro loti amutengere kuti mtsikanayo achite ntchito zake zonse! Lilly anazindikira posakhalitsa, Prague analibenso china choti amupatse monga woimba. Mosakayikira, mu 1868 iye anavomera kuitana Danzig mzinda zisudzo. Kumeneko kunali moyo wachibadwidwe, wotsogolera anali kusowa ndalama nthawi zonse, ndipo mkazi wake, munthu wamtima wokoma mtima, ngakhale pamene ankasoka malaya, sanasiye kuyankhula mu tsoka lalikulu lachijeremani lachijeremani. Ntchito yaikulu inatseguka pamaso pa Lilly wachichepere. Mlungu uliwonse adaphunzira gawo latsopano, tsopano ndilo gawo lalikulu: Zerlina, Elvira, Mfumukazi ya Usiku, Rossini wa Rosina, Gilda wa Verdi ndi Leonora. Mu mzinda wakumpoto wa patricians, iye ankangokhala theka la chaka, zisudzo lalikulu ayamba kale kusaka ankakonda Danzig anthu. Lilly Lehman anasankha Leipzig, kumene mlongo wake anali kuimba kale.

Chilimwe cha 1870, Berlin: Chinthu choyamba chomwe woyimba yekhayo wachinyamata wa Royal Opera adawona ku likulu la Prussia chinali makope apadera a nyuzipepala ndi zikondwerero zopita kutsogolo kwa nyumba yachifumu. Anthu adakondwera ndi uthenga wochokera ku zisudzo za nkhondo ku France, kutsegulidwa kwa nyengo yatsopanoyi kunayamba ndi zochitika zokonda dziko lawo pa siteji, pomwe ochita masewera a bwalo lamilandu adayimba nyimbo ya fuko ndi Nyimbo ya Borussia mu chola. Panthawiyo, Berlin inali isanakhale mzinda wapadziko lonse lapansi, koma "Opera pansi pa Lindens" - zisudzo pamsewu wa Unter den Linden - chifukwa chakuchita bwino kwa Huelsen ndi utsogoleri wovuta, anali ndi mbiri yabwino. Mozart, Meyerbeer, Donizetti, Rossini, Weber adasewera pano. Ntchito za Richard Wagner zinawonekera pa siteji, kugonjetsa kukana kwakukulu kwa wotsogolera. Zifukwa zaumwini zinathandiza kwambiri: mu 1848, Hülsen, scion wa banja lolemekezeka, adagwira nawo ntchito yoletsa kuwukirako, pamene kumbali ya zigawenga, Kapellmeister Wagner anamenyana, motsogoleredwa ndi alamu yosintha ndikukwera, ngati si pa zotchinga, ndiye pa nsanja ya belu ya tchalitchi motsimikiza. Wotsogolera zisudzo, wolemekezeka, sanaiwale izi kwa nthawi yayitali.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mu gulu lake munali zisudzo ziwiri zodziwika bwino za Wagner: ngwazi ya tenola Albert Niemann ndi woyamba Bayreuth Wotan Franz Betz. Kwa Lilly Lehman, Nieman anasandulika fano lonyezimira, kukhala “mzimu wotsogolera umene umatsogolera aliyense”… Luntha, mphamvu ndi luso zinali zogwirizana ndi ulamuliro. Leman sanasangalale mwachimbulimbuli luso la anzake, koma nthawi zonse ankawalemekeza. M'makumbukiro ake, mutha kuwerenga ndemanga zotsutsa za omwe akupikisana nawo, koma palibe mawu amodzi oyipa. Leman akutchula Paolina Lucca, yemwe adapeza udindo wowerengera ankawoneka ngati wopambana kwambiri wolenga - anali wonyadira kwambiri; amalemba za sopranos ochititsa chidwi Mathilde Mallinger ndi Wilma von Voggenhuber, komanso waluso kwambiri contralto Marianne Brant.

Ambiri, akuchita fraternity ankakhala pamodzi, ngakhale pano sakanakhoza kuchita popanda zoipa. Kotero, Mullinger ndi Lucca adadana wina ndi mzake, ndipo maphwando a osilira adayatsa moto wankhondo. Pamene, tsiku lina isanayambe sewero, Paolina Lucca adapeza gulu lachifumu, akufuna kuwonetsa ukulu wake, mafani a Mullinger adalonjera kutuluka kwa Cherubino ku "Ukwati wa Figaro" ndi mluzu wogontha. Koma prima donna sanasiye. "Ndiye ndiyimbe kapena ayi?" anakuwa m'holo. Ndipo kunyalanyaza kozizira kumeneku kwa ulemu wa bwalo la zisudzo kunakhala ndi zotsatira zake: phokosolo linachepa kwambiri kotero kuti Lucca anatha kuyimba. Zowona, izi sizinalepheretse Countess Mullinger, yemwe adachita nawo ntchitoyi, kuti asamenye Kerubino wosakondedwayo mopanda pake, koma mbama yowopsya kwambiri. Onse awiri a prima donnas akadakomoka akadapanda kumuwona Lilly Leman m'bokosi lamasewera, wokonzeka kusintha nthawi iliyonse - ngakhale adakhala wotchuka ngati wopulumutsa moyo. Komabe, palibe m’modzi wa opikisanawo amene akanampatsa chipambano china.

M'zaka khumi ndi zisanu, Lilly Lehman pang'onopang'ono adakondwera ndi anthu a Berlin ndi otsutsa, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ndi CEO. Huelsen sanaganize kuti adzatha kuchoka pa nyimbo za Konstanz, Blondchen, Rosin, Filin ndi Lortsing soubrettes kupita ku maudindo akuluakulu. Ndiko kuti, woimba wachichepere, wosadziŵa zambiri anakopeka nawo. Kale mu 1880, Leman anadandaula kuti mkulu wa opera bwalo ankamuyang'ana iye ngati wamng'ono zisudzo ndipo anapereka maudindo abwino kokha ngati oimba ena akana. Panthawiyi, anali atapambana kale ku Stockholm, London, komanso pazigawo zazikulu za opera ku Germany, monga momwe amachitira prima donna weniweni. Koma chofunika kwambiri chinali masewero omwe angakhudze kwambiri ntchito yake: Richard Wagner anasankha Lehman kuti ayambe kuwonetsa Der Ring des Nibelungen pa Chikondwerero cha Bayreuth cha 1876. Anapatsidwa udindo wa Mermaid woyamba ndi Helmwig ku Valkyrie. Kumene, izi si mbali kwambiri, koma osati kwa Wagner, kapena kwa iye panali maudindo ang'onoang'ono osafunika. Mwina, kukhala ndi udindo pa zaluso panthawiyo zikanakakamiza woimbayo kusiya ntchito ya Brunnhilde. Pafupifupi madzulo aliwonse, Lilly ndi mlongo wake, Mermaid wachiwiri, ankabwera ku Villa Wanfried. Wagner, Madame Cosima, Liszt, pambuyo pake komanso Nietzsche - m'gulu lodziwika bwino "chidwi, kudabwa ndi mikangano sizinathe, monga momwe chisangalalo sichinathe. Nyimbo ndi zinthu zinatifikitsa pang'onopang'ono mumkhalidwe wosangalatsa ... "

Chithumwa chamatsenga cha katswiri wa siteji Richard Wagner sichinachite chidwi kwambiri ndi umunthu wake. Anam’tenga ngati mnzako wakale, anayenda naye ndi dzanja m’munda wa Wanfried, ndi kugawana malingaliro ake. Mu Bayreuth Theatre, malinga ndi Lilly Lehman, iye anakonza siteji osati The mphete, komanso ntchito zabwino monga Fidelio ndi Don Giovanni.

Panthawi yopanga, zovuta zosaneneka, zatsopano zidabuka. Ndinayenera kudziŵa bwino chipangizo cha nkhono zosambira - umu ndi mmene Leman akulongosolera: “O Mulungu wanga! Zinali zolemera zamakona atatu pamilu yazitsulo pafupifupi mamita 20 m'mwamba, kumapeto kwake komwe scaffold ya lattice inayikidwa pa ngodya; tinayenera kuwaimbira iwo!” Chifukwa cholimba mtima komanso pachiwopsezo cha kufa, atatha kusewera, Wagner adakumbatira mwamphamvu Mermaid, yemwe amakhetsa misozi yachisangalalo. Hans Richter, wotsogolera woyamba wa Bayreuth, Albert Niemann, "mzimu ndi mphamvu zake zakuthupi, maonekedwe ake osaiwalika, Mfumu ndi Mulungu wa Bayreuth, yemwe Sigmund wokongola ndi wapadera sadzabwereranso", ndi Amalia Materna - awa ndi anthu omwe kulankhulana kwawo. , ndithudi, pambuyo pa Mlengi wa zikondwerero zisudzo ku Bayreuth, ndi amphamvu kwambiri Leman. Pambuyo pa chikondwererocho, Wagner adamulembera mawu othokoza, omwe adayamba motere:

“O! Lilly! Lilly!

Unali wokongola kwambiri kuposa onse ndipo, mwana wanga wokondedwa, unali wolondola kuti izi sizidzachitikanso! Tidalodzedwa ndi matsenga azinthu zomwe wamba, Mermaid wanga ... "

Sizinachitikenso, kusowa kwakukulu kwa ndalama pambuyo pa "Ring of the Nibelungen" yoyamba kunapangitsa kubwereza zosatheka. Zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo pake, ndi mtima wolefuka, Leman anakana kutenga nawo mbali mu masewero a dziko lonse a Parsifal, ngakhale kuti Wagner anapempha mwamphamvu; bwenzi lake lakale Fritz Brand ndiye adayang'anira mawonekedwe ake. Lilly ankaona kuti sangapirire msonkhano watsopanowo.

Panthawiyi, adatchuka kwambiri monga woimba nyimbo. Nyimbo zake zinaphatikizapo Venus, Elizabeth, Elsa, pambuyo pake Isolde ndi Brunnhilde ndipo, ndithudi, Leonora wa Beethoven. Panali malo opangira zida zakale za bel canto komanso kugula zinthu zodalirika monga Lucrezia Borgia ndi Lucia di Lammermoor kuchokera ku zisudzo za Donizetti. Mu 1885, Lilly Lehman adawoloka nyanja yoyamba kupita ku America, ndipo adachita bwino kwambiri pa Metropolitan Opera yomwe idatsegulidwa posachedwa, ndipo paulendo wake wadziko lalikululi adakwanitsa kuzindikirika ndi anthu aku America, omwe adazolowera Patti ndi ena. . nyenyezi za sukulu ya ku Italy. The New York Opera ankafuna kupeza Leman kwamuyaya, koma anakana, womangidwa ndi Berlin maudindo. Woimbayo adayenera kumaliza ulendo wake wa konsati, zisudzo makumi atatu ku America zidamubweretsera ndalama zambiri momwe angapezere ku Berlin zaka zitatu. Kwa zaka zambiri tsopano, Leman wakhala akulandira ma marks 13500 pachaka ndi ma 90 pa konsati - ndalama zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi udindo wake. Woimbayo adapempha kuti awonjezere tchuthi, koma adakanidwa ndipo adakwaniritsa kutha kwa mgwirizano. Kunyanyala komwe Berlin adalengeza kwa zaka zambiri kuletsa machitidwe ake ku Germany. Maulendo ku Paris, Vienna ndi America, kumene Lilly anachita maulendo 18, anawonjezera kutchuka kwa woimbayo kotero kuti pamapeto pake "chikhululukiro" chachifumu chinatsegulanso njira yake yopita ku Berlin.

Mu 1896, mphete ya Nibelungen idakonzedwanso ku Bayreuth. Pamaso pa Leman, yemwe adapeza kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi, adawona wochita bwino kwambiri wa Isolde. Cosima anamuitana woyimbayo ndipo anavomera. Zowona, nsonga iyi ya ntchito yake sinakhalebe yopanda mitambo. Zizolowezi zankhanza za mbuye wa Bayreuth sizinamusangalatse. Kupatula apo, anali iye, Lilly Lehman, yemwe Wagner adayambitsa mapulani ake, ndiye amene adatengera ndemanga zake zonse ndikusunga chilichonse m'chikumbukiro chake. Tsopano adakakamizika kuyang'ana zomwe zikuchitika, zomwe zinalibe chochita ndi kukumbukira kwake; Leman ankalemekeza kwambiri mphamvu ndi luntha la Cosima, koma kudzikuza kwake, komwe sikunatsutse, kunamukwiyitsa. prima donna anaganiza kuti "wosunga Grail Woyera wa 1876 ndi Wagner wake amawonekera mosiyana." Nthaŵi ina, pakuyeseza, Cosima anaitana mwana wake wamwamuna kuti adzachitire umboni: “Kodi iwe Siegfried, kodi ukukumbukira kuti mu 1876 zinali choncho ndendende?” “Ndikuganiza kuti mukulondola, Amayi,” iye anayankha momvera. Zaka XNUMX zapitazo anali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zokha! Lilly Lehman adakumbukira Bayreuth wakale ndikulakalaka, akuyang'ana oimba, "nthawi zonse atayimirira", pa siteji yophimbidwa ndi mafunde aphokoso, paphwando lachikondi la Siegmund ndi Sieglinde, omwe adakhala ndi misana yawo wina ndi mzake. mawu omvetsa chisoni a ana aakazi a ku Rhine, koma “zidole zolimba zamatabwa” zimapweteka moyo. "Pali misewu yambiri yopita ku Rome, koma imodzi yokha yopita ku Bayreuth yamakono - kugonjera kwaukapolo!"

Kupanga kunali kopambana kwambiri, ndipo mkangano waukulu pakati pa Leman ndi Cosima unathetsedwa mwamtendere. Pomaliza, lipenga lalikulu khadi akadali Lilly Lehman. Mu 1876 adayimba kwaulere, koma tsopano adasamutsira chindapusa chake chonse ndi ma 10000 ku chipatala cha Bayreuth ku St. Augusta kuti akagone kosatha kwa oimba osauka, zomwe adatumizira Cosima "mwaulemu waukulu" komanso mosakayikira. Kalekale, mbuye wa Bayreuth anadandaula za kukula kwa malipiro a woimbayo. Kodi chifukwa chachikulu chimene chinawachititsa kuti azidana n’chiyani? Kuwongolera. Apa Lilly Lehman anali ndi mutu wake pamapewa ake, momwe munali malingaliro ambiri oti amvere mwachimbulimbuli. Panthawiyo, chidwi cha woimbayo pakuwongolera chinali chinthu chachilendo kwambiri. Kuwongolera, ngakhale m'malo owonetserako zisudzo zazikulu kwambiri, sikunayikidwe kalikonse, wotsogolera wamkulu anali kuchita mawaya oyera. Nyenyezi zinali zitayamba kale kuchita chilichonse chimene zinkafuna. Ku Berlin Court Theatre, opera yomwe inali mu repertoire sinabwerezedwe nkomwe isanachitike, ndipo kubwereza kwa zisudzo zatsopano kunachitika popanda mawonekedwe. Palibe amene ankasamala za oimba a zigawo zing’onozing’ono, kupatulapo Lilly Lehman, yemwe “anachita ntchito ya woyang’anira wachangu” ndipo, atatha kuyeseza, anachitapo kanthu ndi onse onyalanyaza. Pa Vienna Court Opera, kumene anaitanidwa ku udindo wa Donna Anna, anayenera kuchotsa nthawi zofunika kwambiri kupanga kwa wotsogolera wothandizira. Koma woimbayo analandira yankho lachikale lakuti: “Bambo Reichmann akamaliza kuimba, adzapita kumanja, ndipo a von Beck adzapita kumanzere, chifukwa chipinda chawo chobvalira chili mbali inayo.” Lilly Lehman anayesa kuthetsa kusayanjanitsika koteroko, kumene ulamuliro wake unalola. Kwa tenisi wina wodziwika bwino, anakonza zoti aike miyala m’bokosi lamtengo wapatali lachinyengo, limene nthaŵi zonse ankalitenga ngati nthenga, ndipo anatsala pang’ono kusiya katundu wakeyo, ataphunzira “kuseŵera mwachibadwa”! Pofufuza Fidelio, sanangopereka malangizo omveka bwino okhudza maonekedwe, kayendetsedwe kake ndi zothandizira, komanso anafotokoza maganizo a anthu onse, akuluakulu ndi achiwiri. Chinsinsi cha kupambana kwa opaleshoni kwa iye chinali kokha mu chiyanjano, mu chikhumbo chauzimu chapadziko lonse. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, anali wokayikira za kubowola, sanakonde gulu lodziwika bwino la Viennese la Mahler chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chiyanjano cholimbikitsa - umunthu wodzikonda. General ndi munthu, mwa lingaliro lake, sanali kutsutsana wina ndi mzake. Woimba yekha akhoza kutsimikizira kuti kale mu 1876 mu Bayreuth Richard Wagner anaimirira Kuwulura zachilengedwe za umunthu kulenga ndipo konse kusokoneza ufulu wa wosewera.

Lero, kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa "Fidelio" mwina kumawoneka kosafunika. Kaya kupachika nyali pamutu wa mkaidi Fidelio, kapena ngati kuwalako kudzayenda "kuchokera m'makonde akutali" - ndizofunika kwambiri? Leman adayandikira mozama kwambiri zomwe m'chilankhulo chamakono zimatchedwa kukhulupirika ku cholinga cha wolemba, motero kusalolera kwake kwa Cosima Wagner. Ulemu, mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso mawonekedwe onse a Leman masiku ano akuwoneka omvetsa chisoni kwambiri. Eduard Hanslik anadandaula kuti wochita seweroyo alibe “mphamvu zachilengedwe” ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo anasirira “mzimu wake wokwezeka, umene, mofanana ndi chitsulo chopukutidwa, umakhala wofunika kwambiri popanga chinthu chilichonse ndipo umasonyeza kuti maso athu ndi ngale yopukutidwa mwangwiro.” Leman alibe ngongole ya talente yowonera kuposa luso lapamwamba loimba.

Ndemanga zake zokhudzana ndi zisudzo za opera, zomwe zidapangidwa nthawi ya kutchuka kwa Italiya ndi zochitika zenizeni za Wagnerian, sizinatayebe mitu yawo: kutembenukira kukusintha kwamasewera oimba ndi zisudzo, ndiye kuti zotsatira zake zidzakhala zamtengo wapatali kwambiri ... imodzi!

Monga maziko, adapereka mwayi wolowa mu chithunzi, uzimu, moyo mkati mwa ntchitoyo. Koma Lehman anali wokalamba kwambiri kuti asanene kalembedwe katsopano ka malo ocheperako. Nyumba zodzigudubuza zodziwika bwino zomwe Mahler adapanga Don Juan mu 1906, zomangira zosasunthika zomwe zidayamba nyengo yatsopano yopangira siteji, Leman, ndi chidwi chake chonse cha Roller ndi Mahler, adawonedwa ngati "chipolopolo chonyansa."

Kotero, iye sakanatha kupirira "nyimbo zamakono" za Puccini ndi Richard Strauss, ngakhale kuti anapindula kwambiri ndi nyimbo za Hugo Wolf, yemwe sanafune konse kuvomereza. Koma Verdi Leman ankakonda kwa nthawi yaitali. Atangotsala pang'ono kuti Bayreuth ayambe kuwonekera mu 1876, adayamba kuchita Verdi's Requiem, ndipo patatha chaka adayimba ku Cologne motsogozedwa ndi maestro. Kenako, paudindo wa Violetta, ngwazi yodziwika bwino ya Wagnerian adawulula umunthu wakuzama wa Verdi's bel canto, adamudabwitsa kwambiri kotero kuti woyimbayo mokondwera "avomereza chikondi chake pamaso pa dziko lonse loimba, podziwa kuti ambiri adzanditsutsa chifukwa cha izi. izi … Bisani nkhope yanu ngati mumakhulupirira Richard Wagner, koma sekani ndi kusangalala nane ngati mungamve chisoni…

Mawu omaliza, komanso oyamba, adakhalabe ndi Mozart. Leman wachikulire, yemwe, komabe, adawonekerabe ngati Donna Anna wochititsa chidwi ku Vienna State Opera, wokonza ndi woyang'anira zikondwerero za Mozart ku Salzburg, anabwerera ku "dziko lakwawo". Pa nthawi ya chikumbutso cha 150 kubadwa kwa wopeka kwambiri, iye anachita Don Juan pa bwalo laling'ono mzinda. Posakhutira ndi matembenuzidwe achijeremani opanda pake, Leman anaumirira pa Chitaliyana choyambirira. Osati chifukwa cha kuchulukirachulukira, koma m'malo mwake, kuyesetsa kwa omwe amawadziwa bwino komanso okondedwa, osafuna kusokoneza opera yomwe amakonda kwambiri pamtima pake ndi "malingaliro atsopano," adalemba, akuponya kuyang'ana kwapang'onopang'ono pakupanga kotchuka kwa Mahler-Rollerian mu. Vienna. Zowoneka? Inali nkhani yachiwiri - zonse zomwe zidabwera ku Salzburg zidagwiritsidwa ntchito. Koma kumbali ina, kwa miyezi itatu ndi theka, motsogozedwa ndi Lilly Lehman, kubwereza kwatsatanetsatane, kozama kunapitilira. Wolemekezeka Francisco di Andrade, wokwera pa riboni yoyera ya silika, yemwe Max Slevoht adamwalira ndi galasi la shampeni m'manja mwake, adasewera udindo, Lilly Lehman - Donna Anna. Mahler, yemwe adabweretsa wanzeru Le Figaro kuchokera ku Vienna, adatsutsa kupanga kwa Leman. Komano, woimbayo anaumirira pa buku lake la Don Juan, ngakhale kuti ankadziwa zofooka zake zonse.

Zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, ku Salzburg, adaveka ntchito ya moyo wake wonse ndi kupanga The Magic Flute. Richard Mayr (Sarastro), Frieda Hempel (Mfumukazi ya Usiku), Johanna Gadsky (Pamina), Leo Slezak (Tamino) ndi anthu odziwika bwino, oimira nyengo yatsopano. Lilly Lehman mwiniwake adayimba Mkazi Woyamba, gawo lomwe adayamba nalo. Bwaloli linatsekedwa ndi dzina laulemerero la Mozart. Mayi wazaka 62 akadali ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti asatengere udindo wa Donna Anna pamaso pa zowunikira monga Antonio Scotti ndi Geraldine Farrar kale mu mutu wachiwiri wa chikondwerero cha chilimwe - Don Juan. Chikondwerero cha Mozart chinatha ndi kuika Mozarteum, kumene kwenikweni kunali koyenera kwa Leman.

Pambuyo pake, Lilly Lehman adatsanzikana ndi siteji. Pa May 17, 1929, anamwalira, ndipo panthawiyo anali ndi zaka zoposa makumi asanu ndi atatu. Anthu a m'nthawi yake adavomereza kuti nthawi yonse yapita naye. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, mzimu ndi ntchito ya woimbayo zinatsitsimutsidwa mwanzeru zatsopano, koma m'dzina lomwelo: Lotta Lehman wamkulu sanali wachibale wa Lilly Lehman, koma adakhala pafupi naye modabwitsa mu mzimu. Muzithunzi zomwe zidapangidwa, muutumiki waluso komanso m'moyo, mosiyana ndi moyo wa prima donna.

K. Khonolka (kumasulira - R. Solodovnyk, A. Katsura)